Giant vesical calculus associated with migrant IUCD: a case report

Abstract Background Intrauterine copper devices are a popular type of contraceptives, being in use for a long time. Migration of IUCD into the bladder is one of the many side effects of this contraceptive measure. Though a rare phenomenon, IUCD acting as a foreign body can cause stone formation in the bladder. Case presentation We present a 42-year-old female patient who presented with increased urinary frequency, dysuria, and suprapubic pain. Examination showed mild tenderness in the suprapubic region. On X-ray pelvis, she was found to have a giant stone covering IUCD in the bladder. She ultimately underwent cystolithotomy, and her IUCD with stone was removed. Consequently, she was discharged on the 4th postoperative day with a satisfactory condition. Conclusion Vesical calculus can form following migration of IUCD in the bladder. This article highlights the importance of careful insertion and follow-up investigation of IUCD. Radiological modalities like X-rays pelvis provide excellent visualization of the IUCD and can be used to confirm the accurate location of the contraceptive device.

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Review about structure and evaluation of reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase inhibited with neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867327666200425213215 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

José Daniel Figueroa-Villar ◽

Elaine C. Petronilho ◽

Kamil Kuca ◽

Tanos C. C. Franca

Keyword(s):

Organophosphorus Compounds ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Nerve Impulse ◽

Limited Capacity ◽

New Agents ◽

Long Time ◽

Warfare Agents ◽

Comprehensive Search ◽

Pharmacology And Toxicology ◽

The Many

Background: Neurotoxic chemical warfare agents can be classified as some of the most dangerous chemicals for humanity. The most effective of those agents are the organophosphates (OPs) capable of restricting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which in turn controls the nerve impulse transmission. When AChE is inhibited by OPs, its reactivation can be usually performed through cationic oximes. However, until today it has not been developed one universal defense agent, with complete effective reactivation activity for AChE inhibited by any of the many types of existing neurotoxic OPs. For this reason, before treating people intoxicated by an OP, it is necessary to determine the neurotoxic compound that was used for contamination, in order to select the most effective oxime. Unfortunately, this task usually requires a relative long time, raising the possibility of death. Cationic oximes also display a limited capacity of permeating the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This fact compromises their capacity of reactivating AChE inside the nervous system. Methods: We performed a comprehensive search on the data about OPs available on the scientific literature today in order to cover all the main drawbacks still faced in the research for the development of effective antidotes against those compounds. Results: Therefore, this review about neurotoxic OPs and the reactivation of AChE, provides insights for the new agents’ development. The most expected defense agent is a molecule without toxicity and effective to reactivate AChE inhibited by all neurotoxic OPs. Conclusion: To develop these new agents it is necessary the application of diverse scientific areas of research, especially theoretical procedures as computational science (computer simulation, docking and dynamics); organic synthesis; spectroscopic methodologies; biology, biochemical and biophysical information; medicinal chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology.

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The Many Faces of Socioeconomic Change

10.1093/oso/9780198723349.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

John Toye

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Adam Smith ◽

First Century ◽

Social Progress ◽

Long Time ◽

The Face ◽

Scientific Expertise ◽

The Many ◽

Century Development

This book provides a survey of different ways in which economic sociocultural and political aspects of human progress have been studied since the time of Adam Smith. Inevitably, over such a long time span, it has been necessary to concentrate on highlighting the most significant contributions, rather than attempting an exhaustive treatment. The aim has been to bring into focus an outline of the main long-term changes in the way that socioeconomic development has been envisaged. The argument presented is that the idea of socioeconomic development emerged with the creation of grand evolutionary sequences of social progress that were the products of Enlightenment and mid-Victorian thinkers. By the middle of the twentieth century, when interest in the accelerating development gave the topic a new impetus, its scope narrowed to a set of economically based strategies. After 1960, however, faith in such strategies began to wane, in the face of indifferent results and general faltering of confidence in economists’ boasts of scientific expertise. In the twenty-first century, development research is being pursued using a research method that generates disconnected results. As a result, it seems unlikely that any grand narrative will be created in the future and that neo-liberalism will be the last of this particular kind of socioeconomic theory.

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At Nature's Edge

10.1093/oso/9780199489077.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

Human Impacts ◽

Military Bases ◽

East African ◽

African Countries ◽

The Road ◽

European Experience ◽

The Everyday ◽

Long Time ◽

The Indian Ocean ◽

The Many

In an epoch when environmental issues make the headlines, this is a work that goes beyond the everyday. Ecologies as diverse as the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean coast, the Negev desert and the former military bases of Vietnam, or the Namib desert and the east African savannah all have in common a long-time human presence and the many ways people have modified nature. With research in six Asian and African countries, the authors come together to ask how and why human impacts on nature have grown in scale and pace from a long pre-history. The chapters in this volume illumine specific patterns and responses across time, going beyond an overt centring of the European experience. The tapestry of life and the human reshaping of environments evoke both concern and hope, making it vital to understand when, why, and how we came to this particular turn in the road. Eschewing easy labels and questioning eurocentrism in today’s climate vocabulary, this is a volume that will stimulate rethinking among scholars and citizens alike.

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Softer but stronger? Sulfur SAD with low energy X-rays of 2.7 Å

Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances ◽

10.1107/s2053273314093954 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 70 (a1) ◽

pp. C604-C604

Author(s):

Dorothee Liebschner ◽

Naohiro Matsugaki ◽

Miki Senda ◽

Yusuke Yamada ◽

Toshiya Senda

Keyword(s):

Absorption Edge ◽

Protein Crystal ◽

X Rays ◽

Long Wavelength ◽

Heavy Atoms ◽

Statistical Validity ◽

Experimental Phasing ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Long Time ◽

Anomalous Signal

Single wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) is a powerful experimental phasing technique used in macromolecular crystallography (MX). SAD is based on the absorption of X-rays by heavy atoms, which can be either incorporated into the protein (crystal) or naturally present in the structure, such as sulfur or metal ions. In particular, sulfur seems to be an attractive candidate for phasing, because most proteins contain a considerable number of S atoms. However, the K-absorption edge of sulfur is around 5.1 Å wavelength (2.4 keV), which is far from the optimal wavelength of most MX-beamlines at synchrotrons. Therefore, phasing experiments have to be performed further away from the absorption edge, which results in weaker anomalous signal. This explains why S-SAD was not commonly used for a long time, although its feasibility was illustrated by the ground-breaking study by Hendrickson and Teeter [1]. Recent developments in instrumentation, software and methodology made it possible to measure intensities more accurately, and, as a consequence, S-SAD has lately obtained more and more attention [2]. The beamline BL-1A at Photon factory (KEK, Japan) is designed to take full advantage of a long wavelength X-ray beam at around 3 Å to further enhance anomalous signals. We performed S-SAD experiments at BL-1A using two different wavelengths (1.9 Å and 2.7 Å) and compared their phasing capabilities. This methodological study was performed with ferredoxin reductase crystals of various sizes. In order to guarantee statistical validity and to exclude the influence of a particular sample, we repeated the comparison with several crystals. The novelty in the approach consists in using very long wavelengths (2.7 Å), not fully exploited in the literature so far. According to our study, the 2.7 Å wavelength shows - despite strong absorption effects of the diffracted X-rays - more successful phasing results than at 1.9 Å.

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Applying the SDGs to Cities: Business as Usual or a New Dawn?

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10093201 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 3201 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Roland Zinkernagel ◽

James Evans ◽

Lena Neij

Keyword(s):

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Sustainable Urban Development ◽

Long Time ◽

Development Goals ◽

Urban Contexts ◽

The Many ◽

Business As Usual ◽

The City ◽

Indicator Sets

With growing urbanisation the sustainability of cities has become increasingly important. Although cities have been using indicators for a long time it is only in the last decades that attempts have been made to collate indicators into sets that reflect the many different aspects required to assess the sustainability of a city. The aim of this paper is to review the evolution of indicators for monitoring sustainable urban development in order to understand how ‘new’ the indicators suggested by the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are for cities and the challenges they may face in using them. The review reveals that previous indicator sets emphasised environmental sustainability, health and economic growth. It is also shown that indicator sets that pre-date the SDGs lacked dimensions such as gender equality and reduced inequalities. In all, the SDG indicators provide the possibility of a more balanced and integrated approach to urban sustainability monitoring. At the same time, further research is needed to understand how to adapt the SDGs, targets and indicators to specific urban contexts. Challenges of local application include their large number, their generic characteristics and the need to complement them with specific indicators that are more relevant at the city level.

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Assessment of aerobic bacteria killing activity of low energry X-rays in potatoes

Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences ◽

10.32508/stdjns.v5i3.1040 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. first

Author(s):

Nguyễn An Sơn ◽

Hai Van Cao ◽

Trieu Ngoc Le ◽

Giang Van Nguyen ◽

Ha Thi Nguyet Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Value ◽

Agricultural Products ◽

Food Irradiation ◽

Aerobic Bacteria ◽

X Rays ◽

X Ray ◽

Long Time ◽

Bacteria Killing ◽

Cover Up

Potato is one of popular agricultural products grown and used in the world with high effective economic and nutritional value. In potatoes, there are always have some harmful bacteria species due to the sources of exposure from the seed, soil as well as the post-harvest environment which make deceasing the quality and quantity of potatoes. Usually, irradiation with gamma isotope sources is used in food irradiation, however, the disadvantage of the gamma source is the safe shielding reason even without the use of irradiation. Nowadays, X-ray irradiation in food is one of the methods interest to storage in long time. The first advantage of X-ray irradiation is that most of aerobic bacteria in food is killed, but does it not change the quality of the potato. Moreever, the advantage of an X-ray generator is that it does not have to cover up radiation when not in use. In this study, we have used low energy X-rays emitted from X-ray generator MBR-1618R-BE (Hitachi -Japan) to study the ability to kill aerobic bacteria in potatoes grown in Da Lat. After preparation, potato samples were irradiated at doses ranging from 50 Gy to 5000 Gy. The irradiated samples were homogenized and inoculated on Nutrient Agar and incubated at 370C in an incubator to check the changes of aerobic bacteria. The research showed that the number of aerobic bacteria decreased dramatically to a dose of 1000 Gy (the aerobic bacteria was only less than 0,6%), despite a sharp increase in the dose of irradiation, this number decreased a little. The results also showed that D10 dose was 471,34 Gy.

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Parallel Multi-Cycle LES of an Optical Pent-Roof DISI Engine Under Motored Operating Conditions

Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development ◽

10.1115/icef2017-3603 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Noah Van Dam ◽

Wei Zeng ◽

Magnus Sjöberg ◽

Sibendu Som

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

New Strategy ◽

Long Time ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Structure Index ◽

Number Of Cycles ◽

The Many ◽

Direct Injection Spark Ignition

The use of Large-eddy Simulations (LES) has increased due to their ability to resolve the turbulent fluctuations of engine flows and capture the resulting cycle-to-cycle variability. One drawback of LES, however, is the requirement to run multiple engine cycles to obtain the necessary cycle statistics for full validation. The standard method to obtain the cycles by running a single simulation through many engine cycles sequentially can take a long time to complete. Recently, a new strategy has been proposed by our research group to reduce the amount of time necessary to simulate the many engine cycles by running individual engine cycle simulations in parallel. With modern large computing systems this has the potential to reduce the amount of time necessary for a full set of simulated engine cycles to finish by up to an order of magnitude. In this paper, the Parallel Perturbation Methodology (PPM) is used to simulate up to 35 engine cycles of an optically accessible, pent-roof Direct-injection Spark-ignition (DISI) engine at two different motored engine operating conditions, one throttled and one un-throttled. Comparisons are made against corresponding sequential-cycle simulations to verify the similarity of results using either methodology. Mean results from the PPM approach are very similar to sequential-cycle results with less than 0.5% difference in pressure and a magnitude structure index (MSI) of 0.95. Differences in cycle-to-cycle variability (CCV) predictions are larger, but close to the statistical uncertainty in the measurement for the number of cycles simulated. PPM LES results were also compared against experimental data. Mean quantities such as pressure or mean velocities were typically matched to within 5–10%. Pressure CCVs were under-predicted, mostly due to the lack of any perturbations in the pressure boundary conditions between cycles. Velocity CCVs for the simulations had the same average magnitude as experiments, but the experimental data showed greater spatial variation in the root-mean-square (RMS). Conversely, circular standard deviation results showed greater repeatability of the flow directionality and swirl vortex positioning than the simulations.

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RESEARCH ON PREMATURE INFANTS—SOME PERSPECTIVES

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.32.3.319 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 319-325

Author(s):

S. Z. LEVINE

Keyword(s):

Clinical Research ◽

Premature Infants ◽

West Coast ◽

East Coast ◽

Good Friend ◽

The West ◽

Clinical Research Center ◽

Principle Investigator ◽

Long Time ◽

The Many

THERE ARE A number of reasons why I appreciate deeply your invitation to join in these dedication exercises of the Clinical Research Center for Premature Infants. This Center for the care and study of premature infants extends to the West Coast a field of study in which I, on the East Coast, have been interested for many years. Equally gratifying is the circumstance that it will have Dr. Norman Kretchmer, my long-time colleague and good friend, as its Principle Investigator; and Dr. Sumner Yaffe, his distinguished associate, as its first Program Director. Under their direction and with a team of competent workers, with splendid facilities and an adequate budget, we are assured of imaginative exploration and new approaches to the many unknowns still awaiting solution.

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Recent Applications with the X-Ray Microscope

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s0376030800000355 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 483-494

Author(s):

Selby E. Summers

Keyword(s):

Resolving Power ◽

Depth Of Field ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

X Rays ◽

Optical Instrument ◽

X Ray ◽

Technical Details ◽

The Many ◽

Preparation Techniques ◽

Shadow Projection

AbstractThe X-ray microscope is an electrostatic optical instrument employing X-rays for shadow projection to magnify and reveal detailed internal structure of specimens opaque to light or electrons. Its many advantages — high resolving power, greater penetration, large depth of field, and stereographic presentation — make the X-ray Microscope a versatile instrument for industrial research and development. Because the instrument was recently introduced, little information is available on specimen preparation techniques, or types of specimens suitable for study. A few of the many possible applications will be discussed, as well as a brief review of the technical details of the instrument.

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