scholarly journals Physiological responses and transcriptomic changes reveal the mechanisms underlying adaptation of Stylosanthes guianensis to phosphorus deficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijian Chen ◽  
Jianling Song ◽  
Xinyong Li ◽  
Jacobo Arango ◽  
Juan Andres Cardoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Purple Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Stylosanthes Guianensis ◽  
Pi Homeostasis ◽  
Pi Starvation

Abstract Background Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth that participates in a series of biological processes. Thus, P deficiency limits crop growth and yield. Although Stylosanthes guianensis (stylo) is an important tropical legume that displays adaptation to low phosphate (Pi) availability, its adaptive mechanisms remain largely unknown. Results In this study, differences in low-P stress tolerance were investigated using two stylo cultivars (‘RY2’ and ‘RY5’) that were grown in hydroponics. Results showed that cultivar RY2 was better adapted to Pi starvation than RY5, as reflected by lower values of relative decrease rates of growth parameters than RY5 at low-P stress, especially for the reduction of shoot and root dry weight. Furthermore, RY2 exhibited higher P acquisition efficiency than RY5 under the same P treatment, although P utilization efficiency was similar between the two cultivars. In addition, better root growth performance and higher leaf and root APase activities were observed with RY2 compared to RY5. Subsequent RNA-seq analysis revealed 8,348 genes that were differentially expressed under P deficient and sufficient conditions in RY2 roots, with many Pi starvation regulated genes associated with P metabolic process, protein modification process, transport and other metabolic processes. A group of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in Pi uptake and Pi homeostasis were identified, such as genes encoding Pi transporter (PT), purple acid phosphatase (PAP), and multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE). Furthermore, a variety of genes related to transcription factors and regulators involved in Pi signaling, including genes belonging to the PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE 1-like (PHR1), WRKY and the SYG1/PHO81/XPR1 (SPX) domain, were also regulated by P deficiency in stylo roots. Conclusions This study reveals the possible mechanisms underlying the adaptation of stylo to P deficiency. The low-P tolerance in stylo is probably manifested through regulation of root growth, Pi acquisition and cellular Pi homeostasis as well as Pi signaling pathway. The identified genes involved in low-P tolerance can be potentially used to design the breeding strategy for developing P-efficient stylo cultivars to grow on acid soils in the tropics.

scholarly journals Genome Wide Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Complex Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying Phosphate Homeostasis in Soybean Nodules

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingbin Xue ◽  
Qingli Zhuang ◽  
Shengnan Zhu ◽  
Bixian Xiao ◽  
Cuiyue Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory Network ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Pi Homeostasis ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
Soybean Nodule

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major limitation for legume crop production. Although overall adaptations of plant roots to P deficiency have been extensively studied, only fragmentary information is available in regard to root nodule responses to P deficiency. In this study, genome wide transcriptome analysis was conducted using RNA-seq analysis in soybean nodules grown under P-sufficient (500 μM KH2PO4) and P-deficient (25 μM KH2PO4) conditions to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying soybean (Glycine max) nodule adaptation to phosphate (Pi) starvation. Phosphorus deficiency significantly decreased soybean nodule growth and nitrogenase activity. Nodule Pi concentrations declined by 49% in response to P deficiency, but this was well below the 87% and 88% decreases observed in shoots and roots, respectively. Nodule transcript profiling revealed that a total of 2055 genes exhibited differential expression patterns between Pi sufficient and deficient conditions. A set of (differentially expressed genes) DEGs appeared to be involved in maintaining Pi homeostasis in soybean nodules, including eight Pi transporters (PTs), eight genes coding proteins containing the SYG1/PHO81/XPR1 domain (SPXs), and 16 purple acid phosphatases (PAPs). The results suggest that a complex transcriptional regulatory network participates in soybean nodule adaption to Pi starvation, most notable a Pi signaling pathway, are involved in maintaining Pi homeostasis in nodules.

scholarly journals Dynamic Responses of Barley Root Succinyl-Proteome to Short-Term Phosphate Starvation and Recovery

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juncheng Wang ◽  
Zengke Ma ◽  
Chengdao Li ◽  
Panrong Ren ◽  
Lirong Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Rna Degradation ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Affinity Enrichment ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
The Impact

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)—a major cereal crop—has low Pi demand, which is a distinct advantage for studying the tolerance mechanisms of phosphorus deficiency. We surveyed dynamic protein succinylation events in barley roots in response to and recovery from Pi starvation by firstly evaluating the impact of Pi starvation in a Pi-tolerant (GN121) and Pi-sensitive (GN42) barley genotype exposed to long-term low Pi (40 d) followed by a high-Pi recovery for 10 d. An integrated proteomics approach involving label-free, immune-affinity enrichment, and high-resolution LC-MS/MS spectrometric analysis was then used to quantify succinylome and proteome in GN121 roots under short-term Pi starvation (6, 48 h) and Pi recovery (6, 48 h). We identified 2,840 succinylation sites (Ksuc) across 884 proteins; of which, 11 representative Ksuc motifs had the preferred amino acid residue (lysine). Furthermore, there were 81 differentially abundant succinylated proteins (DFASPs) from 119 succinylated sites, 83 DFASPs from 110 succinylated sites, 93 DFASPs from 139 succinylated sites, and 91 DFASPs from 123 succinylated sites during Pi starvation for 6 and 48 h and during Pi recovery for 6 and 48 h, respectively. Pi starvation enriched ribosome pathways, glycolysis, and RNA degradation. Pi recovery enriched the TCA cycle, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation. Importantly, many of the DFASPs identified during Pi starvation were significantly overexpressed during Pi recovery. These results suggest that barley roots can regulate specific Ksuc site changes in response to Pi stress as well as specific metabolic processes. Resolving the metabolic pathways of succinylated protein regulation characteristics will improve phosphate acquisition and utilization efficiency in crops.

scholarly journals Metabolic alterations provide insights into Stylosanthes roots responding to phosphorus deficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajia Luo ◽  
Yunxi Liu ◽  
Huikai Zhang ◽  
Jinpeng Wang ◽  
Zhijian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Profiling Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Background: Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, especially in acid soils. Stylosanthes (stylo) is a pioneer tropical legume with excellent adaptability to low P stress, but its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.Results: In this study, the physiological, molecular and metabolic changes in stylo responding to phosphate (Pi) starvation were investigated. Under low P condition, the growth of stylo root was enhanced, which was attributed to the up-regulation of expansin genes participating in root growth. Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a total of 256 metabolites with differential accumulations were identified in stylo roots response to P deficiency, which mainly included flavonoids, sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, phenylpropanoids and phenylamides. P deficiency led to significant reduction in the accumulation of phosphorylated metabolites (e.g., P-containing sugars, nucleotides and cholines), suggesting that internal P utilization was enhanced in stylo roots subjected to low P stress. However, flavonoid metabolites, such as kaempferol, daidzein and their glycoside derivatives, were increased in P-deficient stylo roots. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR analysis showed that a set of genes involved in flavonoids synthesis were found to be up-regulated by Pi starvation in stylo roots. In addition, the abundances of phenolic acids and phenylamides were significantly increased in stylo roots during P deficiency. The increased accumulation of the metabolites in stylo roots, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides, might facilitate P solubilization and cooperate with beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere, and thus contributing to P acquisition and utilization in stylo.Conclusions: These results suggest that stylo plants cope with P deficiency by modulating root morphology, scavenging internal Pi from phosphorylated metabolites and increasing accumulation of flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides. This study provides valuable insights into the complex responses and adaptive mechanisms of stylo roots to P deficiency.

scholarly journals Proteomic Responses to Alkali Stress in Oats and the Alleviatory Effects of Exogenous Spermine Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhui Bai ◽  
Ke Jin ◽  
Wei Qin ◽  
Yuqing Wang ◽  
Qiang Yin
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Alkaline Stress ◽  
Alkali Stress ◽  
Pheophorbide A ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Alkali Tolerance ◽  
Exogenous Spermine

Alkali stress limits plant growth and yield more strongly than salt stress and can lead to the appearance of yellow leaves; however, the reasons remain unclear. In this study, we found that (1) the down-regulation of coproporphyrinogen III oxidase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase, and Pheophorbide a oxygenase in oats under alkali stress contributes to the appearance of yellow leaves (as assessed by proteome and western blot analyses). (2) Some oat proteins that are involved in the antioxidant system, root growth, and jasmonic acid (JA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis are up-regulated in response to alkalinity and help increase alkali tolerance. (3) We added exogenous spermine to oat plants to improve their alkali tolerance, which resulted in higher chlorophyll contents and plant dry weights than in plants subjected to alkaline stress alone. This was due to up-regulation of chitinase and proteins related to chloroplast structure, root growth, and the antioxidant system. Spermine addition increased sucrose utilization efficiency, and promoted carbohydrate export from leaves to roots to increase energy storage in roots. Spermine addition also increased the IAA and JA contents required for root growth.

scholarly journals Metabolic alterations provide insights into Stylosanthes roots responding to phosphorus deficiency

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajia Luo ◽  
Yunxi Liu ◽  
Huikai Zhang ◽  
Jinpeng Wang ◽  
Zhijian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Profiling Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Wall Loosening

Abstract Background: Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, especially in acid soils. Stylosanthes (stylo) is a pioneer tropical legume with excellent adaptability to low P stress, but its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Results: In this study, the physiological, molecular and metabolic changes in stylo responding to phosphate (Pi) starvation were investigated. Under low P condition, the root growth in stylo was significantly enhanced, which was accompanied with up-regulation of expansin genes participating in cell wall loosening. Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a total of 256 metabolites with differential accumulation were identified in stylo roots responding to P deficiency, which mainly include flavonoids, sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, phenylpropanoids and phenylamides. P deficiency led to significant reduction in the accumulation of phosphorylated metabolites (e.g., P-containing sugars, nucleotides and cholines), suggesting that internal P utilization was enhanced in stylo roots. However, flavonoid metabolites, such as kaempferol, daidzein and their glycoside derivatives, were significantly increased in P-deficient stylo roots. Furthermore, the transcripts of various genes involved in flavonoids synthesis were found to be up-regulated by Pi starvation in stylo roots. In addition, the abundance of phenolic acids and phenylamides was significantly increased in stylo roots during P deficiency. The enhanced accumulation of the metabolites in stylo roots, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides, might facilitate P solubilization and cooperate with beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere, and thus contributing to P acquisition and utilization in stylo. Conclusions: These results suggest that stylo plants cope with P deficiency by modulating root morphology, scavenging internal Pi from phosphorylated metabolites and enhancing accumulation of flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides. This study provides valuable insights into the complex responses and adaptive mechanisms of stylo to P deficiency.

scholarly journals Metabolic alterations provide insights into Stylosanthes roots responding to phosphorus deficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajia Luo ◽  
Yunxi Liu ◽  
Huikai Zhang ◽  
Jinpeng Wang ◽  
Zhijian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Profiling Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Wall Loosening

Abstract Background: Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, especially in acid soils. Stylosanthes (stylo) is a pioneer tropical legume with excellent adaptability to low P stress, but its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Results: In this study, the physiological, molecular and metabolic changes in stylo responding to phosphate (Pi) starvation were investigated. Under low P condition, the root growth in stylo was significantly enhanced, which was accompanied with up-regulation of expansin genes participating in cell wall loosening. Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a total of 256 metabolites with differential accumulation were identified in stylo roots responding to P deficiency, which mainly include flavonoids, sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, phenylpropanoids and phenylamides. P deficiency led to significant reduction in the accumulation of phosphorylated metabolites (e.g., P-containing sugars, nucleotides and cholines), suggesting that internal P utilization was enhanced in stylo roots. However, flavonoid metabolites, such as kaempferol, daidzein and their glycoside derivatives, were significantly increased in P-deficient stylo roots. Furthermore, the transcripts of various genes involved in flavonoids synthesis were found to be up-regulated by Pi starvation in stylo roots. In addition, the abundance of phenolic acids and phenylamides was significantly increased in stylo roots during P deficiency. The enhanced accumulation of the metabolites in stylo roots, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides, might facilitate P solubilization and cooperate with beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere, and thus contributing to P acquisition and utilization in stylo. Conclusions: These results suggest that stylo plants cope with P deficiency by modulating root morphology, scavenging internal Pi from phosphorylated metabolites and enhancing accumulation of flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides. This study provides valuable insights into the complex responses and adaptive mechanisms of stylo to P deficiency.

scholarly journals Metabolic alterations provide insights into Stylosanthes roots responding to phosphorus deficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajia Luo ◽  
Yunxi Liu ◽  
Huikai Zhang ◽  
Jinpeng Wang ◽  
Zhijian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Profiling Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Wall Loosening

Abstract Background: Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, especially in acid soils. Stylosanthes (stylo) is a pioneer tropical legume with excellent adaptability to low P stress, but its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Results: In this study, the physiological, molecular and metabolic changes in stylo responding to phosphate (Pi) starvation were investigated. Under low P condition, the root growth in stylo was significantly enhanced, which was accompanied with up-regulation of expansin genes participating in cell wall loosening. Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a total of 256 metabolites with differential accumulation were identified in stylo roots responding to P deficiency, which mainly include flavonoids, sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, phenylpropanoids and phenylamides. P deficiency led to significant reduction in the accumulation of phosphorylated metabolites (e.g., P-containing sugars, nucleotides and cholines), suggesting that internal P utilization was enhanced in stylo roots. However, flavonoid metabolites, such as kaempferol, daidzein and their glycoside derivatives, were significantly increased in P-deficient stylo roots. Furthermore, the transcripts of various genes involved in flavonoids synthesis were found to be up-regulated by Pi starvation in stylo roots. In addition, the abundance of phenolic acids and phenylamides was significantly increased in stylo roots during P deficiency. The enhanced accumulation of the metabolites in stylo roots, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides, might facilitate P solubilization and cooperate with beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere, and thus contributing to P acquisition and utilization in stylo. Conclusions: These results suggest that stylo plants cope with P deficiency by modulating root morphology, scavenging internal Pi from phosphorylated metabolites and enhancing accumulation of flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides. This study provides valuable insights into the complex responses and adaptive mechanisms of stylo to P deficiency.

EcoMeristem, a model of morphogenesis and competition among sinks in rice. 2. Simulating genotype responses to phosphorus deficiency

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dingkuhn ◽  
Delphine Luquet ◽  
HaeKoo Kim ◽  
Ludovic Tambour ◽  
Anne Clement-Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Physiological Feedback ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Shoot Weight

Phenotypic plasticity enables plants to adjust their morphology and phenology to variable environments. Although potentially important for crop breeding and management, the physiology and genetics of plasticity traits are poorly understood, and few models exist for their study. In the previous paper of this series, the structural–functional model EcoMeristem was described and field validated for vegetative-stage rice. This study applies the model to an experimental study on phosphorus deficiency effects on two morphologically contrasting rice cultivars, IR64 and Azucena, grown in controlled environments under hydroponics culture. Phosphorus deficiency caused severe biomass growth reductions in the shoot but not in the root, thus increasing the root / shoot weight ratio. It also inhibited tiller formation and leaf elongation, prolonged the phyllochron, and increased carbohydrate reserve pools in the plant. Analysis aided by the model identified inhibition of leaf extension and tillering as primary effects of the stress. Physiological feedback probably led to longer phyllochron, greater reserve accumulation and root growth stimulation. The main effect of P deficiency appeared to be a reduction in demand for assimilates in the shoot while photosynthetic radiation use efficiency remained nearly constant, resulting in spill-over of excess assimilates into reserve compartments and root growth. The results are discussed in the light of future applications of EcoMeristem for phenotyping and genetic analyses of phenotypic plasticity.

scholarly journals Analysis of Proteomic Profile of Contrasting Phosphorus Responsive Rice Cultivars Grown under Phosphorus Deficiency

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1028
Author(s):  
Aadil Yousuf Tantray ◽  
Hayssam M. Ali ◽  
Altaf Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽  
P Deficiency

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major limiting factors for crop productivity. The yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is severely limited by phosphorus deficiency. An attempt has been made in this study to identify P deficiency responsive differentially expressed proteins of rice through analysis of leaf proteome of contrasting P-responsive rice cultivars under P deficiency conditions because genetic variability has been found in the rice cultivars for adaptive response to P deficiency and a controlled regulatory system is involved in the P deficiency adaptation response. Phosphorus-efficient (cv. Panvel) and P-inefficient (cv. Nagina 22) rice cultivars were hydroponically grown in the nutrient medium under control environmental conditions at low-P level (2.0 µM) and optimum-P level (320 µM) treatments. Expression patterns of the proteins of the leaves of both the cultivars were analyzed in 30-day-old plants. The identification of these proteins through mass spectrometry and MASCOT software (Matrix Science Inc., Boston, USA) revealed that these differentially expressed proteins were homologous to known functional proteins involved in energy metabolism, biosynthesis, photosynthesis, signaling, protein synthesis, protein folding, phospholipid metabolism, oxidative stress, transcription factors, and phosphorus metabolism. It has been observed that rice cultivars responded differently to low-P treatment through modification in protein expressions pattern to maintain the growth of the plants. Therefore, the expression patterns of proteins were different in both of the cultivars under low-P treatment. Higher potential of protein stability, stress tolerance, osmo-protection, and regulation of phosphorus uptake was observed in cv. Panvel than cv. Nagina 22. This study could help to unravel the complex regulatory process that is involved in adaptation to P deficiency in rice.

scholarly journals Metabolic alterations provide insights into Stylosanthes roots responding to phosphorus deficiency

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajia Luo ◽  
Yunxi Liu ◽  
Huikai Zhang ◽  
Jinpeng Wang ◽  
Zhijian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Profiling Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Wall Loosening

Abstract Background: Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, especially in acid soils. Stylosanthes (stylo) is a pioneer tropical legume with excellent adaptability to low P stress, but its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Results: In this study, the physiological, molecular and metabolic changes in stylo responding to phosphate (Pi) starvation were investigated. Under low P condition, the root growth in stylo was significantly enhanced, which was accompanied with up-regulation of expansin genes participating in cell wall loosening. Metabolic profiling analysis showed that a total of 256 metabolites with differential accumulation were identified in stylo roots responding to P deficiency, which mainly include flavonoids, sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, phenylpropanoids and phenylamides. P deficiency led to significant reduction in the accumulation of phosphorylated metabolites (e.g., P-containing sugars, nucleotides and cholines), suggesting that internal P utilization was enhanced in stylo roots. However, flavonoid metabolites, such as kaempferol, daidzein and their glycoside derivatives, were significantly increased in P-deficient stylo roots. Furthermore, the transcripts of various genes involved in flavonoids synthesis were found to be up-regulated by Pi starvation in stylo roots. In addition, the abundance of phenolic acids and phenylamides was significantly increased in stylo roots during P deficiency. The enhanced accumulation of the metabolites in stylo roots, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides, might facilitate P solubilization and cooperate with beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere, and thus contributing to P acquisition and utilization in stylo. Conclusions: These results suggest that stylo plants cope with P deficiency by modulating root morphology, scavenging internal Pi from phosphorylated metabolites and enhancing accumulation of flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylamides. This study provides valuable insights into the complex responses and adaptive mechanisms of stylo to P deficiency.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document