Characterization of El-Tih kaolin quality using mineralogical, geochemical and geostatistical analyses

Clay Minerals ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Masoud ◽  
G. Christidis ◽  
K. Koike
Keyword(s):  
Source Area ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Mineralogical Characteristics ◽  
Quality Upgrading ◽  
Geostatistical Techniques ◽  
Scale Characterization ◽  
Clay Layers

AbstractDetailed multi-scale characterization of the kaolin quality and the controlling depositional environment is crucial for optimal quality upgrading and for prioritizing potential exploitation areas. In the present work, the quality of El-Tih kaolin, Egypt, was investigated using the chemical/mineralogical characteristics as well as the field observations of the clay. Chemical analysis of major oxides was carried out using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDS-XRF) spectrometry. Mineralogical analyses were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-WDS). Spatial heterogeneity of the quality was evaluated applying kriging geostatistical techniques and potential zones were identified.Results clarified an upward gradual deterioration of the quality via a decrease in the Al2O3content and thickness of the clay layers, and an increase in the TiO2content. According to the kriging maps, areas of high potentiality indices (PI) characterized by high Al2O3and low SiO2content and maximum thickness of the kaolin are located to the west and east, and decrease toward the central part of the study area. The high PI zones are dominated by pseudo-hexagonal platy kaolinite, often forming accordion- and book-like aggregates with subordinate quartz and traces of Fe and Ti oxides, yielding minimal TiO2and Fe2O3contents. These zones of high PI are considered optimal for exploitation. Kaolinite was formed as a result of intensive weathering of rhyolite/granite and basalt in the source area, and subsequent erosion, transportation and deposition of the weathering mantles in a flood environment with marked depositional energy variations. Results allowed comparison with worldwide kaolin occurrences, and suggested the suitability of the studied kaolins for use in paper coating and filling and in higher-grade ceramics, after removal of free Fe- and Ti-oxide impurities.

Multi-scale characterization of porosity in Boom Clay (HADES-level, Mol, Belgium) using a combination of X-ray μ-CT, 2D BIB-SEM and FIB-SEM tomography

2015 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Hemes ◽  
Guillaume Desbois ◽  
Janos L. Urai ◽  
Birgit Schröppel ◽  
Jens-Oliver Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  
Boom Clay ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Scale Characterization

Intercalation and Characterization of Kaolinite Amazon to Production Polymer Nanocomposites

2018 ◽  
Vol 912 ◽  
pp. 269-273
Author(s):  
José Costa de Macêdo Neto ◽  
João Evangelista Neto ◽  
Ricardo Wilson Cruz ◽  
Eduardo Rafael Barreda ◽  
Nayra Reis do Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Gas Barrier ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Natural Clays ◽  
Clay Layers ◽  
Scanning Electron

Polymer nanocomposites using natural clays such as nanofiller have mechanical properties, flame-retardant, the gas barrier improvement compared to polymers without nanoclay. The aim of this work is intercalated molecules between the clay layers and characterize it with a view to its use in polymer nanocomposites. The kaolinite neat and modified used was characterized by fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XDR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetry (TGA). The results showed that kaolinite can be used as a nanofiller in polymer nanocomposites.

scholarly journals Mechanism of clay swelling in Villarlod molasse, a Swiss sandstone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Wangler
Keyword(s):  
Micromechanical Model ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
Scaling Factor ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Swelling Clays ◽  
Crystalline Swelling ◽  
Clay Layers ◽  
Stone Matrix

The characterization of swelling clays is important for diverse fields, including the field of conservation of built cultural heritage. Villarlod molasse, a building stone utilized frequently across Switzerland, is known to be damaged by swelling clays embedded in its matrix. In this study, the mechanism of how the clays lead to swelling in the stone itself is examined, and similar to previous studies, crystalline swelling is noted as the most likely source. A scaling factor linking X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dilatometric swelling experiments is calculated, and evidence for the existence of an initial monolayer of moisture in the embedded clays at ambient relative humidities is presented. A qualitative micromechanical model describing how the nonswelling stone matrix exerts a pressure on the clay layers, affecting their swelling behavior, is presented.

scholarly journals Characterization of Basalt for Conservation Use from Cultural Heritage Site of Umm El-Jimāl in Jordan

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1B) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Wassef Al Sekhaneh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Mineralogical Characteristics

The present study is a multi-analytical approach to the characterization of several basalt stone samples, from Umm el-Jimāl Cultural Heritage site, northern Jordan, which represents ancient trade routes between Arabian Peninsula and Syria. In particular, Micro-X-ray Fluorescence Mapping as new in the mineralogy, X-ray Diffraction Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are used for the determination of the petrological, geochemical, and mineralogical characteristics of the basalt used in this archeological site for conservation purposes. The results reveal that it belongs to the alkaline trachy-basalt to basanite-tephrite type. With predominant quartz, olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase (albite) as major elements, the vesicular texture is occupied with secondary minerals such as biotite, gypsum, and calcite.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

High Resolution Replication of Organoclay Surfaces

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
W. W. Barker ◽  
W. E. Rigsby ◽  
V. J. Hurst ◽  
W. J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Organic Molecule ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Silicate Layers ◽  
Mineral Identification

Experimental clay mineral-organic molecule complexes long have been known and some of them have been extensively studied by X-ray diffraction methods. The organic molecules are adsorbed onto the surfaces of the clay minerals, or intercalated between the silicate layers. Natural organo-clays also are widely recognized but generally have not been well characterized. Widely used techniques for clay mineral identification involve treatment of the sample with H2 O2 or other oxidant to destroy any associated organics. This generally simplifies and intensifies the XRD pattern of the clay residue, but helps little with the characterization of the original organoclay. Adequate techniques for the direct observation of synthetic and naturally occurring organoclays are yet to be developed.

Synthesis and characterization of TiN / Ti / AISI 410 coatings

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
S Chirino ◽  
Jaime Diaz ◽  
N Monteblanco ◽  
E Valderrama
Keyword(s):  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Photoemission Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Columnar Grains ◽  
Tin Thin Films ◽  
Steel Aisi ◽  
Interacting Surfaces ◽  
Stainless Steel Aisi

The synthesis and characterization of Ti and TiN thin films of different thicknesses was carried out on a martensitic stainless steel AISI 410 substrate used for tool manufacturing. The mechanical parameters between the interacting surfaces such as thickness, adhesion and hardness were measured. By means of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) the superficial morphology of the Ti/TiN interface was observed, finding that the growth was of columnar grains and by means of EDAX the existence of titanium was verified.  Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) it was possible to observe the presence of residual stresses (~ -3.1 GPa) due to the different crystalline phases in the coating. Under X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) it was possible to observe the molecular chemical composition of the coating surface, being Ti-N, Ti-N-O and Ti-O the predominant ones.

Studies on the Preparation, Characterization and Solubility of -Cyclodextrin-Roxythromycin Inclusion Complexes

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-530
Author(s):  
D. Nagasamy Venkatesh ◽  
S. Karthick ◽  
M. Umesh ◽  
G. Vivek ◽  
R.M. Valliappan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Inclusion Complexes ◽  
Phase Solubility ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ir Studies ◽  
Poorly Soluble ◽  
Poorly Soluble Drug

Roxythromycin/ β-cyclodextrin (Roxy/ β-CD) dispersions were prepared with a view to study the influence of β-CD on the solubility and dissolution rate of this poorly soluble drug. Phase-solubility profile indicated that the solubility of roxythromycin was significantly increased in the presence of β-cyclodextrin and was classified as AL-type, indicating the 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complexes. Physical characterization of the prepared systems was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction studies (XRD) and IR studies. Solid state characterization of the drug β-CD binary system using XRD, FTIR and DSC revealed distinct loss of drug crystallinity in the formulation, ostensibly accounting for enhancement of dissolution rate.

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