Clay mineralogy of the Tertiary sediments in the Internal Subbetic of Málaga Province, S Spain: implications for geodynamic evolution

Clay Minerals ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Alcalá-García ◽  
M. Martín-Martín ◽  
A. López-Galindo
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Mineral Association ◽  
Geodynamic Evolution ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
External Zone ◽  
Layer I

AbstractThe clay mineralogy of a set of Tertiary marine sediments from the Internal Subbetic of the Betic External Zone was examined. Two types of sedimentary environment were distinguished: a platform environment consisting of limestones, marls, organogenic limestones, conglomerates and silexites distributed heterogeneously in time and space; and deep environments, where the sedimentation consisted of marls, marly limestones, marly clays and silexites, with no sedimentary gap. A third group of sediments studied belongs to the Águila Complex, with mineralogical and stratigraphic characteristics very similar to the platform sediments. This third type of sediment is found in the sediments of the Campo de Gibraltar Complex as large, disperse blocks resulting from tectonic activity. A very similar mineral association was observed in all three domains, consisting of smectite, illite, mixed-layer I-S, kaolinite and lesser amounts of palygorskite and chlorite. Materials mainly derive from the erosion of Mesozoic sediments, and sedimentation was controlled by the compressive tectonics of the region.

Variations in mixed-layer illite/smectite diagenesis in the rift and post-rift sediments of the Jeanne d'Arc Basin, Grand Banks offshore Newfoundland, Canada

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iftikhar A Abid ◽  
Reinhard Hesse ◽  
John D Harper
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Grand Banks ◽  
Depth Profiles ◽  
Jeanne D'arc Basin ◽  
Central Ridge ◽  
Jeanne D'arc ◽  
Layer I ◽  
Mixed Layers

Mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S) clays were analyzed from 22 deep exploration wells from the Jeanne d'Arc Basin on the Grand Banks offshore Newfoundland, the host of large commercial hydrocarbon accumulations discovered in the last two and a half decades. The fine fraction of the clays (<0.1 µm) consists mainly of mixed-layer I/S with minor amounts of kaolinite, illite, and chlorite. Smectite and (or) smectite-rich I/S clays were supplied to the Jeanne d'Arc Basin from Upper Jurassic to Tertiary times. Smectite-rich I/S clays occur only in shallow samples irrespective of geologic age. The proportion of illite in I/S mixed-layers, as well as the degree of ordering, increase with depth and temperature indicating that smectite-rich I/S clays have been progressively illitized in both rift and post-rift sediments of the Jeanne d'Arc Basin during burial. The transition from random to R1-ordered I/S occurs between subsurface depths of 1940 and 3720 m and crosses major stratigraphic boundaries. The transition from R1- to R3-ordered I/S generally occurs below 4000 m depth. Variable shapes of I/S depth profiles reflect the influence of temperature, fluid migration, subsidence history, basin structure, lithology, and salt diapirism on I/S diagenesis. Based on these variations, the basin can be subdivided into 4 regions with different illitization gradients. In the Southern Jeanne d'Ac Basin, advanced I/S diagenesis probably reflects uplift and denudation and (or) higher paleogeothermal gradients. Rapid increase of percent illite in I/S with depth in the Trans-Basinal Fault area is most likely controlled by upward flow of hot, K+-bearing fluids along faults. The migration of hydrocarbons probably followed the same pathways as the illitizing fluids. Delayed illitization in the Northern Jeanne d'Arc Basin and Central Ridge area reflects insufficient K+ supply because of a lack of detrital K-feldspar in the host sediment, the absence of faulting, and the presence of thick shale intervals. These findings show that I/S depth profiles may vary within the same sedimentary basin due to a variety of geological factors. Single wells generally cannot be considered representative for the basin as a whole.

scholarly journals Geochemical trends in central and western North Greenland

1987 ◽  
Vol 133 ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
A Steenfelt
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
The North ◽  
Platform Margin ◽  
Vein Type ◽  
North Greenland

Geochemical maps and geochemical cross-sections, based on chemical analyses of the < 0.1 mm fraction of stream sediment samples collected at a density of approximately 1 sample per 30 km2 in central and western North Greenland, show that the distribution patterns for the major elements and some trace elements reflect the main lithological units of the North Greenland Palaeozoic platform and trough. By contrast the distribution patterns for S and Sr are different. High S values are correlated with zones of tectonic activity and are thought to indicate migration of H2S along faults. High Sr values are correlated with evaporitic rocks in the platform sequence and with deep sea carbonates. High BaO values occurring along the Silurian platform margin and in the Ordovician platform-slope sequence are the result of Ba enrichment in the sedimentary environment, combined with epigenetic vein-type baryte mineralisation.

scholarly journals Controls on Associations of Clay Minerals in Phanerozoic Evaporite Formations: An Overview

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 974
Author(s):  
Yaroslava Yaremchuk ◽  
Sofiya Hryniv ◽  
Tadeusz Peryt ◽  
Serhiy Vovnyuk ◽  
Fanwei Meng
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Salt Precipitation ◽  
Mineral Association ◽  
Pyroclastic Material ◽  
Upper Proterozoic ◽  
Chemical Type ◽  
Cyclic Changes ◽  
Brine Concentration

Information on the associations of clay minerals in Upper Proterozoic and Phanerozoic marine evaporite formations suggests that cyclic changes in the (SO4-rich and Ca-rich) chemical type of seawater during the Phanerozoic could affect the composition of associations of authigenic clay minerals in marine evaporite deposits. The vast majority of evaporite clay minerals are authigenic. The most common are illite, chlorite, smectite and disordered mixed-layer illite-smectite and chlorite-smectite; all the clay minerals are included regardless of their quantity. Corrensite, sepiolite, palygorskite and talc are very unevenly distributed in the Phanerozoic. Other clay minerals (perhaps with the exception of kaolinite) are very rare. Evaporites precipitated during periods of SO4-rich seawater type are characterized by both a greater number and a greater variety of clay minerals—smectite and mixed-layer minerals, as well as Mg-corrensite, palygorskite, sepiolite, and talc, are more common in associations. The composition of clay mineral association in marine evaporites clearly depends on the chemical type of seawater and upon the brine concentration in the evaporite basin. Along with increasing salinity, aggradational transformations of clay minerals lead to the ordering of their structure and, ideally, to a decrease in the number of minerals. In fact, evaporite deposits of higher stages of brine concentration often still contain unstable clay minerals. This is due to the intense simultaneous volcanic activity that brought a significant amount of pyroclastic material into the evaporite basin; intermediate products of its transformation (in the form of swelling minerals) often remained in the deposits of the potassium salt precipitation stage.

scholarly journals Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 2621-2677 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Korhonen ◽  
B. Rudels ◽  
M. Marnela ◽  
A. Wisotzki ◽  
J. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Upper Ocean ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

Abstract. The Arctic Ocean gains freshwater mainly through river discharge, precipitation and the inflowing low salinity waters from the Pacific Ocean. In addition the recent reduction in sea ice volume is likely to influence the surface salinity and thus contribute to the freshwater content in the upper ocean. The present day freshwater storage in the Arctic Ocean appears to be sufficient to maintain the upper ocean stratification and to protect the sea ice from the deep ocean heat content. The recent freshening has not, despite the established strong stratification, been able to restrain the accelerating ice loss and other possible heat sources besides the Atlantic Water, such as the waters advecting from the Pacific Ocean and the solar insolation warming the Polar Mixed Layer, are investigated. Since the ongoing freshening, oceanic heat sources and the sea ice melt are closely related, this study, based on hydrographic observations, attempts to examine the ongoing variability in time and space in relation to these three properties. The largest time and space variability of freshwater content occurs in the Polar Mixed Layer and the upper halocline. The freshening of the upper ocean during the 2000s is ubiquitous in the Arctic Ocean although the most substantial increase occurs in the Canada Basin where the freshwater is accumulating in the thickening upper halocline. Whereas the salinity of the upper halocline is nearly constant, the freshwater content in the Polar Mixed Layer is increasing due to decreasing salinity. The decrease in salinity is likely to result from the recent changes in ice formation and melting. In contrast, in the Eurasian Basin where the seasonal ice melt has remained rather modest, the freshening of both the Polar Mixed Layer and the upper halocline is mainly of advective origin. While the warming of the Atlantic inflow was widespread in the Arctic Ocean during the 1990s, the warm and saline inflow events in the early 2000s appear to circulate mainly in the Nansen Basin. Nevertheless, even in the Nansen Basin the seasonal ice melt appears independent of the continuously increasing heat content in the Atlantic layer. As no other oceanic heat sources can be identified in the upper layers, it is likely that increased absorption of solar energy has been causing the ice melt prior to the observations.

scholarly journals CLAY MINERALOGY OF THE SEDIMENTARY IRON-NICKEL ORE OF AGIOS IOANNIS, NE BOEOTIA: NEW DATA AND IMPLICATION FOR DIAGENETIC MODIFICATIONS Christidis G.

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 2553
Author(s):  
G.E. Christidis ◽  
N. Skarpelis
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
Lateritic Profile

The clay mineralogy of the sedimentary Fe-Ni deposit of Agios Ioannis and a Ni lateritic profile from Pavlos, both in Lokris area, Greece, is investigated. The clay fraction of samples from Agios Ioannis consists mainly of Fe-rich chlorite and Fe-smectite, with minor serpentine, hematite and goethite. Locally, disordered talc (kerolite and/or pimelite), illite, R1 mixed layer illite/smectite and gibbsite are identified. The lateritic profile has different composition and contains mainly Fe-rich smectite (nontronite and/or ferruginous montmorillonite) with minor serpentine, goethite, magnetite, and talc, whereas chlorite is absent. It is suggested that in the Agios Ioannis deposit chlorite has formed from smectite via R0 mixed layer chlorite/smectite with >80% chlorite layers. The source of Al is probably the diagenetic transformation of pedogenic goethite to hematite during burial. The lack of chlorite in the lateritic profile of Pavlos is attributed to the limited presence of goethite. Smectite is believed to be a major mineralogical constituent of the Fe-Ni ores of the broader Lokris area.

A mineralogical and geochemical study of turbidite sandstones and interbedded shales, Mam Tor, Derbyshire, UK

Clay Minerals ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Spears ◽  
M.A. Amin
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Lateral Variation ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Shore Line ◽  
Geochemical Study ◽  
Size Sorting

AbstractEleven shales and fourteen turbidite sandstones from the Mam Tor Beds were analysed chemically and by XRD. The ratio of kaolinite to illite plus mixed-layer clay was higher in the sandstones than in the shales, size fractions demonstrating that this ratio decreased as the grain size decreased. Shales more basinal in character than those of the Mam Tor Beds contain more illite and mixed-layer clay and less kaolinite and it is suggested that there was a lateral variation in clay mineralogy with distance from the shore line due to particle size sorting and that the character of the clay mineral fraction was retained as the turbidity current transported sediment from a nearshore environment deeper into the basin. Support for this model was obtained from the geochemistry which showed that the sandstone matrix differed compositionally from the shales. Systematic variations occurred in the turbidite sandstones but not in the shales which are therefore considered to be non-turbiditic. Only minor mineralogical changes appear to have occurred during diagenesis.

Pliocene-Quaternary river-terrace sequences in intramontane basins in the south-eastern Alpine foreland (Slovenia): characterization of morphostratigraphy and provenance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Mencin Gale ◽  
Petra Jamšek Rupnik ◽  
Miloš Bavec ◽  
Mirka Trajanova ◽  
Luka Gale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Drainage Network ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Alpine Foreland ◽  
Intramontane Basins

&lt;p&gt;This study focuses on the Pliocene-Quaternary sedimentary evolution of the fluvial systems in the Slovenj Gradec, Nazarje, Velenje, Celje, Drava-Ptuj and Kr&amp;#353;ko Basins in the south-eastern Alpine foreland, Slovenia. The main aim was to determine the composition, morphostratigraphy, provenance, sedimentary environment and age of the deposits using geomorphological, sedimentological, geochemical, mineralogical and biostratigraphical methods. Pliocene-Quaternary sediments were deposited in fluvial (braided and wandering river systems) and alluvial/colluvial fan environments. The sediments are preserved in the terrace staircase sequences, formation of which is strongly controlled by tectonic activity. Based on geomorphological analyses, low-, middle- and high-level terrace groups were constrained and tentatively attributed to Late Pleistocene, Middle Pleistocene, and Plio-Early Pleistocene, respectively. The provenance analyses focused on the Plio-Early Pleistocene sediments and included lithological and microfacies analyses of the clasts. Based on the provenance analyses and published data, the long-term development of the drainage network was interpreted. Major changes occurred during the transition from Miocene-Pliocene and at the latest at Plio-Early Pleistocene the drainage network reached conformity with the present one. Overall, the spatial distribution of the Pliocene-Quaternary landforms revealed tectonic activity in intramontane basins during their development, from which the landscape evolution was deduced.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Geological factors controlling clay mineral patterns across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Mediterranean and Atlantic sections

Clay Minerals ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ortega ◽  
I. Palomo ◽  
F. Martinez ◽  
I. Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Mineral Association ◽  
Mineral Associations ◽  
Uppermost Layer ◽  
Regional Tectonic ◽  
Geological Factors ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Layered Clay

AbstractThe clay mineral associations in the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary (KTB) and in the Danian and Maastrichtian levels of sections from the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Domains have been studied. The Mediterranean sections have a single mineral association consisting of smectiteiltite and kaolinite, whereas the Atlantic sections have several associations: illite-chlorite, illite-R1 I-S-kaolinite and illite-R 1 I-S-chlorite. Data are presented relating to the influence of K-feldspars and Fe oxide sphemles on the clay mineral associations. Study of rare-earth elements shows that regional geological factors affect the clay mineralogy of the KTB, examples showing significant anthigenesis in the Mediterranean sections, and important detrital supply in all the Atlantic sections. We propose that the KTB studied in these marine sections is equivalent to the uppermost layer of the two-layered clay unit originating in a cloud of a vapourized bolide. Regional tectonic conditions have been responsible for differences in clay sedimentation in these geological domains and among the stratigraphic sections of the Atlantic Domain.

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