scholarly journals Alemtuzumab for Treatment of Refractory Evans Syndrome

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 4542-4542
Author(s):  
Timothy O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Severe Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Evans Syndrome ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Humanized Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Heavily Pretreated ◽  
Cell Disorder

Abstract Background: There are limited treatment options for refractory Evans syndrome. After steroids and splenectomy, rituximab has been used w/some success. Alemtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD52, has been reported in small series of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), usually in pts w/an underlying B-cell disorder such as CLL, but does not appear to have been reported in Evans syndrome. Methods: Chart review of a single case. Results: A 53 year old Caucasian man was admitted in 12/2012 with severe AIHA and thrombocytopenia. He was originally diagnosed with ITP at age 19, treated with steroids and later a splenectomy, then at age 40 (1999) presented with severe AIHA and thrombocytopenia, and was diagnosed with Evans syndrome. This was refractory to steroids, IVIG, vincristine and cyclophosphamide, but responded to an immunoadsorption column; he relapsed in 2005 and 2007, each time with predominantly isolated severe thrombocytopenia, which was treated successfully each time with weekly x 4 rituximab. He relapsed again in 3/2010, treated again with rituximab w/resolution of thrombocytopenia, but with recurrence of severe AIHA: DAT+ (IgG); hgb nadir 4.8gm/dL; LDH 1916 IU, TBili 10.4 mg/dL (direct bilirubin 1.1); retic count peaked at 52%. The severe anemia was refractory to steroids, IVIG, cyclophosphamide and vincristine (immunoadsorption column no longer available in the U.S.). He was then treated with intravenous alemtuzumab (3mg x 1 day then 10mg x 1 day then 30mg 3x/week x 4 weeks). 3 weeks after starting alemtuzumab there was a response, with improvement in hemolysis parameters (LDH 632, TBili 1.4, retic count 1.6%) and anemia (hgb 8.5, without transfusion support). By 4 weeks there was a complete normalization of hemolysis parameters (LDH 199, Tbili 1.2, retic 1%) and continued hemoglobin improvement (9.1), which normalized by week 12. He remained in remission for 10 months until he developed relapse of ITP in 5/2011, which was refractory to rituximab and was then started on romiplastin in 6/2011, with normalization of platelet counts. He remained in remission until 11/2012 when he developed severe thrombocytopenia (plt=3k), refractory to increasing doses of romiplastin, and then developed severe AIHA in late 12/2012 (hgb nadir 4.5; LDH 1070; retic 26%) with persistent severe thrombocytopenia (plt=2k). He was re-started on alemtuzumab from 12/30/12 to late 1/2013, dosed as before, with near complete resolution of thrombocytopenia (plt incremented to 138k) and hemolysis (LDH 195, retic 5%) by week 4, with improvement in hgb (to 8.3). He then relapsed with severe AIHA in mid 3/2013 (hgb 5.1) and was restarted on alemtuzumab; there was no response in hemolysis parameters so cyclosporine was added; alemtuzumab was stopped on 4/24/13; he was tried again on rituximab on 5/10/13. He developed worsening, refractory AIHA, with renal and hepatic failure and, unfortunately, passed away on 5/24/13. During the alemtuzumab treatments he received prophylactic acyclovir, PCP prophylaxis and had weekly surveillance CMV DNA testing. He did not develop any CMV or other infectious complications. Conclusions: Alemtuzumab administration resulted in a complete response lasting 10 months (and 29 months for the severe AIHA) and a 2nd near complete response lasting 2 months in a very heavily pretreated man w/Evans syndrome. Use of this medication should be considered as another treatment option in the management of refractory cases. Disclosures Off Label Use: alemtuzumab in the treatment of Evans syndrome.

scholarly journals Omalizumab: Efficacy and Safety in Mast Cell Disorders

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 4280-4280
Author(s):  
Richard Lemal ◽  
Guillemette Fouquet ◽  
Louis Terriou ◽  
Mélanie Vaes ◽  
Cristina Livideanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Median Time ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Effective Treatment Option ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Cell Disorder

Abstract Background. Patients with mast cell diseases may suffer from various distressing symptoms, which can be insufficiently controlled with available therapies, severely affecting quality of life. There is thus a need for new and safe treatment options for these patients. Objectives. We aimed to evaluate safety and efficacy of omalizumab administration in patients with a systemic mast cell disorder. Methods. We included 56 patients with a systemic mast cell disorder who received omalizumab treatment between January 2015 and December 2017, after a pluridisciplinary review at the French National Reference Center for Mastocytosis (CEREMAST). Results. A complete response was achieved for 1 patient (1.8%), a major response for 30 patients (53.6%) and a partial response for 12 patients (21.4%), resulting in an overall response rate of 76.8% (43/56 patients). The response was persistent at least 3 months in 33 patients (58.9%). Median time to first response was 2 months and median time to best response was 6 months. Omalizumab was dramatically effective on all superficial and general vasomotor symptoms and on most gastrointestinal or urinary symptoms, and partially effective on most neuropsychiatric symptoms (Figure 1). Safety profile was acceptable, except for one severe adverse event (cervical edema and dyspnea after the first injection of omalizumab). Side effects were reported in 16 patients (28.6%), mainly of low to mild intensity, yet causing interruption of treatment in 6 patients (10.7%). Conclusion. Omalizumab is an effective treatment option in systemic mast cell disorders, and displays a favorable safety profile. Prospective studies remain necessary to confirm these encouraging results. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals PD-1 Blockade in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (23) ◽  
pp. 2620-2627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaume Capdevila ◽  
Lori J. Wirth ◽  
Thomas Ernst ◽  
Santiago Ponce Aix ◽  
Chia-Chi Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Overall Response Rate ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Overall Response ◽  
Humanized Monoclonal Antibody

PURPOSE Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is an aggressive malignancy that is almost always fatal and lacks effective systemic treatment options for patients with BRAF-wild type disease. As part of a phase I/II study in patients with advanced/metastatic solid tumors, patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma were treated with spartalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor. METHODS We enrolled patients with locally advanced and/or metastatic anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in a phase II cohort of the study. Patients received 400 mg spartalizumab intravenously, once every 4 weeks. The overall response rate was determined according to RECIST v1.1. RESULTS Forty-two patients were enrolled. Adverse events were consistent with those previously observed with PD-1 blockade. Most common treatment-related adverse events were diarrhea (12%), pruritus (12%), fatigue (7%), and pyrexia (7%). The overall response rate was 19%, including three patients with a complete response and five with a partial response. Most patients had baseline tumor biopsies positive for PD-L1 expression (n = 28/40 evaluable), and response rates were higher in PD-L1–positive (8/28; 29%) versus PD-L1–negative (0/12; 0%) patients. The highest rate of response was observed in the subset of patients with PD-L1 ≥ 50% (6/17; 35%). Responses were seen in both BRAF-nonmutant and BRAF-mutant patients and were durable, with a 1-year survival of 52.1% in the PD-L1–positive population. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first clinical trial to show responsiveness of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma to PD-1 blockade.

scholarly journals Stereotactic spine radiosurgery for intradural and intramedullary metastasis

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. E10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Ah Shin ◽  
Ryoong Huh ◽  
Sang Sup Chung ◽  
Jack Rock ◽  
Samuel Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Radiation Toxicity ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Henry Ford ◽  
Spine Radiosurgery ◽  
The Mean

Object Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become an important treatment alternative to surgery for a variety of spinal lesions. However, the use of SRS in the management of intradural intramedullary (IDIM) metastasis remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of SRS for treatment of IDIM metastasis. Methods Nine patients with 11 IDIM metastases treated with SRS at Henry Ford Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age at presentation was 50 years, with a range of 14–71 years. There were 4 intradural extramedullary and 7 intramedullary lesions. The radiosurgery procedure used techniques of image-guided and intensitymodulated radiation. The mean treatment dose was 13.8 Gy, with a range of 10–16 Gy. All patients had clinical follow-up (except in 1 lesion), with an emphasis on initial symptoms and ambulatory status, and 8 patients (9 lesions) had imaging studies. The median follow-up duration was 10 months. Results The presenting symptoms were improved in 8 (80%) of 10 evaluable lesions, unchanged in 1 case, and worsened in 1 case. Radiographic responses were seen as follows: complete response in 2 (22%) of 9; partial response in 3 (33%) of 9; stable disease in 3 (33%) of 9; and progressive disease in 1 (11%) of 9. After radiosurgery, 7 patients (78%) remained ambulatory until the last follow-up visit. The overall median survival time after SRS was 8 months, with a range of 2–19 months. No radiation toxicity was detected clinically during the follow-up period. Conclusions Despite the fact that this was a small series of patients with IDIM metastasis who had limited treatment options, SRS appears to be an effective and safe method of treating patients with these lesions.

scholarly journals Phase II trial of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma [see comments]

Blood ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 906-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Kuzel ◽  
A Hurria ◽  
E Samuelson ◽  
MS Tallman ◽  
HH Jr Roenigk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Median Duration ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Performance Status ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Hematologic Toxicity ◽  
Heavily Pretreated

We investigated the efficacy of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) therapy in patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and the Sezary syndrome (SS). Between February 1991 and November 1993, 21 patients with relapsed or refractory MF/SS were treated with 2-CdA. 2-CdA was administered by continuous intravenous infusion at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/d for 7 days initially (13 patients), but was subsequently reduced to 5 days (nine patients) due to hematologic toxicity. All patients had failed to respond to at least one prior treatment for MF/SS (median number of total prior therapies, five; median number of systemic prior therapies, three) and had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of two or better. Cycles were administered at 28-day intervals. Assessable patients received at least 5 days of 2-CdA. Fourteen patients received more than one cycle of 2-CdA. An overall response rate of 28% was achieved. Three patients (14%) had a complete response with a median duration of 4.5 months (range, 2.5 to 16). Three (14%) had a partial response with a median duration of 2 months (range, 2 to 4). Fifteen patients (72%) had no response. The most significant toxicities encountered were bone marrow suppression (62% of patients) and infectious complications (62% of patients). Thirty-eight percent of patients experienced no toxicity from 2-CdA. 2-CdA has activity as a single agent in patients with previously treated relapsed MF/SS. Studies in less heavily pretreated individuals with 2-CdA alone or in combination will be undertaken.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Considerations for Docetaxel and Paclitaxel in Metastatic Breast Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-s) ◽  
pp. 196-204
Author(s):  
Doranala Harshini ◽  
Sreenivas Pasula ◽  
Vesangi Keerthi Vaishnavi ◽  
Shiva Sai Tekula ◽  
M. Rajendar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Breast Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Cancer ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Heavily Pretreated ◽  
Combination Regimens ◽  
Refractory Diseases

Breast cancer is the main source of death among women. Currently, 77% of women diagnosed with breast cancer are age 50 and older; however, it is projected that approximately 66% of the new cases diagnosed will occur in women younger than 65. Several clinical trials have assessed the wellbeing and adequacy of taxanes along with their tolerability in patients with metastatic cancer (MBC) The overview of these Paclitaxel and Docetaxel, the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, dose and administration, adverse effects, clinical potency, and sufferable profiles combination therapies, the pathological complete response of these taxanes are included. The different novel formulations of taxanes are formulated from nanoparticles, polyglutamate, liposomes to improve the wellbeing and adequacy taxanes to reduce their toxicities. Single-agent research located with docetaxel and paclitaxel in metastatic breast most cancers show clinically huge antitumor motion even in the advanced stage, heavily pretreated, safe, as properly as in refractory diseases. This action is likewise clear with taxane-based combination regimens. Serious hematologic and nonhematologic toxicities are incompatible, with different toxicities noted dependent on the portion and weekly regimen selected.  Weekly docetaxel and paclitaxel regimens speak to important helpful treatment options for women suffering from metastatic breast cancer and have entered assessment as a major aspect of adjuvant treatment for this disease Toxicity associated with taxanes chemotherapy are based totally on the dose schedules and weekly regimen selected and the most frequent toxicities related with these marketers include myalgia, peripheral neuropathy, neutropenia, etc Docetaxel retains in tumor cells for longer duration when compared to paclitaxel because of its slow efflux and large amounts of uptake into the cell which explains its more benefits when compared to paclitaxel. Clinical studies conducted so far suggested a more benefit to risk ratio for docetaxel when compared to paclitaxel. This article reviews mainly different actions exhibited by taxanes in the therapy of metastatic breast cancer and others on stages of cancer along with the toxicities associated with these agents.  

scholarly journals Long-term follow-up of symptomatic patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinemia treated with the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Treon ◽  
Jacob D. Soumerai ◽  
Zachary R. Hunter ◽  
Christopher J. Patterson ◽  
Leukothea Ioakimidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma ◽  
Waldenström Macroglobulinemia ◽  
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Abstract CD52 is expressed on malignant cells in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL), including IgM-secreting Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). We examined the activity of alemtuzumab in 28 symptomatic LPL (27 IgM and 1 IgA) patients. The median prior number of therapies for these patients was 2 (range, 0-5) and 43% had refractory disease. Patients received alemtuzumab at 30 mg IV 3 times weekly for up to 12 weeks after test dosing, and also received hydrocortisone, acyclovir, and Bactrim or equivalent prophylaxis. Patients had a complete response (n = 1), a partial response (n = 9), or a MR (n = 11) for an overall and major response rate of 75% and 36%, respectively. Median serum Ig decreased from 3510 to 1460 mg/dL (P < .001 at best response). With a median follow-up of 64 months, the median time to progression was 14.5 months. Hematologic and infectious complications, including CMV reactivation, were more common in previously treated patients and were indirectly associated with 3 deaths. Long-term follow-up revealed late-onset autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP) in 4 patients at a median of 13.6 months after therapy, which contributed to 1 death. Alemtuzumab is an active therapy in patients with LPL, but short- and long-term toxicities need to be carefully weighed against other available treatment options. Late AITP is a newly recognized complication of alemtuzumab in this patient population. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00142181.

Campath-1H Treatment of T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia in Patients for Whom at Least One Prior Chemotherapy Regimen Has Failed

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Keating ◽  
B. Cazin ◽  
S. Coutré ◽  
R. Birhiray ◽  
T. Kovacsovics ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Objective Response ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Treatment Discontinuation ◽  
Severe Thrombocytopenia ◽  
First Line ◽  
Prolymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Prior Chemotherapy Regimen ◽  
Humanized Monoclonal Antibody

PURPOSE: We conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Campath-1H, an anti-CD52 humanized monoclonal antibody, in previously treated T-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) patients in a compassionate-use program. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-six patients with T-PLL (including four chemotherapy-naive patients) received 3, 10, and 30 mg of Campath-1H on sequential days, followed by 30 mg three times weekly, as 2-hour intravenous infusions, for 4 to 12 weeks. RESULTS: Median patient age was 60 years (range, 35 to 84). Spleen liver, lymph node, and skin involvement were present in 64%, 40%, 54%, and 18% of patients, respectively. All tested patients had CD2, CD7, CD4, and/or CD8 positivity, whereas CD5 and CD3 were positive in 98% and 96% of tested patients, respectively. The objective response rate was 51% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40% to 63%), with a 39.5% complete response (CR) rate (95% CI, 28% to 51%). The median duration of CR was 8.7 months (range, 0.13+ to 44.4), and median time to progression was 4.5 months (range, 0.1 to 45.4) compared with 2.3 months (range, 0.2 to 28.1) after first-line chemotherapy. The median overall survival was 7.5 months (14.8 months for CR patients). The most common Campath-1H–related adverse events were acute reactions during or immediately after infusions. Fifteen infectious episodes occurred during treatment in 10 patients (13%), leading to treatment discontinuation in three. Eight patients experienced possibly related, late-onset infections. Severe thrombocytopenia and/or neutropenia occurred in six patients (8%), leading to treatment discontinuation in four. Two treatment-related deaths occurred. CONCLUSION: Campath-1H is an active drug in T-PLL patients for whom first-line therapy has failed. It has a favorable risk/benefit ratio and should be prospectively investigated in chemotherapy-naive patients.

scholarly journals Brain Complete Response to Cabozantinib prior to Radiation Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
An Uche ◽  
Chad Sila ◽  
Tad Tanoura ◽  
James Yeh ◽  
Neil Bhowmick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Heavily Pretreated ◽  
Treatment Paradigm ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

Cabozantinib represents an established vascular endothelial growth factor- (VEGF-) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in the treatment paradigm of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Its activity in mRCC patients with brain metastases (BMs) has been largely underreported in prospective clinical trials. We present the unique case of a heavily pretreated mRCC patient with BMs who achieved a brain complete response to cabozantinib prior to receiving radiation therapy. We end with a literature review and discussion of the biologic rationale and growing evidence supporting the intracranial activity of cabozantinib.

Re-use of erlotinib in a patient using osimertinib after erlotinib, case report

2021 ◽  
pp. 107815522110191
Author(s):  
Pinar Gursoy
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Resistance Mutation ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Egfr Mutations ◽  
T790m Mutation ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Exon 19

Introduction Most patients with non-small-cell lung cancer tumors that have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations have deletion mutations in exon 19 or exon 21, or both.In recent years, targeted therapies in lung cancer have increased survival, but the development of resistance to these drugs poses a major problem. Thesubstitution of methionineforthreonine at position 790 (T790M) mutation,is primarily responsible for this resistance. However, after osimertinib used in T790M positivepatients treatment options are generally limited to chemotherapy. Case report We reported the efficacy of erlotinib, which we reapplied due to the disappearance of the resistance mutation after osimertinib in a 68-year-old patient using osimertinib after erlotinib. Management and outcome: In the patient using erlotinib due to exon 19 deletion when progression was observed and T790M positivity was detected, osimertinib treatment was initiated. However, when T790M was found to be negative with rebiopsy in progression after osimertinib, a complete response was achieved by restarting erlotinib. Discussion The strategy of restarting erlotinib treatment with negative T790M mutation detected in biopsies of patients with osimertinib resistance may be an acceptable treatment option.

Phase I Trial of the Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341 in Patients With Refractory Hematologic Malignancies

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 4420-4427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Z. Orlowski ◽  
Thomas E. Stinchcombe ◽  
Beverly S. Mitchell ◽  
Thomas C. Shea ◽  
Albert S. Baldwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proteasome Inhibitor ◽  
Proteasome Inhibition ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
Maximum Tolerated Dose ◽  
20S Proteasome ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Mantle Cell ◽  
Heavily Pretreated ◽  
Systemic Hypersensitivity

PURPOSE: To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (previously known as PS-341) in patients with refractory hematologic malignancies.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients received PS-341 twice weekly for 4 weeks at either 0.40, 1.04, 1.20, or 1.38 mg/m2, followed by a 2-week rest. The PD of PS-341 was evaluated by measurement of whole blood 20S proteasome activity.RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients received 293 doses of PS-341, including 24 complete cycles. DLTs at doses above the 1.04-mg/m2MTD attributed to PS-341 included thrombocytopenia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, fatigue, and malaise. In three of 10 patients receiving additional therapy, serious reversible adverse events appeared during cycle 2, including one episode of postural hypotension, one systemic hypersensitivity reaction, and grade 4 transaminitis in a patient with hepatitis C and a substantial acetaminophen ingestion. PD studies revealed PS-341 induced 20S proteasome inhibition in a time-dependent manner, and this inhibition was also related to both the dose in milligrams per meter squared, and the absolute dose of PS-341. Among nine fully assessable patients with heavily pretreated plasma cell dyscrasias completing one cycle of therapy, there was one complete response and a reduction in paraprotein levels and/or marrow plasmacytosis in eight others. In addition, one patient with mantle cell lymphoma and another with follicular lymphoma had shrinkage of nodal disease.CONCLUSION: PS-341 was well tolerated at 1.04 mg/m2on this dose-intensive schedule, although patients need to be monitored for electrolyte abnormalities and late toxicities. Additional studies are indicated to determine whether incorporation of dose/body surface area yields a superior PD model to dosing without normalization. PS-341 showed activity against refractory multiple myeloma and possibly non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in this study, and merits further investigation in these populations.

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