scholarly journals Transcriptome profiling of Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda) for ecoimmunological research

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto Seppälä ◽  
Jean-Claude Walser ◽  
Teo Cereghetti ◽  
Katri Seppälä ◽  
Tiina Salo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Immune Activity ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Immune Assays

Abstract Background Host immune function can contribute to numerous ecological/evolutionary processes. Ecoimmunological studies, however, typically use one/few phenotypic immune assays and thus do not consider the complexity of the immune system. Therefore, “omics” resources that allow quantifying immune activity across multiple pathways are needed for ecoimmunological models. We applied short-read based RNAseq (Illumina NextSeq 500, PE-81) to characterise transcriptome profiles of Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda), a multipurpose model snail species. We used a genetically diverse snail stock and exposed individuals to immune elicitors (injury, bacterial/trematode pathogens) and changes in environmental conditions that can alter immune activity (temperature, food availability). Results Immune defence factors identified in the de novo assembly covered elements broadly described in other gastropods. For instance, pathogen-recognition receptors (PRR) and lectins activate Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway and cytokines that regulate cellular and humoral defences. Surprisingly, only modest diversity of antimicrobial peptides and fibrinogen related proteins were detected when compared with other taxa. Additionally, multiple defence factors that may contribute to the phenotypic immune assays used to quantify antibacterial activity and phenoloxidase (PO)/melanisation-type reaction in this species were found. Experimental treatments revealed factors from non-self recognition (lectins) and signalling (TLR pathway, cytokines) to effectors (e.g., antibacterial proteins, PO enzymes) whose transcription depended on immune stimuli and environmental conditions, as well as components of snail physiology/metabolism that may drive these effects. Interestingly, the transcription of many factors (e.g., PRR, lectins, cytokines, PO enzymes, antibacterial proteins) showed high among-individual variation. Conclusions Our results indicate several uniform aspects of gastropod immunity, but also apparent differences between L. stagnalis and some previously examined taxa. Interestingly, in addition to immune defence factors that responded to immune elicitors and changes in environmental conditions, many factors showed high among-individual variation across experimental snails. We propose that such factors are highly important to be included in future ecoimmunological studies because they may be the key determinants of differences in parasite resistance among individuals both within and between natural snail populations.

scholarly journals Transcriptome profiling of a multiuse model species Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda) for ecoimmunological research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto Seppälä ◽  
Jean-Claude Walser ◽  
Teo Cereghetti ◽  
Katri Seppälä ◽  
Tiina Salo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Immune Activity ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Immune Assays

AbstractHost immune function can contribute to numerous ecological/evolutionary processes. Ecoimmunological studies, however, typically use one/few phenotypic immune assays and thus do not consider the complexity of the immune system. Therefore, “omics” resources that allow quantifying immune activity across multiple pathways are needed for ecoimmunological models. We applied short-read based RNAseq (Illumina NextSeq 500, PE-81) to characterise transcriptome profiles of a multipurpose model species Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda). We used a genetically diverse snail stock and exposed individuals to immune elicitors (injury, bacterial/trematode pathogens) and changes in environmental conditions that can alter immune activity (temperature, food availability). Immune defence factors identified in the de novo assembly indicated uniform aspects of molluscan immunity: pathogen-recognition receptors (PRR) and lectins activate Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway and cytokines that regulate cellular and humoral defences. However, also apparent differences to other taxa were detected (i.e., modest numbers of antimicrobial peptides and fibrinogen related proteins). Identified factors also indicate that several of them might contribute to the phenotypic immune assays used on this species. Experimental treatments revealed factors from non-self recognition (lectins) and signalling (TLR pathway, cytokines) to effectors [e.g., antibacterial proteins, phenoloxidase (PO) enzymes] whose gene expression depended on immune activations and environmental conditions, as well as components of snail physiology/metabolism that may drive these effects. Interestingly, gene expression of many factors (e.g., PRR, lectins, cytokines, PO enzymes, antibacterial proteins) showed high among-individual variation. Such factors are important to include in ecoimmunological research because they may explain among-individual differences in parasite resistance and fitness in natural populations.

scholarly journals Legacy of the State: Prior Shared Experience and Survival of Spin-Offs From Restructured State Enterprises

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilya Okhmatovskiy ◽  
Olga Suhomlinova ◽  
Laszlo Tihanyi
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Regime Shift ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Organizational Adaptation ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Shared Experience ◽  
Activity Choices ◽  
State Enterprises

Many organizations, especially in emerging economies, trace their origins to restructured state enterprises, and this study explores the implications of such origins for organizational adaptation to changing environmental conditions. We compare the activity choices and survival chances of spin-offs from restructured state enterprises with those of de novo organizations. We argue that prior shared experience of spin-offs’ managers and employees facilitates the redeployment of routines developed in parent state enterprises. This should predispose spin-offs to pursue familiar activities, but this choice is not completely predetermined, and its survival implications depend on the environmental conditions. Our empirical findings suggest that spin-offs from restructured state enterprises are less likely to engage in new activities than de novo organizations. However, those restructuring spin-offs that do engage in new activities before the regulatory regime shift significantly improve their survival chances after the shift. Moreover, we find that the detrimental effect of the regulatory regime shift and the beneficial effect of engaging in new activities are stronger for spin-offs from restructured state enterprises than for de novo organizations.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Ramie (Boehmeria niveaL. Gaud.) in Response to Ramie Moth (Cocytodes coeruleaGuenée) Infestation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangbin Zeng ◽  
Airong Shen ◽  
Jia Chen ◽  
Zhun Yan ◽  
Touming Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Function ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Cdna Libraries ◽  
Pcr Analysis

The ramie mothCocytodes coeruleaGuenée (RM) is an economically important pest that seriously impairs the yield of ramie, an important natural fiber crop. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the ramie-pest interactions are unclear up to date. Therefore, a transcriptome profiling analysis would aid in understanding the ramie defense mechanisms against RM. In this study, we first constructed two cDNA libraries derived from RM-challenged (CH) and unchallenged (CK) ramie leaves. The subsequent sequencing of the CH and CK libraries yielded 40.2 and 62.8 million reads, respectively. Furthermore,de novoassembling of these reads generated 26,759 and 29,988 unigenes, respectively. An integrated assembly of data from these two libraries resulted in 46,533 unigenes, with an average length of 845 bp per unigene. Among these genes, 24,327 (52.28%) were functionally annotated by predicted protein function. A comparative analysis of the CK and CH transcriptome profiles revealed 1,980 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 750 were upregulated and 1,230 were downregulated. A quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of 13 random selected genes confirmed the gene expression patterns that were determined by Illumina sequencing. Among the DEGs, the expression patterns of transcription factors, protease inhibitors, and antioxidant enzymes were studied. Overall, these results provide useful insights into the defense mechanism of ramie against RM.

scholarly journals De Novo Transcriptomic Resources in the Brain of Vespa velutina for Invasion Control

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Miao Wang ◽  
Hanyu Li ◽  
Huoqing Zheng ◽  
Liuwei Zhao ◽  
Xiaofeng Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Vespa Velutina ◽  
Genes Encoding

The invasion of Vespa velutina presents a great threat to the agriculture economy, the ecological environment, and human health. An effective strategy for this hornet control is urgently required, but the limited genome information of Vespa velutina restricts the application of molecular-genomic tools for targeted hornet management. Therefore, we conducted large-scale transcriptome profiling of the hornet brain to obtain functional target genes and molecular markers. Using an Illumina HiSeq platform, more than 41 million clean reads were obtained and de novo assembled into 182,087 meaningful unigenes. A total of 56,400 unigenes were annotated against publicly available protein sequence databases and a set of reliable Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) markers were developed. The homologous genes encoding crucial behavior regulation factors, odorant binding proteins (OBPs), and vitellogenin, were also identified from highly expressed transcripts. This study provides abundant molecular targets and markers for invasive hornet control and further promotes the genetic and molecular study of Vespa velutina.

scholarly journals Furcocercous cercariae (Trematoda) from freshwater snails in Central Finland

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Faltýnková ◽  
Katarzyna Niewiadomska ◽  
Maria Santos ◽  
E. Valtonen
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Host Record ◽  
Freshwater Snails ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Planorbarius Corneus ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Diplostomum Pseudospathaceum

AbstractA total of eight species of furcocercous cercariae of four families (Strigeidae, Diplostomidae, Schistosomatidae and Sanguinicolidae), were found in 2005 in Lake Konnevesi in Central Finland in four snail species (Valvata macrostoma, Lymnaea stagnalis, Bathyomphalus contortus and Planorbarius corneus). Australapatemon burti (Miller, 1923), Australapatemon sp., Cotylurus brevis Dubois et Rausch, 1950, Cercaria spinulosa Ginetsinskaya, 1959 and Sanguinicola sp. are new species records for Finland. Ichthyocotylurus variegatus (Creplin, 1825) and Bilharziella polonica (Kowalewski, 1895) were first recorded as cercariae in Finland. The most common cercariae were A. burti (prevalence 13.3%) and Diplostomum pseudospathaceum Niewiadomska, 1984 (10.0%). Our study represents the first host record of Valvata macrostoma for larval stages of Australapatemon sp. and Sanguinicola sp.

The Effect of Humidity on the Regeneration of the Human Nasal Mucosa

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Wilma Terezinha Anselmo-Lima ◽  
José Antonio A. de Oliveira ◽  
Renato Pinto Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Human Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Epithelium Regeneration

Regeneration of the epithelium of the human nasal mucosa was studied by electron microscopy in order to determine whether the epithelium renews according to environmental conditions. The epithelium was removed by curettage, and the time of epithelium regeneration was found to be 72 hours, as was also observed in other mammals. The results clearly showed that regeneration always occurred in all 14 individuals studied, with no different turnover patterns in different environments, but with the predominance of individual variation.

scholarly journals Dual Role for Hsc70 in the Biogenesis and Regulation of the Heme-Regulated Kinase of the α Subunit of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 5861-5871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheri Uma ◽  
Vanitha Thulasiraman ◽  
Robert L. Matts
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Clofibric Acid ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Eukaryotic Translation ◽  
Initiation Factor 2 ◽  
Reticulocyte Lysate

ABSTRACT The heme-regulated kinase of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (HRI) is activated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL) in response to a number of environmental conditions, including heme deficiency, heat shock, and oxidative stress. Activation of HRI causes an arrest of initiation of protein synthesis. Recently, we have demonstrated that the heat shock cognate protein Hsc70 negatively modulates the activation of HRI in RRL in response to these environmental conditions. Hsc70 is also known to be a critical component of the Hsp90 chaperone machinery in RRL, which plays an obligatory role for HRI to acquire and maintain a conformation that is competent to activate. Using de novo-synthesized HRI in synchronized pulse-chase translations, we have examined the role of Hsc70 in the regulation of HRI biogenesis and activation. Like Hsp90, Hsc70 interacted with nascent HRI and HRI that was matured to a state which was competent to undergo stimulus-induced activation (mature-competent HRI). Interaction of HRI with Hsc70 was required for the transformation of HRI, as the Hsc70 antagonist clofibric acid inhibited the folding of HRI into a mature-competent conformation. Unlike Hsp90, Hsc70 also interacted with transformed HRI. Clofibric acid disrupted the interaction of Hsc70 with transformed HRI that had been matured and transformed in the absence of the drug. Disruption of Hsc70 interaction with transformed HRI in heme-deficient RRL resulted in its hyperactivation. Furthermore, activation of HRI in response to heat shock or denatured proteins also resulted in a similar blockage of Hsc70 interaction with transformed HRI. These results indicate that Hsc70 is required for the folding and transformation of HRI into an active kinase but is subsequently required to negatively attenuate the activation of transformed HRI.

The occurrence of schistosomin, an antagonist of female gonadotropic hormones, is a general phenomenon in haemolymph of schistosome-infected freshwater snails

Parasitology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. De Jong-Brink ◽  
M. Elsaadany ◽  
M. S. Soto
Keyword(s):  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Digenetic Trematode ◽  
Freshwater Snails ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
Bulinus Truncatus ◽  
Diplostomum Spathaceum ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Trichobilharzia Ocellata ◽  
Gonadotropic Hormones

In haemolymph of Lymnaea stagnalis, parasitized with the digenetic trematode parasite Trichobilharzia ocellata, a neuropeptide (schistosomin) occurs which antagonizes female gonadotropic hormones, e.g. calfluxin (CaFl). By means of an ultracytochemical hormone-assay, the CaFl assay, it was demonstrated that the occurrence of schistosomin is a general phenomenon in schistosome-infected freshwater snails. Haemolymph of the schistosomiasis-transmitting snail species Biomphalaria glabrata and B. pfeifferi, parasitized with Schistosoma mansoni, also appeared to contain an antagonizing factor, i.e. schistosomin. In contrast, in haemolymph of L. stagnalis parasitized with Diplostomum spathaceum (Diplostomatidae) no schistosomin could be found. This suggests that schistosomin may only occur in snails infected with parasites belonging to the Schistosomatidae. The effect of schistosomin is rather specific. Haemolymph of B. glabrata parasitized with S. mansoni had not the capacity to inhibit the response to CaFl in the target organs for CaFl, the albumen glands of L. stagnalis and Bulinus truncatus. The same holds true for haemolymph of infected L. stagnalis: it did not inhibit the CaFl response in glands of B. glabrata and B. truncatus and even not in those of a related species (L. ovata). Schistosomins in haemolymph of infected B. glabrata and B. pfeifferi, on the other hand, seem more related. Both appeared to inhibit the hormone response in glands of the two Biomphalaria species studied. The results indicate that schistosomin in haemolymph of schistosome-infected pulmonate snails, although functionally related, may differ structurally.

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