scholarly journals First evaluation of resistance to both a California OsHV-1 variant and a French OsHV-1 microvariant in Pacific oysters

BMC Genetics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Divilov ◽  
Blaine Schoolfield ◽  
Benjamin Morga ◽  
Lionel Dégremont ◽  
Colleen A. Burge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plate Assay ◽  
Pacific Oysters ◽  
Significant Heritability ◽  
Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Tomales Bay ◽  
Us West

Abstract Background Variants of the Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) cause high losses of Pacific oysters globally, including in Tomales Bay, California, USA. A suite of new variants, the OsHV-1 microvariants (μvars), cause very high mortalities of Pacific oysters in major oyster-growing regions outside of the United States. There are currently no known Pacific oysters in the United States that are resistant to OsHV-1 as resistance has yet to be evaluated in these oysters. As part of an effort to begin genetic selection for resistance to OsHV-1, 71 families from the Molluscan Broodstock Program, a US West Coast Pacific oyster breeding program, were screened for survival after exposure to OsHV-1 in Tomales Bay. They were also tested in a quarantine laboratory in France where they were exposed to a French OsHV-1 microvariant using a plate assay, with survival recorded from three to seven days post-infection. Results Significant heritability for survival were found for all time points in the plate assay and in the survival phenotype from a single mortality count in Tomales Bay. Genetic correlations between survival against the French OsHV-1 μvar in the plate assay and the Tomales Bay variant in the field trait were weak or non-significant. Conclusions Future breeding efforts will seek to validate the potential of genetic improvement for survival to OsHV-1 through selection using the Molluscan Broodstock Program oysters. The lack of a strong correlation in survival between OsHV-1 variants under this study’s exposure conditions may require independent selection pressure for survival to each variant in order to make simultaneous genetic gains in resistance.

scholarly journals Differential Mortality and High Viral Load in Naive Pacific Oyster Families Exposed to OsHV-1 Suggests Tolerance Rather than Resistance to Infection

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1057
Author(s):  
M. Victoria Agnew ◽  
Carolyn S. Friedman ◽  
Christopher Langdon ◽  
Konstantin Divilov ◽  
Blaine Schoolfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Oyster ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
The United States ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Pacific Oysters ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Tomales Bay

Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, are one of the most productive aquaculture species in the world. However, they are threatened by the spread of Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) and its microvariants (collectively “µvars”), which cause mass mortalities in all life stages of Pacific oysters globally. Breeding programs have been successful in reducing mortality due to OsHV-1 variants following viral outbreaks; however, an OsHV-1-resistant oyster line does not yet exist in the United States (US), and it is unknown how OsHV-1 µvars will affect US oyster populations compared to the current variant, which is similar to the OsHV-1 reference, found in Tomales Bay, CA. The goals of this study were to investigate the resistance of C. gigas juveniles produced by the Molluscan Broodstock Program (MBP) to three variants of OsHV-1: a California reference OsHV-1, an Australian µvar, and a French µvar. This is the first study to directly compare OsHV-1 µvars to a non-µvar. The survival probability of oysters exposed to the French (FRA) or Australian (AUS) µvar was significantly lower (43% and 71%, respectively) than to the reference variant and controls (96%). No oyster family demonstrated resistance to all three OsHV-1 variants, and many surviving oysters contained high copy numbers of viral DNA (mean ~3.53 × 108). These results indicate that the introduction of OsHV-1 µvars could have substantial effects on US Pacific oyster aquaculture if truly resistant lines are not achieved, and highlight the need to consider resistance to infection in addition to survival as traits in breeding programs to reduce the risk of the spread of OsHV-1 variants.

Metabolic Consequences of Increasing Milk Yield – Revisiting Lorna

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
C. K. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
States Department ◽  
Size And Structure

Nearly 50 years ago, a cow named Lorna achieved notoriety by producing nearly 50 kg of milk daily during measurements of her energy metabolism in a calorimeter at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Energy Metabolism Laboratory at Beltsville, Maryland (Flatt, Moore, Hooven and Plowman, 1965; Flatt, Moe, Munson and Cooper, 1969). In the intervening period genetic selection in dairy cattle has produced huge increases in average milk yield, as well as changes in overall conformation, udder characteristics, and body size and structure (Hansen, 2000).

Opportunities to sustain "greener" farming: comparing impacts of water quality regulations in two catchments: Lake Taupo (NZ) and Tomales Bay, California (USA)

2010 ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Barry ◽  
W. King ◽  
S. Larson ◽  
M. Lennox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Source Pollution ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Water Quality Regulations ◽  
Tomales Bay ◽  
Non Point Source Pollution

Livestock farming in New Zealand and the United States is increasingly being scrutinised for its environmental impact. In some regions regulations intended to reduce non-point source pollution have been introduced.

scholarly journals Genotype × environment interaction for fertility and milk yield traits in Canadian, Mexican and US Holstein cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo H. Montaldo ◽  
Alejandra Pelcastre-Cruz ◽  
Héctor Castillo-Juárez ◽  
Felipe J. Ruiz-López ◽  
Filippo Miglior
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Calving Interval ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
Age At First Calving

The objective of this study was to evaluate genotype × environment  interaction (G×E) between Canada, the United States and Mexico for fertility and milk yield traits using genetic correlations between countries estimated from genetic evaluations of sires. Genetic correlation between Mexican and Canadian Holsteins for age at first calving was ≤ 0.48 and lower than the simulated value obtained accounting for data structure and selection effects. For calving interval, genetic correlation between Mexico and Canada ranged from 0.48 to 0.69. Genetic correlation between calving interval in Mexico (multiplied by -1) and daughter pregnancy rate in the United States ranged from 0.64 to 0.73, and was lower than simulated and actual Canada-United States values. Genetic correlations between Mexico and Canada and the United States for milk yield traits were ≥ 0.83, similar to simulated genetic correlations, but lower than Canada-United States values (≥ 0.93). Heritability estimates for age at first calving, calving interval, milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat content, and protein content for the Mexican Holstein population were 0.06, 0.03, 0.18, 0.20, 0.19, 0.46, and 0.49, respectively. G×E interaction effects between Canada and Mexico for age at first calving were high, whereas G×E interaction effects between Canada and Mexico for calving interval and between daughter pregnancy rate in the United States and calving interval in Mexico were moderate. G×E interaction effects for milk yield traits between Canada or the United States with Mexico in registered Holsteins were low.

The law of one price in the United States and Canadian newsprint markets

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1495-1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Tang ◽  
Susanna Laaksonen-Craig
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Law Of One Price ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Multivariate Test ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
Price Series ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
The Law ◽  
Us West

The paper presents an econometric analysis of spatial integration of the United States and Canadian newsprint markets as reflected in newsprint prices. It applies the Johansen multivariate cointegration procedure to test the law of one price for five regional markets (British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, US east, and US west) of newsprint using monthly data for 1988–2004. Preliminary data analysis shows that all price series are nonstationary I(1) processes. The hypothesis that the law of one price holds for all five regional newsprint markets simultaneously was not supported by the Johansen multivariate test. The law of one price was also tested for national markets, and it was found to hold between US west and US east newsprint prices. The results suggested that there is a single newsprint market in the United States, whereas there are several distinct newsprint markets in Canada.

scholarly journals PSII-27 Determining genetic variation in sheep with Flock54: a genotyping by sequencing panel

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 245-245
Author(s):  
Jacob W Thorne ◽  
Lesa Eidman ◽  
Mingrui Duan ◽  
Samuel S Hunter ◽  
Kimberly M Davenport ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Sheep Industry ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficients ◽  
Genotype By Sequencing ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs

Abstract Genetic selection can accelerate progress of the United States sheep industry, yet it is underutilized by the seedstock sector. Poor reproductive and lamb rearing rates and inconsistent meat quality are two major issues that have limited domestic production of lamb and allowed imports to hold a more favorable market share in the United States. Better understanding of genetic merit for important production traits earlier in a breeding animal’s life, obtained through the use of genomic technology, is one possible way to address these issues. Flock54, a recently developed low density genotype by sequencing panel, provides genotyping data to producers at a price point that encourages wide-spread utilization. The complete capabilities of the data captured by this panel have yet to be fully explored. This project aims to investigate the application of this 1000 marker panel for the determination of genetic variation (heterozygosity) and inbreeding coefficients within a population. Superior Farms producer-members provided 384 sheep tissue or blood samples from which DNA was extracted and sent to Thermo Fisher for Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) using Torrent Suite 5.10. Genetic variation and inbreeding coefficients were successfully calculated for all animals. With the ability to estimate relatedness within a population and call markers for economically important quantitative trait loci and mendelian inherited traits, producer utilization of Flock54 can facilitate accurate genetic selection within the U.S sheep industry.

scholarly journals Iran-Saudi-Turkish Rivalry and Implications of the Iran-US/West Nuclear Agreement on Wahabis in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 576-585
Author(s):  
Herdi Sahrasad ◽  
Al Chaidar ◽  
Muhammad Ridwan ◽  
Dedy Tabrani ◽  
Mohamad Asrori Mulky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Economy ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Globalized World ◽  
Us West

A world agreement on Iran's Nuclear was reached in Vienna, Austria, in July 2015. Negotiations between Iran and the six world powers namely the United States, Britain, France, China, Russia plus Germany began in 2006 and reached an agreement with Iran at the Vienna Meeting in July 2015 in an effort to reduce Iran's nuclear activities in exchange for lifting sanctions or embargoes. international economy that has lasted three decades. United States President Barack Obama (2015) said that with the agreement that opened the new page, all Iranian nuclear weapons had been cut off for Iran so that the Middle East nuclear power was held militarily by Israel. In this regard, international sanctions against Iran are lifted, and Iran has a stronger chance to improve its posture in the international arena. The Vienna Agreement has caused ideological anxiety among Wahabis with the implication that Wahabis are unhappy and they do not like the strengthening of Iran politically and culturally in a globalized world. Wahhabi ideological interests will be eroded to some extent by treaties that will seriously divide the Islamic world by Sunni-Shiite competition. However, the rise of Turkey which is competing with Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East political arena, will open the eyes of Wahabis in Indonesia that it is very likely Turkey is their hope for the future.

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