scholarly journals Discovery of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis from the rind and pith of three sugarcane varieties using integrated metabolic profiling and RNA-seq analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Ni ◽  
Haimei Chen ◽  
Di Liu ◽  
Lihui Zeng ◽  
Pinghua Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Sugarcane Varieties ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Localization Analysis ◽  
Main Components

Abstract Background Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is one of the most valuable feedstocks for sugar production. In addition to the production of industrial raw materials such as alcohol, papermaking, the fiber of livestock feed, respectively, sugarcane can produce bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins. Elucidation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway is critical for the molecular breeding of sugarcane varieties with favorable traits. We aimed to identify candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Results Three varieties of sugarcane displaying different colors were used in this study: FN15 (greed rind), ROC22 (red rind), and Badila (purple rind). Sample materials were subjected to metabolomic analysis using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and RNA-seq analysis. The metabolomic profiling results showed Cyanidin, Cyanidin (6’-malonylglucoside), Cyanidin O-glucoside, and Peonidin O-glucoside were the main components responsible for the rind color. Then, through RNA-seq analysis, we identified a total of 3137, 3302, 3014 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the rind and pith tissues for the corresponding varieties Badila rind, ROC22, and FN15. We then compared the expression levels of genes among the rind tissues from the three varieties. We identified 2901, 2821, and 3071 DEGs between Badila rind vs. ROC22 rind, Badila rind vs. FN15 rind, ROC22 rind vs. FN15 rind, respectively. We identified two enriched pathways, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis. Sequencing similarity search identified a total of 50 unigenes belonging to 15 enzyme families as putative genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in sugarcane rind. Seven of them were identified as candidate genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in the rind of sugarcane through co-localization analysis with the anthocyanin content in sugarcane. In total, 25 unigenes were selected and subjected to RT-qPCR analysis, and qRT-PCR results were consistent with those obtained with the RNA-Seq experiments. Conclusions We proposed a pathway for anthocyanin biosynthesis in sugarcane rind. This is the first report on the biosynthesis of anthocyanin in sugarcane using the combined transcriptomic and metabolomic methods. The results obtained from this study will lay the foundation for breeding purple pith sugarcane varieties with high anthocyanin contents.

Identification of R2R3-MYB gene family reveal candidate genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in Lonicera caerulea fruit based on RNA-seq data

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Huixin Gang ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
Dong Qin ◽  
Junwei Huo
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Myb Transcription Factor ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Lonicera Caerulea ◽  
Conserved Sequence ◽  
R2r3 Myb

BACKGROUND: R2R3-MYB transcription factor (TF) family plays important roles in various biological processes in many plants, especially in the regulation of plant flavonoid accumulation. The fruit of Lonicera caerulea contains abundant anthocyanin. OBJECTIVE: The R2R3-MYB TF family was systematically analyzed according to the RNA-seq data, and the R2R3-MYB candidate genes that were involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fruit of Lonicera caerulea were screened. METHODS: The R2R3-MYB TFs in Lonicera caerulea were identified, and the physical and chemical properties, protein conserved sequence alignment and motifs of each R2R3-MYB TFs were analyzed using bioinformatics methods. The expression levels of these genes and anthocyanin levels in different tissues and different developmental stages of fruit were determined by RT-qPCR and pH shift method. RESULTS: A total of 59 genes encoding R2R3-MYB TFs in Lonicera caerulea were identified and clustered into 20 subgroups (C1 to C20) based on the relationship to AtR2R3-MYBs. Expression profiles showed that the expression of CL6086 and CL552 in fruit were higher than other tissues, and upregulated in the veraison fruit compared to the green ripe fruit. As the expression of the two genes was concurrent with the anthocyanin content, and showed high correlation with anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes, they were considered as closely related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fruit. CONCLUSION: The results provide a systematic analysis of LcR2R3-MYBs, and the foundation for further molecular mechanisms research of anthocyanin biosynthesis regulated by R2R3-MYB in the fruit of Lonicera caerulea.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analyses reveal anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplants

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Ou Xiao ◽  
Wen qiu Lin ◽  
Ke Li ◽  
Xue Feng Feng ◽  
Hui Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Negative Regulation ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Cumulative Knowledge

We obtained a white-peel eggplant (L6-5) by EMS mutation in our previous study, whose total anthocyanin content was significantly decreased as compared with that of wild-type (WT). To analyse the anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism in eggplants, we analysed the eggplant peel by RNA-seq in this study. The transcript results revealed upregulation of 465 genes and downregulation of 525 genes in L6-5 as compared with the WT eggplant. A total of 11 anthocyanin biosynthesis structure genes were significantly downregulated in L6-5 as compared with that in WT. Meanwhile, on the basis of the RT-PCR results of four natural eggplant cultivars, the expression pattern of 11 anthocyanin biosynthesis structure genes was consistent with the anthocyanin content. Thus, we speculated the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in eggplant peel. The transcript and RT-PCR results suggested positive regulation of MYB1, MYB108 and TTG8 and negative regulation of bHLH36 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study enhanced our cumulative knowledge about anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant peels.

scholarly journals Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of the anthocyanin regulatory networks in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. flowers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Jiang ◽  
Meide Zhang ◽  
Chunxiu Wen ◽  
Xiaoliang Xie ◽  
Wei Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Salvia Miltiorrhiza ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Transcriptomics Data

Abstract Background: The study objectives were to reveal the anthocyanin biosynthesis metabolic pathway in white and purple flowers of Salvia miltiorrhiza using metabolomics and transcriptomics, to identify different anthocyanin metabolites, and to analyze the differentially expressed genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis . Results: We analyzed the metabolomics and transcriptomics data of Salvia miltiorrhiza flowers. A total of 1994 differentially expressed genes and 84 flavonoid metabolites were identified between the white and purple flowers of Salvia miltiorrhiza . Integrated analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomics showed that cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, malvidin 3,5-diglucoside, and cyanidin 3-O-galactoside were mainly responsible for the purple flower color of Salvia miltiorrhiza. A total of 100 unigenes encoding 10 enzymes were identified as candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza flowers. The low expression of the ANS gene decreased the anthocyanin content but enhanced the accumulation of flavonoids in Salvia miltiorrhiza flowers. Conclusions: Our results provide valuable information on the anthocyanin metabolites and the candidate genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways in Salvia miltiorrhiza .

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification and functional characterization of natural antisense transcripts in Salvia miltiorrhiza

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Jiang ◽  
Haimei Chen ◽  
Jingting Liu ◽  
Qing Du ◽  
Shanfa Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Salvia Miltiorrhiza ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Antisense Transcripts ◽  
Natural Antisense Transcripts ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Pathway Analyses

AbstractSalvia miltiorrhiza is one of the most widely used traditional medicines. Natural antisense transcripts (NATs) are a class of long noncoding RNAs that can regulate gene expression. Here, we identified 812 NATs, including 168 cis-NATs and 644 trans-NATs from twelve root, flower, and leaf samples of S. miltiorrhiza using RNA-seq. The expression profiles for 41 of 50 NATs and their sense transcripts (STs) obtained from RNA-Seq were validated using qRT-PCR. The expression profiles of 17 NATs positively correlated with their STs. GO and KEGG pathway analyses mapped the STs for cis-NATs to pathways for biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. We characterized four NATs in detail, including NAT0001, NAT0002, NAT0004, and NAT00023. Their STs are kaurene synthase-like 1 and the homologs of UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase 6, UDP-glycosyltransferase 90A1, and beta-glucosidase 40, respectively. The first gene is involved in the biosynthesis of bioactive tanshinones, the next two are involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, whereas the last is involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Besides, we found seven STs that are potential targets of miRNAs. And we found two miRNAs including miR156a and miR7208, might originate from NATs, NAT0112 and NAT0086. The results suggest that S. miltiorrhiza NATs might interact with STs, produce miRNAs, and be regulated by miRNAs. They potentially play significant regulatory roles in the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds.

scholarly journals Identification of candidate genes influencing anthocyanin biosynthesis during the development and ripening of red and white strawberry fruits via comparative transcriptome analysis

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10739
Author(s):  
Fengli Zhao ◽  
Pan Song ◽  
Xiangfen Zhang ◽  
Gang Li ◽  
Panpan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Qpcr Analysis ◽  
Snow White ◽  
Anthocyanin Pathway ◽  
Berry Fruits

Strawberries are one of the most economically important berry fruits worldwide and exhibit colours ranging from white to dark red, providing a rich genetic resource for strawberry quality improvement. In the present study, we conducted transcriptome analyses of three strawberry cultivars, namely, ‘Benihoppe’, ‘Xiaobai’, and ‘Snow White’, and compared their gene expression profiles. Among the high-quality sequences, 5,049 and 53,200 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained when comparing the diploid and octoploid strawberry genomes and analysed to identify anthocyanin-related candidate genes. Sixty-five DEGs in the diploid genome (transcriptome data compared to the diploid strawberry genome) and 317 DEGs in the octoploid genome (transcriptome data compared to the octoploid strawberry genome) were identified among the three cultivars. Among these DEGs, 19 and 70 anthocyanin pathway genes, six and 42 sugar pathway genes, 23 and 101 hormone pathway genes, and 17 and 104 transcription factors in the diploid and octoploid genomes, respectively, correlated positively or negatively with the anthocyanin accumulation observed among the three cultivars. Real-time qPCR analysis of nine candidate genes showed a good correlation with the transcriptome data. For example, the expression of PAL was higher in ‘Benihoppe’ and ‘Xiaobai’ than in ‘Snow White’, consistent with the RNA-seq data. Thus, the RNA-seq data and candidate DEGs identified in the present study provide a sound basis for further studies of strawberry fruit colour formation.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic dynamics changes in development of carmine radish (Raphanus sativus L.) fleshy roots using RNA-seq method

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Gao ◽  
Mao Luo ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Fabo Chen ◽  
Hua Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Raphanus Sativus L

Abstract Radish ( Raphanus sativus L.), belonging to biennial root vegetable crop of Brassicaceae family, is an economically important vegetable crop with an edible taproot. Recently, most of differential expressed genes associating with anthocyanin biosynthesis have been identified in most of important fruit crops. However, transcriptome analysis of anthocyanin biosynthesis and expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes in ‘Hongxin’ radish have not been fully investigated. Here, based on results from HPLC analysis, young fleshy roots obtained from the dynamics development stage of fleshy roots in carmine radish ‘Hongxin 1’ was used for RNA-Seq, including fleshy roots from seedling stage (SS), initial expansion (IE), full-expansion (FE), bolting stage (BS), initial flowering stage (IFS); full-bloom stage (FBS) and podding stage (PS). Subsequently, the putative candidate genes involved in the dynamics development stage of fleshy roots in carmine radish were identified. After that, DGE (differential gene expression) profile analysis was used to identify the pupative transcripts, compared with fleshy roots from seedling stage (SS). In addition, co-modulated DEGs (Common DEGs in the dynamic growing stages of fleshyroot in carmine radish) were also identified, from which most DGEs were more likely to participate in anthocyanin biosynthesis, including two transcription factors RsMYB and Rs RZFP . In addition, some related proteins e.g. RsCHS , RsDFR , RsANS , RsF’3H , RsF3GGT1 , Rs3AT1 , glutathione S-transferase F12, RsUFGT78D2-like and RsUDGT-75C1-like were significantly contributed to the regulatory mechanism during anthocyanin synthesis in the development stage of fleshy roots. Furthermore, GO terms comprised of “anthocyanin-containing compound biosynthetic process” and “anthocyanin-containing compound metabolic process” were commonly overrepresented in the other dynamics growing stages of fleshy roots after initial expansion of fleshy roots. Moreover, these results indicated that five significantly enrichment pathways of DEG were identified for the dynamics growing stages of fleshy roots in carmine radish, including Flavonoid biosynthesis, Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, Diterpenoid biosynthesis, Anthocyanin biosynthesis, as well as Benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. These results will expand our understanding of complex molecular mechanism of the putative candidate genes involved in the dynamics development stage of fleshyroot in carmine radish.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic and microstructural analyses in Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. reveal candidate genes involved in nectary development and nectar secretion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanhuan Liu ◽  
Jikai Ma ◽  
Huogen Li
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Relict Species ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr

Abstract Background Nectar is a major flower attractant and reward for insects for pollination. Liriodendron, a genus of the Magnoliaceae family, has only two relict species, L. chinense and L. tulipifera, that are considered “basal angiosperms” according to plant evolutionary history. The flowers of Liriodendron plants are insect pollinated and secrete nectar to attract pollinators. To date, the morphology and anatomy of the nectary, the mechanism of nectar secretion and the molecular mechanism involved in nectary development in Liriodendron remain poorly understood. Methods In this study, we examined the nectary surface cells and the change in starch in L. tulipifera by using scanning electron microscopy and periodic acid-Schiff techniques to select definitive samples for next research. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on the top and middle parts of the immature nectary and the middle parts of the mature nectary and the postsecreted nectary in L. tulipifera. We evaluated the expression profiles of 22 DEGs that were closely related to nectary development and nectar secretion for real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Results The L. tulipifera nectary is a starch-storing nectary and is located in the top and middle parts of L. tulipifera petals. After analyzing the RNA-seq data, we obtained 115.26 Gb clean data in 12 libraries and mapped the results to the L. chinense reference genome with 71.02%-79.77% efficiency. In total, 26,955 DEGs were identified by analyzing six different pairwise comparisons. The flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were enriched and related to nectar secretion and pigment change. We identified 56 transcription factor families, and members of the TCP, Trihelix, C2H2, ERF, and MADS families changed dynamically during nectary development. Moreover, to further verify the accuracy of the RNA-seq results, we validated the expression profiles of 22 candidate genes. Conclusions We evaluated the nectary development and secretion process comprehensively and identified many related candidate genes in L. tulipifera. These findings suggest that the nectary may play important roles in flavonoid synthesis and petal color presentation.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic and microstructural analyses in Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. reveal candidate genes involved in nectary development and nectar secretion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanhuan Liu ◽  
Jikai Ma ◽  
Huogen Li
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Relict Species ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff

Abstract Background: Nectar is a major floral attractant and reward for insects that ensures pollination. Liriodendron, a genus of the Magnoliaceae family, includes only two relict species, L. chinense and L. tulipifera, which are considered “basal angiosperms” according to plant evolutionary history. The flowers of Liriodendron plants are insect pollinated and secrete nectar to attract pollinators. To date, the morphology and anatomy of nectaries, the mechanism of nectar secretion and the molecular mechanism of nectary development in Liriodendron remain poorly understood. Methods: In this study, we examined the nectary surface cells and change in starch in L. tulipifera by using scanning electron microscopy and periodic acid-Schiff techniques to select appropriate samples for subsequent research. Transcriptome sequencing was of the top and middle parts of immature nectaries and the middle part of mature and postsecretory nectaries in L. tulipifera was performed. We evaluated the expression profiles of 21 DEGs that are closely related to nectary development and nectar secretion for real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Results: L. tulipifera nectaries are starch-storing nectaries and are located in the top and middle parts of L. tulipifera petals. After analyzing the RNA-seq data, we obtained 115.26 Gb of clean data in 12 libraries and mapped the results to the L. chinense reference genome with 71.02%-79.77% efficiency. In total, 26,955 DEGs were identified by performing six pairwise comparisons. The flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were enriched and related to nectar secretion and pigment change. We identified 56 transcription factor families, and members of the TCP, Trihelix, C2H2, ERF, and MADS families changed dynamically during nectary development. Moreover, to further verify the accuracy of the RNA-seq results, we validated the expression profiles of 21 candidate genes. Conclusions: We evaluated the nectary development and secretion processes comprehensively and identified many related candidate genes in L. tulipifera. These findings suggest that nectaries play important roles in flavonoid synthesis and petal color presentation.

scholarly journals Abscisic acid and ethylene biosynthesis-related genes are associated with anthocyanin accumulation in purple ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)

Genome ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 513-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si-Won Jin ◽  
Md Abdur Rahim ◽  
Hee-Jeong Jung ◽  
Khandker Shazia Afrin ◽  
Hoy-Taek Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Green Leaves ◽  
Reverse Transcription Quantitative Pcr

Purple ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is a popular decorative plant, cultivated for its colorful leaf rosettes that persist in cool weather. It is characterized by green outer leaves and purple inner leaves, whose purple pigmentation is due to the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments. Phytohormones play important roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis in other species. Here, we identified 14 and 19 candidate genes putatively involved in abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ET) biosynthesis, respectively, in B. oleracea. We determined the expression patterns of these candidate genes by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Among candidate ABA biosynthesis-related genes, the expressions of BoNCED2.1, BoNCED2.2, BoNCED6, BoNCED9.1, and BoAAO3.2 were significantly higher in purple compared to green leaves. Likewise, most of the ET biosynthetic genes (BoACS6, BoACS9.1, BoACS11, BoACO1.1, BoACO1.2, BoACO3.1, BoACO4, and BoACO5) had significantly higher expression in purple compared to green leaves. Among these genes, BoNCED2.1, BoNCED2.2, BoACS11, and BoACO4 showed particularly strong associations with total anthocyanin content of the purple inner leaves. Our results suggest that ABA and ET might promote the intense purple pigmentation of the inner leaves of purple ornamental cabbage.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic and microstructural analyses in Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. reveal candidate genes involved in nectary development and nectar secretion

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanhuan Liu ◽  
Jikai Ma ◽  
Huogen Li
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Relict Species ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff

Abstract Background Nectar is a major floral attractant and reward for insects that ensures pollination. Liriodendron, a genus of the Magnoliaceae family, includes only two relict species, L. chinense and L. tulipifera, which are considered “basal angiosperms” according to plant evolutionary history. The flowers of Liriodendron plants are insect pollinated and secrete nectar to attract pollinators. To date, the morphology and anatomy of nectaries, the mechanism of nectar secretion and the molecular mechanism of nectary development in Liriodendron remain poorly understood. Methods In this study, we examined the nectary surface cells and change in starch in L. tulipifera by using scanning electron microscopy and periodic acid-Schiff techniques to select appropriate samples for subsequent research. Transcriptome sequencing was of the top and middle parts of immature nectaries and the middle part of mature and postsecretory nectaries in L. tulipifera was performed. We evaluated the expression profiles of 21 DEGs that are closely related to nectary development and nectar secretion for real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Results L. tulipifera nectaries are starch-storing nectaries and are located in the top and middle parts of L. tulipifera petals. After analyzing the RNA-seq data, we obtained 115.26 Gb of clean data in 12 libraries and mapped the results to the L. chinense reference genome with 71.02–79.77% efficiency. In total, 26,955 DEGs were identified by performing six pairwise comparisons. The flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were enriched and related to nectar secretion and pigment change. We identified 56 transcription factor families, and members of the TCP, Trihelix, C2H2, ERF, and MADS families changed dynamically during nectary development. Moreover, to further verify the accuracy of the RNA-seq results, we validated the expression profiles of 21 candidate genes. Conclusions We evaluated the nectary development and secretion processes comprehensively and identified many related candidate genes in L. tulipifera. These findings suggest that nectaries play important roles in flavonoid synthesis and petal color presentation.

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