Red Blood Cell Variables in Young and Mature High-Trained Football Players

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 3749-3749
Author(s):  
Janet G. Grudeva ◽  
Nickolay Boyadjiev ◽  
Zdravko Taralov ◽  
Ilia Batashki
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Group A ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Group B

Abstract A suboptimal values of the haematological variables has often been recorded in young athletes involved in intense physical activity. There have even been reports of “sports anemia” associated with intensive physical training. There are profound studies describing the haematological changes of the soccer players after training or 90 min match. Our previous studies demonstrated lower values of red blood cell count (RBC), packed cell volume (HCT), haemoglobin concentration (HGB) in highly trained football players than in untrained controls of the same pubescent age. THE AIM: It was a matter of interest to evaluate the haematological status of 2314 football players (15.11±2.89 yrs old) and to compare the results for pre-pubescent, pubescent and mature boys recruited in the study and also to relate the values obtained to the individulal aerobic functional capacity. MATERIAS: A total of 2314 highly trained football players were included in the study. Their mean±SD age, weight, and BMI were: 15.11±2.89 yrs, 56.33±13.28 kg, and 19.62±2.58 kg/m2. The sportsmen were divided into three groups in accordance with their age: pre-pubescent (9–14 years) group A (n=1178) − 13.22±1.05 yrs (158.6±12.6 months); pubescent (15–19 years) group B (n=1029) − 16.57±1.04 yrs (198.9±12.6 months); and mature (20–35 years) group C (n=107) − 24.30±3.78 yrs (291.6±45.3 months) old. Profound clinical examination of all sportsmen was performed at the day before obtaining the blood samples. Haematological variables including RBC, HCT, HGB, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin content (MCHC), white blood cell count (WBC) and platelet count (PLT) were analysed on a Sysmex K800 (Japan) analyser. Each football player passed also PWC170-test for assessment the working capacity on AT-104 Spiro-Ergo equipment (Schiller, Switzerland). RESULTS: All haematological variables in the groups were found in normal ranges, but the RBC was highest in group B (5.17±0.28 *1012/l vs. 5.03±0.28 *1012/l for group A, and 5.08±0.41 *1012/l for group C). Group A demonstrated not only lowest values for the RBC, but also for the HGB (144.7±6.4 g/l vs. 149.1±6.0 g/l for group B, and 151.8±7.5 g/l for group C, P<0.001), and for HCT (0.437±0.02 vs. 0.451±0.02 for group B, and 0.451±0.03 for group C, P<0.001). Group A demonstrated similar values for the above basic red blood cell parameters to these measured for great male group of same age. The pre-pubescent football players (group A) had lower MCV (87.1±2.8 fl), than the players of group B (87.5±2.9 fl) and than the players from group C (88.1±3.0 fl). No evidences for blood dilution as a result of long-term training had been found in groups B and C. There was not difference in the WBC and PLT between pre-pubescent, pubescent and mature footballers. The mature players (C-group) demonstrated higher PWC/kg than pre-pubescent (20.6±2.3 vs. 19.2±2.3 kgm/min/kg), and than pubescent boys (19.8±2.7 kgm/min/kg). Significant correlations were obtained between the age and HGB, and between the age and HCT in groups A (0.19 and 0.19 respectively) and B (0.24 and 0.15 respectively). Good correlations were found between RBC and PWC170/kg in all groups investigated. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-pubescent highly trained football players have lower values of the red blood cell variables than pubescent and mature footballers, which correlates with lower aerobic working capacity.

scholarly journals Stability of Commonly Used Hematological Parameters in Samples Stored at 33°C, 22°C and 4°C

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashish Jain ◽  
Sanchit Jain ◽  
Neha Singh ◽  
Priyanka Aswal ◽  
Shweta Pal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
White Blood Cell Count ◽  
White Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Red Blood Cell Count ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin

AbstractAimThis study aimed to investigate the analytical bias and imprecision in haematological parameters induced by storage at 4°C, 22°C and 33 °C.MethodsThree K2EDTA anticoagulated vials of blood were collected from each of twenty blood donors and stored at 4°C, 22°C and 33°C respectively. Readings from each vial were taken at 0, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after collection on the Sysmex XP-100 analyser. The mean and median shift of the parameters relative to the baseline and the coefficient of variation for each time-temperature combination were calculated. The shift was compared to the maximum acceptable bias.ResultsHaemoglobin, Red Blood Cell Count, White Blood Cell Count, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin were stable for at least twenty four hours at 33°C. Haematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume and Platelet Counts were stable for less than four hours at 33°C. All the above parameters were stable for longer at 22°C and 4°C. The three-part differential count showed instability within four hours at 33 °C.ConclusionsStrict pre-analytical control is needed at 33°C or above due to the marked instability of most parameters. However, Haemoglobin, Red Blood Cell Count, White Blood Cell Count and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin remain relatively stable even at 33°C.Key MessageHaematology samples exposed to temperatures of 33°C or above show rapid change in MCV, HCT,MCHC, RDW, Platelet Counts and three-part differential counts. Settings where prolonged exposure to these temperatures cannot be avoided should rely on the more stable parameters of Haemoglobin, RBC Counts, MCH and WBC Counts.

Hematology of Wild Allied Rock-Wallabies, Petrogale-Assimilis Ramsay, 1877 (Marsupialia, Macropodidae), in North Queensland

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
PBS Spencer ◽  
R Speare
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Red Blood Cell Count ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin

The haematology of a colony of wild allied rock-wallabies, Petrogale assimilis Ramsay, 1877, from north-western Queensland was studied for 20 months. Wallabies were repeatedly trapped at monthly intervals and 511 blood samples from 96 animals were examined, making this the most comprehensive study of the haematology of any macropod species. The morphology of the red blood cells and leucocytes was similar to those of other marsupials. Large and small lymphocytes were recognised. Binucleate lymphocytes were found in 7.2% of blood smears. Normal haematological values were within the published ranges for other marsupials. However, the average white blood cell count (mean +/- s.e.: 9.03 +/- 0.92 X 10(9) L-1) was close to the upper end of the range for macropods. The normal (mean +/- s.e.) red blood cell count (5.24 + 0.15 X 10(12) L-1), packed cell volume (0.4291 +/- 0.019 L L-1) and haemoglobin concentration (14.07 +/- 0.41 g dL-1) of male wallabies were higher than those of females (4.79 +/- 0.15 X 10(12) L-1, 0.3952 +/- 1.19 L L-1, and 12.95 +/- 0.41 g dL-1, respectively). No gender differences were detected in the white blood cell count (9.03 +/- 0.92 x 10(9) L-1), mean corpuscular volume (82.28 +/- 1.35 fL), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (26.98 +/- 0.57 pg) or mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (32.82 +/- 0.57 g L 1). The red blood cell count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and the absolute neutrophil count in juveniles and subadults increased with age. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was less than 1.0 in pouch young and approached 1.0 in adults. The red blood cell count, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration of lactating females did not vary with age of pounch young.

Haematological Profiles of Pigs on Different Farms Reflect Their Health Status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Golinar Oven ◽  
Alenka Nemec Svete ◽  
Melita Hajdinjak ◽  
Jan Plut ◽  
Marina Stukelj
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
White Blood Cell ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin

Abstract BackgroundHaematological examination is an important diagnostic tool in the assessment of pig health status. The present study aimed to assess haematological parameters in pigs of different age categories from six farrow-to-finish farms differing in herd health status. The following pig categories were included: 5 age groups of growers (5, 7, 9–10, 11 and 12–13 weeks-old), fatteners and breeding pregnant sows. Individual blood samples for determining complete blood count and white blood cell differential count were taken and group samples of oral fluid and faeces were collected from each animal category in each of the six farms and tested for the detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Virus (PRRSV), and Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) using PCR, RT-PCR, and qRT-PCR protocols. Individual blood samples were analysed using an automated laser-based haematology analyser. The following haematological parameters were reported: white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelet count (PLT), and percentage and number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and "large unstained cells" - LUCs. ResultsOn farms free of PRRSV, PCV2 and HEV, age had significant effect on the following parameters: WBC, Hb, MCH, MCHC, PLT, percentage of neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils and absolute numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils and LUCs. On farms with PRRS, PCV2 and/or HEV, age significantly affected all observed blood parameters except the percentage of LUCs. The percentages of lymphocytes, MCV and Hct were significantly lower by PRRSV while WBC, PLT, percentage and absolute number of neutrophils, basophils and LUCs increased. Significantly lower percentages of lymphocytes and increased percentages and absolute numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils were caused by PCV2 presence. Significantly lower percentage of lymphocytes and MCV and increased RBC, Hb, percentage and number of basophils and percentage of neutrophils were caused by HEV. Conclusions Alterations of haematological parameters reflected the health status of pigs of different categories on infected and on non-infected farms. Age-related changes in haematological parameters occurred in clinically healthy and in infected pigs.

scholarly journals Effects of Aqueous Extract of Basella alba L. leaves on Blood Cell Count in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Farhana Sabrin ◽  
AF Mohammed Shafiqul Alam ◽  
Muhammad Rashedul Islam ◽  
Md Elias Al Mamun ◽  
Jakir Ahmed Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Basella Alba ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

The effect of aqueous extract of Basella alba (puishak) leaves on blood cell count of rats was studied. Forty rats of both sexes weighing between 100-150 gm were used. The rats were divided into four groups (7 rats in each group), with group A as the control group and experimental groups were denoted as B, C and D. With all aseptic precautions, aqueous extract of Basella alba (Puishak) leaves was administered into the three different doses (For group B: 60 mg/kg bw, group C: 80 mg/kg bw and group D: 100 mg/kg bw). Control group A also received distilled water as a placebo at the dose of 10 mg/kg bw for 14 days. At day 15, blood samples were collected and sent for haematological analysis. Data analysis of blood count profile of 28 rats revealed that there is an increased number of RBC, WBC and platelet count in experimental groups than in control group. ANOVA test revealed that increased blood cell counts following administration of aqueous leaves extract of keeves of B. alba were statistically significant (p value for each case was .0001<.05) than control group. Paired samples t test was performed to compare between baseline hematological parameters and parameters after 14 days of intervention. Then comparison between Group A & Group B, between Group A & Group C and between Group A & Group D were done. In all cases, probability (p) value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.This it is clearly evident that aqueous extract of B.alba has positive stimulant effect on blood cells count of rats. Moreover, it was found that increment of doses also increases the cell count that is positively correlated with the hypothesis. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(1): 73-78, 2019

scholarly journals Prevalence of Anaplasma ovis and its effects on haematology of apparently healthy Sahel goats in Maiduguri, Nigeria: A Preliminary study

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-57
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Anaplasma Ovis ◽  
Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Introduction: Anaplasma ovis is an intraerythrocytic rickettsial pathogen that causes clinical symptoms and huge economic losses in flocks. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and effects of Anaplasma ovis on the haematology of apparently healthy Sahel goats in Maiduguri. Methods: Blood samples were randomly collected from one hundred (100) Sahel goats from both farm and abattoir in the study area. Parasitological and haematological analyses were carried out on the collected samples using a standard technique. Results: Out of 100 goats sampled, seven (7) were positive with an overall prevalence of 7%. The prevalence was higher in the male 5 (5%) than in the female 2 (2%) with no significant association between sexes (p > 0.05). The haematological parameters of infected and uninfected goats were within normal range except for mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of infected goats. The MCV of infected and uninfected goats varied significantly (p < 0.05) while the packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular haemoglobin of infected and uninfected goats were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected. Significance: Natural infection in apparently healthy goats in Maiduguri was found not to have an obvious effect on the haematology of the infected animals. There is a need for prevention and control programs against this pathogen in the study area. This, when carried out, will improve the production potential of these animals and economic well-being of the owners.

scholarly journals Zinc ameliorates lead toxicity by reducing body Pb burden and restoring Pb-induced haematological and biochemical derangements

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 239784732095656
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ike Ugwuja ◽  
Nweze Vincent ◽  
Ikechukwu C Ikaraoha ◽  
Samuel R Ohayi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

Background: Studies on nutritional factors, including zinc in ameliorating the deleterious effects of potentially toxic elements have been scarce and the findings have been inconsistent. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ameliorative potential of zinc against lead-induced toxicity in rats. Materials and methods: Male albino rats (n = 24) assigned into four groups of six/group: normal control (NC), zinc control (ZnC; 20 mg/kg ZnCl2), lead control (PbC; 50 mg/kg PbCl2) and lead plus zinc (Pb + Zn; 50 mg/kg PbCl2 plus 20 mg/kg ZnCl2), respectively were investigated. All administrations were through oral route and lasted for 42 days after which blood samples were collected for haematological and biochemical analyses using standard techniques. Results: Results showed that packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HBC), red blood cell count (RBC) were significant (p < 0.05) reduced while total white blood cell count (TWBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and platelets were significantly elevated in PbC group in comparison with NC and ZnC. Also liver and renal function parameters as well as the liver and kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) were elevated while antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in PbC group in comparison with NC and ZnC. Concentrations of lead were in the order: blood > liver > kidney in the PbC group. In addition to restoration of the altered parameters, administration of zinc in Pb + Zn group significantly reduced the raised lead concentrations in the plasma and organs. Conclusion: Reduction in body Pb burden and restoration of Pb-induced derangements in haematological and biochemical parameters by Zn strongly support the ameliorative property of Zn against Pb-induced toxicity.

scholarly journals Altered Haematological Variables of Pre-Eclamptic Patients in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Stella B. Egbe ◽  
Patience A. Akpan ◽  
Euphoria C. Akwiwu ◽  
Josephine O. Akpotuzor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Platelet Count ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin

Pre-eclampsia is a gestational complication with immense outcomes on foetal/ infant and maternal health. This study assessed haematological variables of pre-eclamptic pregnant women receiving antenatal care at University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Calabar. Following due ethical considerations, 90 subjects aged 18-45 years were enrolled. They comprised 30 pre-eclamptic patients admitted into the antenatal ward, UCTH; 30 pregnant women with no medical condition attending antenatal clinic, UCTH and 30 apparently healthy non-pregnant women of same age range as control subjects. Weight, height and blood pressure were measured while a pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data. Packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (HB), red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cell count (WBC) with differentials, platelet count and mean platelet volume (MPV) were determined using Sysmex Haematology autoanalyzer (Sysmex, Japan). Significantly lower (p<0.05) PCV, HB, MCV and platelet count were recorded among pre-eclamptic patients compared to the pregnant and non-pregnant controls. Conversely, body mass index, blood pressures, MCHC, WBC and MPV of pre-eclamptic patients were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to pregnant and non-pregnant controls. There were also significant differences (p<0.05) in RBC and differential white cell count among the three groups. Also, we observed appearance of protein in urine associated with increased blood pressure. It is concluded that haematological changes occur in pre-eclampsia and these changes reflect the bodys response to systemic inflammation induced by pregnancy and amplified by the presence of hypertension.

scholarly journals Effect of an 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emitted during embryogenesis on the blood picture of one-day-old domestic hen chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Pawlak ◽  
Bartosz Bojarski ◽  
Zenon Nieckarz ◽  
Marcin Lis ◽  
Tomasz Wojnar
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Blood Picture ◽  
Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Red Blood Cell Count ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Domestic Hen

Exposure to artificial electromagnetic fields emitted mainly by mobile telephony has been steadily increasing with the development of modern technology. Haematological indices are among the most common indicators of the body’s physiological status. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of an 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emission on the blood picture of one-day-old domestic hen chicks. During the experiment, chick embryos were exposed to artificial electromagnetic fields throughout incubation for 13 ´ 2 min/day, 4 ´ 10 min/day and 1 ´ 40 min/day. After hatching, blood was collected from 10 one-day-old chicks from each group to determine: red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, and leukocyte differential count. In addition, the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was calculated. The present study is probably the first to show an increase in the red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, white blood cell count, segmented heterophils and the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, and a decrease in lymphocyte percentage of embryos exposed to an 1800 MHz electromagnetic field. The observed changes may be indicative of the stress-inducing effect of EMF on living organisms.

scholarly journals Impact of Heat Stress on Blood and Serum Biochemistry Parameters in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-350
Author(s):  
Rita I. ODO ◽  
Samuel O. ONOJA ◽  
Cyrus O. OSUAGWU
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

Twenty mature albino rats randomly assigned to two groups (n=10) were used for the study. Group A was exposed to the sun, while group B was kept under a shade. The study was for 28 days. At the end of the study, the effects of heat stress on haematology and serum biochemistry were determined. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the packed cell volume  of group A when compared to group B. Red blood cell count of group A increased significantly when compared to group B. The mean erythroid values for MCHC and MCH decreased significantly in group A when compared to group B.  The mean haemoglobin concentration of group A was significantly lower when compared to that of group B. White blood cell count of group A decreased significantly (p<0.05) when compared to group B on day 28. The result of the differential leucocyte count showed significant decrease in lymphocytes in the heat stressed group when compared to the unstressed for the entire period. Total serum protein significantly increased in group A when compared to group B on day 14. Alanine amino transferase significantly increases in group A when compared to group B on day 28. Alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly in group A throughout the study period when compared to group B. Aspartate - amino transferase increased significantly in group A when compared to group B on day 28. Serum cholesterol significantly decreased in group A on day 28 when compared to group B.

Effect of paper mill effluent on haematology of Tor putitora (Hamilton)

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
B. D. Joshi ◽  
Hema Negi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Paper Mill Effluent ◽  
Tor Putitora ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Haemoglobin Content

Tor putitora  (mean wt., 86.69±1.26 g, mean total length, 19.73±0.40 cm) were exposed for 30 days to varying concentrations (3, 6, 12, and 24 ml/L) of paper mill effluent with a view to check the haematological changes. Red blood cell count (RBCC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin content (MCHC), white blood cell count (WBCC), neutrophils, monocytes and small lymphocytes were 2.17±0.01‐ 1.90±0.01×106/mm3, 8.8±0.02‐6.5±0.02 g%, 27.34±0.24‐27.02±0.28%, 126.28±1.78‐123.04±1.82 um3, 41.80±0.12‐38.40±0.71 pg, 32.42±0.08‐ 28.45±0.08 g%, 13.16±0.28‐16.19±0.23×103/mm3, 10.36±0.33‐5.19±0.26%, 5.87±0.25‐4.17±0.26% and 83.08±1.27‐89.24±1.25% respectively. After 30 days of exposure RBCC, Hb, MCV and MCHC decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 24 ml/L, whereas increasing trend in WBCC at all concentrations has been observed. Pathological alterations of erythrocytes in blood smears included deformation sticking, lysis and abnormal presence of senile erythrocytes were clearly observed in T. putitora exposed to paper mill effluent. These changes might be attributed to structural damage of RBC membranes resulting in haemolysis and destruction in haemoglobin production. Elevation in WBCC could be due to stimulation of immune system in response to tissue damage caused by paper mill effluent. This  study therefore gives an insightinto toxic effect of the paper mill effluent on T. putitora.

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