The foot posture index, ankle lunge test, Beighton scale and the lower limb assessment score in healthy children: a reliability study

Resumen Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sobre la herramienta clínica de clasificación de la postura del pie en estática, Índice de Postura del Pie, para una mejor comprensión de su uso y aplicabilidad. Método: Revisión bibliográfica sobre el “Foot Posture Index”. Fueron consultados un total de 48 trabajos entre artículos de revista, libros y tesis doctorales. Se descartaron 18, por no cumplir los criterios de inclusión propuestos. Resultados: Se han utilizado 30 textos en castellano e inglés, en los que se relaciona el Índice de Postura del Pie, su fiabilidad en poblaciones diversas y su uso en el mundo de las Ciencias del Deporte. Conclusiones: El Índice de Postura del Pie es una herramienta fácil, fiable, y validada científicamente. Queda demostrada su aplicabilidad en todo tipo de poblaciones, sin existir limitaciones ante situaciones patológicas del miembro inferior. Existen datos que avalan su uso como predictor de lesiones, así como, para la mejora de las aptitudes del deportista. Abstract Objective: To carry out a review on the clinical tool of classification of the position of the foot in static, Foot Posture Index, for a better understanding of its use and applicability. Method: Bibliographical review on the Foot Posture Index. A total of 48 papers were consulted among journal articles, books and doctoral theses. 18 were discarded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria proposed. Results: 30 texts have been used in Spanish and English, in which the classification of the foot has been related to the Foot Posture Index, its reliability in diverse populations and its use in the world of Sport Sciences. Conclusions: The Foot Posture Index is an easy, reliable and scientifically validated tool. Its applicability has been demonstrated in all types of populations, without specific limitations to altered or pathological situations of the lower limb. Data have been obtained that support its use as a predictor of injuries, as well as for the improvement of the athlete's abilities. Resumo Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sobre a ferramenta de classificação clínica Índice de Postura do Pé, para uma melhor compreensão do seu uso e aplicabilidade. Método: Revisão bibliográfica sobre o “Foot Posture Index”. Foram consultados um total de 48 trabalhos entre artigos de revistas, livros e teses de doutorado. Foram descartadas 18, por não cumprir os critérios de inclusão propostos. Resultados: Foram utilizados 30 textos em castelhano e inglês que se relacionaram com o Índice de Postura do Pé, sua fiabilidade em populações diversas e sua utilização no mundo das Ciências do Esporte. Conclusões: O Índice de Postura do Pé é uma ferramenta fácil, fiável e com validade científica. Sua aplicabilidade é demostrada em todos os tipos de populações, sem existir limitações ante a situações patológicas do membro inferior. Existem dados que avaliam o seu uso como preditor de lesões, assim como, para a melhora da performance desportiva.

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Inexperienced examiners and the Foot Posture Index: A reliability study

Manual Therapy ◽

10.1016/j.math.2016.06.009 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 238-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Patrick McLaughlin ◽

Brett Vaughan ◽

James Shanahan ◽

Jake Martin ◽

Gabriel Linger

Keyword(s):

Reliability Study ◽

Foot Posture Index ◽

Posture Index ◽

Foot Posture

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Structural Changes in the Lower Extremities in Boys Aged 7 to 12 Years Who Engage in Moderate Physical Activity

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/15-193 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 107 (3) ◽

pp. 215-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron ◽

Salvador Diaz-Miguel ◽

Eva Lopezosa-Reca ◽

Jose Antonio Cervera-Marin

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Subtalar Joint ◽

Structural Changes ◽

First Year ◽

Foot Posture Index ◽

Posture Index ◽

Joint Axis ◽

Q Angle ◽

Foot Posture

Background: Physical activity in children may provide health benefits. We sought to consider the practice of soccer as a possible major factor in the development of the lower limb. The study is based on 3-year data for a group of children who practice this sport. Methods: For 3 years we monitored 53 children who practiced soccer 3 times a week and had engaged in 2 years of continuous sports activity. Their mean ± SD age was 8.49 ± 2.01 years in the first year. Each year, Foot Posture Index, valgus index, subtalar joint axis, and Q angle for the knee were analyzed. Results: The mean ± SD Foot Posture Index scores ranged from 5.38 ± 1.79 in the right foot and 4.49 ± 1.67 in the left foot in the first year to 4.64 ± 2.51 and 4.34 ± 2.26, respectively, in the third year. The valgus index for the same period ranged from 14.05° ± 1.51° (right) and 13.88° ± 1.46° (left) to 13.09° ± 1.28° and 13.07° ± 1.07°, respectively. In the knee, the Q angle ranged from 12.83° ± 1.98° (right) and 12.74° ± 1.68° (left) to 13.17° ± 1.45° and 13.26° ± 1.46°, respectively. In the subtalar joint, the changes were 37.73% right and 30.19% left between the first and third years toward a neutral subtalar joint axis. Conclusions: These results show that although playing soccer might cause structural changes in the lower limb, these alterations should not be considered harmful because they may be influenced by age as well.

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Comparative analysis of the foot position in children with symptomatic and asymptomatic flatfoot using the foot posture index (FPI-6)

Fundamental and Clinical Medicine ◽

10.23946/2500-0764-2020-5-4-76-83 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 76-83

Author(s):

N. A. Shabaldin ◽

A. V. Shabaldin ◽

F. V. Titov ◽

V. A. Kokina

Keyword(s):

Conservative Treatment ◽

The Body ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Lateral Projection ◽

Foot Posture Index ◽

Posture Index ◽

Efficient Approach ◽

Asymptomatic Children ◽

Foot Posture ◽

Foot Position

Aim. To compare the foot position in asymptomatic children and those who received conservative or surgical because of flatfoot.Materials and Methods. We consecutively recruited three patient groups: 112 healthy children, 74 children with a pronation position, and 80 children with an overpronation position of the foot. The Foot Posture Index (FPI – 6) was used for the clinical examination. Visual and manual clinical tests were used to determine the mobility of the foot joints. X-ray was performed in a standard lateral projection with a load; if necessary, multislice computed tomography of the foot was performed.Results. Healthy children commonly have pronation position of the foot during the first 10 years of life, with the further normalisation of the posture. In patients receiving conservative treatment of foot pronation, normalisation of the foot position was considerably less pronounced than in healthy children. Further, in those with overpronation position, there were no age-dependent changes in the posture and surgery was the only efficient approach to correct the flatfoot.Conclusion. FPI-6 is a highly sensitive tool for clinical diagnosis of flatfoot. Moderate pronation has a more favorable prognosis than the overpronation position, which is not corrected during the body growth or by the conservative treatment. Yet, surgery is a safe and efficient approach to relieve the pain syndrome and treat the flatfoot deformity.

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Long-term training on sand changes lower limb muscle activities during running in runners with over-pronated feet

BioMedical Engineering OnLine ◽

10.1186/s12938-021-00955-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

AmirAli Jafarnezhadgero ◽

Amir Fatollahi ◽

Ali Sheykholeslami ◽

Valdeci Carlos Dionisio ◽

Mohammad Akrami

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Medial Gastrocnemius ◽

Significant Group ◽

Foot Posture Index ◽

Posture Index ◽

Post Test ◽

Foot Posture

Abstract Background Running on sand could be a promising exercise intervention for the treatment of over-pronated feet. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the effects of running on sand on muscle activities. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the long-term effects of running on sand on the activities of selected lower limb muscles in individuals with OPF compared with healthy controls. Methods Sixty recreational adult male runners with over-pronated feet (foot posture index > 10) were divided into two equal groups (intervention and control). Participants ran barefoot at a pre-defined speed (⁓3.3 m/s) over level stable ground both before and after long-term training on the sand. Muscle activities were recorded using a surface bipolar electromyography system. Results For the intervention group, we found a reduced foot posture index (p < 0.001; d = 2.00) and significant group-by-time interactions for gluteus medius activity during the mid-stance phase (p < 0.028; d = 0.59). Significantly higher gluteus medius activity (p = 0.028, d = 0.569) was found during the post-test. We also observed significant group-by-time interactions for medial gastrocnemius activity during the push-off phase (p < 0.041; d = 0.54). Significantly larger medial gastrocnemius activity (p = 0.041; d = 0.636) was found during the post-test compared to the pre-test. Conclusions Long-term running on sand resulted in reduced pronation, increased medial gastrocnemius activity, and improved frontal plane pelvic stability due to higher gluteus medius activity. Trial registration: IRCT20191211045704N1. Registered 25 February 2020. Retrospectively registered.

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Influence of Turnout on Foot Posture and Its Relationship to Overuse Musculoskeletal Injury in Professional Contemporary Dancers

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/1020025 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 102 (1) ◽

pp. 25-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sonja N. Cimelli ◽

Sarah A. Curran

Keyword(s):

Significant Relationship ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Inverse Relationship ◽

Musculoskeletal Injury ◽

Musculoskeletal Injuries ◽

Foot Posture Index ◽

Posture Index ◽

Foot Posture ◽

History Of ◽

Tracing Method

Background: The angle of turnout is thought to predispose professional dancers to overuse musculoskeletal injuries of the lower limb; yet, the influence of angle of turnout on foot posture is currently unknown. Methods: Twelve professional contemporary dancers (five women and seven men; mean age, 26.8 years) were recruited. The angle of gait and angle of turnout were measured using a quasi-static clinical tracing method. Foot posture was assessed in the base of gait and angle of turnout using the Foot Posture Index. Each dancer completed a dance history and injury questionnaire. Results: The results show a tendency toward a pronated foot posture (mean, 9°) in the angle of turnout position. A significant relationship was noted between the Foot Posture Index and angle of turnout (ρ = 0.933–0.968, P < .01) and between the number of reported injuries and change in foot posture in the angle of turnout (ρ = 0.789, P < .01) (right foot only). Twenty-eight injuries were reported; male dancers experienced a mean of 2.8 injuries and females a mean of 1.6 injuries. An inverse relationship was noted between age at training initiation and total reported injuries (r =−0.867, P < .01). All of the dancers reported a history of injury to the spine or lower limb, and 9 of the 12 reported an injury within the previous 12 months. Conclusions: Turnout is one of the most fundamental aspects of dance technique. This study suggests a trend toward pronation in angle of turnout and a link to lower-limb musculoskeletal injury. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(1): 25–33, 2012)

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Establishing normative foot posture index values for the paediatric population: a cross-sectional study

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research ◽

10.1186/s13047-016-0156-3 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron ◽

Jesus Montes-Alguacil ◽

Pilar Alfageme-Garcia ◽

Jose Antonio Cervera-Marin ◽

Jose Miguel Morales-Asencio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Paediatric Population ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Foot Posture Index ◽

Posture Index ◽

Foot Posture

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Influence of Age, Sex, and Anthropometric Determinants on the Foot Posture Index in a Pediatric Population

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/14-097 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 107 (2) ◽

pp. 124-129 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ana María Jimenez-Cebrian ◽

María Francisca Morente-Bernal ◽

Pedro Daniel Román-Bravo ◽

Juan Francisco Saucedo-Badía ◽

Juan Antonio Alonso-Ríos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pediatric Population ◽

Quantitative Result ◽

Total Sample ◽

Clinical Tool ◽

Foot Posture Index ◽

Posture Index ◽

Asymptomatic Children ◽

Foot Posture ◽

The Mean ◽

Foot Position

Background: The Foot Posture Index (FPI) is a clinical tool for diagnosis that aims to quantify the grade of a foot position as neutral, pronated, or supinated. Its purpose is to develop a simple six-factor method for rating foot posture with an easy and quantitative result. We evaluated possible differences in the FPI by sex and the influences of age, weight, height, foot size, and body mass index (BMI) on foot posture. Methods: In 150 asymptomatic children (79 boys and 71 girls) aged 8 to 13 years, we determined weight, height, BMI, and FPI in the bipedal, static, and relaxed position. The FPI was obtained as the sum of the scores (–2, –1, 0, 1, 2) given to each of the six criteria. Results: The mean ± SD FPI value for the total sample was 5.1 ± 2.1 (boys: 5.1 ± 2.2; girls: 5.2 ± 2.0), so there were no significant differences between the sexes (P = .636). Of the 150 feet examined, none had FPI values of very supinated or highly pronated, two were supinated (1.3%), 76 neutral (50.7%), and 72 pronated (48.0%). Of the total FPI values, 7.7% can be explained by anthropometric variables: height, weight, and foot size (r2 = 0.077; P < .010). Conclusions: The most frequent foot postures in the sample were neutral and pronated. Neither age nor BMI explained variations in the FPI.

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Association between the Foot Posture Index and running related injuries: A case-control study

Clinical Biomechanics ◽

10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.12.019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 61 ◽

pp. 217-221

Author(s):

Aitor Pérez-Morcillo ◽

Antonio Gómez-Bernal ◽

Vicente F. Gil-Guillen ◽

Javier Alfaro-Santafé ◽

José Víctor Alfaro-Santafé ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Foot Posture Index ◽

Posture Index ◽

Foot Posture ◽

Control Study

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Association between Foot Posture Index and Ankle Sprain in Indoor Football Players

Global Journal of Health Science ◽

10.5539/gjhs.v8n10p160 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 160 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Afsaneh Safar Cherati ◽

Masoud Dousti ◽

Shima Younespour

Keyword(s):

Ankle Sprain ◽

Football Players ◽

Male And Female ◽

Positive History ◽

Foot Posture Index ◽

Posture Index ◽

Foot Posture ◽

History Of ◽

The Relationship

Objective: This study investigated the relationship between foot type and ankle sprain incidence.Method: In a prospective cohort study using the FPI, 68 adult male and female indoor football (Futsal) players were measured and their feet were classified according to foot posture index (FPI) as neutral, supinated and pronated. They were followed over 6 month as a one competition season and at the end, any injuries at the ankle during this period were detected.Result: There was no significant association between FPI score (considering the total FPI score and its six components) and occurrence of ankle sprain. Also, no association was existed between gender, age, height, weight, BMI, duration of professional exercise, dominant foot and occurrence of ankle sprain. In this study, the history of previous ankle sprain was the only significant predictor of the occurrence of ankle sprain in the follow-up period. Participants with the positive history of previous ankle sprain were at higher risk of developing new ankle sprain (OR=6.02, 95% CI: (1.93, 18.84), p=0.002).Conclusion: There was no significant association between FPI score and occurrence of ankle sprain.Limitation: there was scarce of supinated foot in the study so evaluation of relationship between supinated feet and ankle sprain was not applicable.

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