scholarly journals Developmental regulation of lupulin gland-associated genes in aromatic and bitter hops (Humulus lupulus L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Patzak ◽  
Alena Henychová ◽  
Jaroslav Matoušek
Keyword(s):  
Acid Content ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Bitter Acids ◽  
Bitter Acid ◽  
Developmental Differentiation

Abstract Background Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) bitter acids are valuable metabolites for the brewing industry. They are biosynthesized and accumulate in glandular trichomes of the female inflorescence (hop cone). The content of alpha bitter acids, such as humulones, in hop cones can differentiate aromatic from bitter hop cultivars. These contents are subject to genetic and environmental control but significantly correlate with the number and size of glandular trichomes (lupulin glands). Results We evaluated the expression levels of 37 genes involved in bitter acid biosynthesis and morphological and developmental differentiation of glandular trichomes to identify key regulatory factors involved in bitter acid content differences. For bitter acid biosynthesis genes, upregulation of humulone synthase genes, which are important for the biosynthesis of alpha bitter acids in lupulin glands, could explain the higher accumulation of alpha bitter acids in bitter hops. Several transcription factors, including HlETC1, HlMYB61 and HlMYB5 from the MYB family, as well as HlGLABRA2, HlCYCB2–4, HlZFP8 and HlYABBY1, were also more highly expressed in the bitter hop cultivars; therefore, these factors may be important for the higher density of lupulin glands also seen in the bitter hop cultivars. Conclusions Gene expression analyses enabled us to investigate the differences between aromatic and bitter hops. This study confirmed that the bitter acid content in glandular trichomes (lupulin glands) is dependent on the last step of alpha bitter acid biosynthesis and glandular trichome density.

scholarly journals Analysis and prognosis of bitter acids content in Czech hop varieties - year 2018 and long-term comparisons and trends

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Alexandr Mikyška ◽  
Marie Jurková
Keyword(s):  
Acid Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Relative Content ◽  
Final Evaluation ◽  
Bitter Acids ◽  
Bitter Acid ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Good Agreement

This article presents the results of the harvest forecast of the alpha- and beta-bitter acids of the Czech hop varieties in the 2018 harvest, the results are discussed in relation to the long-term averages, the composition of the bitter acid analogs and the stability of the varietal characteristics. 180 hop samples were analyzed using EBC 7.7 (HPLC) method. The alpha-acid content of the most important Saaz variety (2.9% in dry matter) was identical to the 2017 harvest and 18% rel. lower than the 26-year average. The alpha-acid content of Sladek (5.0%), Premiant (4.8%), and Saaz Late (1.6%) varieties was significantly lower than the long-term average. The harvest of the hops of the Kazbek and Agnus varieties was close to the long-term average. The ratio of alpha- and beta-acids, the relative content of cohumulone and the relative content of colupulone were consistent with long-term averages for the tested varieties. It was confirmed, that the harvest forecast gives timely information on the alpha-acids content of the harvest, the results were in good agreement with the values of the final evaluation of all harvested hops samples.

scholarly journals Transfer of the hop (Humulus lupulus L.) alpha-bitter acid content to progenies of F1 and I1 generations in selected parental components

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 269-276
Author(s):  
V. Nesvadba ◽  
J. Černý ◽  
K. Krofta
Keyword(s):  
Acid Content ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Initial Material ◽  
Probability Level ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
Bitter Acid ◽  
F1 Generation

In the period 1999–2001 the transfer of a-acid content from selected parents to their progenies was evaluated. Four female plants (English varieties Target and Yeoman, German variety Magnum and Czech variety Premiant) and four male plants from the gene resources of male hops (82/6, 86/4, 87/3, clone 72) were chosen as the initial material. Progenies of F1 generation of Magnum and Yeoman show significantly higher a-acid content compared to the progenies of other female hops. Progenies of F1 generation of male plants 86/4 and 87/3 show significantly higher a-acid content compared to the progenies of other male plants. Progenies of I1 generation of Magnum variety and male 86/4 contain the highest amount of a-acids. Progenies of F1 generation have higher a-acid content at the 99% probability level compared to the progenies of I1 generation. Progenies of both generations show nearly the same variability.

Genetic mapping of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) applied to the detection of QTLs for alpha-acid content

Genome ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 485-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreja Cerenak ◽  
Zlatko Satovic ◽  
Branka Javornik
Keyword(s):  
Acid Content ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
Bitter Acid ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Map Distance

The map locations and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were estimated for alpha-acid content in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite marker (simple sequence repeat (SSR)) genetic linkage maps constructed from a double pseudotestcross. The mapping population consisted of 111 progeny from a cross between the German hop cultivar 'Magnum', which exhibits high levels of alpha-acids, and a wild Slovene male hop, 2/1. The progeny segregated quantitatively for alpha-acid content determined in 2002, 2003, and 2004. The maternal map consisted of 96 markers mapped on 14 linkage groups defining 661.90 cM of total map distance. The paternal map included 70 markers assigned to 12 linkage groups covering 445.90 cM of hop genome. QTL analysis indicated 4 putative QTLs (alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, and alpha4) on linkage groups (LGs) 03, 01, 09, and 03 of the female map, respectively. QTLs explained 11.9%–24.8% of the phenotypic variance. The most promising QTL to be used in marker-assisted selection is alpha2, the peak of which colocated exactly with the AFLP marker. Three chalcone synthase-like genes (chs2, chs3, and chs4) involved in hop bitter acid synthesis mapped together on LG04 of the female map. Saturation of the maps, particularly the putative QTL regions, will be carried out using SSR markers, and the stability of the QTLs will be tested in the coming years.Key words: Humulus lupulus L., genetic maps, alpha-acid content, QTLs.

scholarly journals Effect of Storage Duration and Atmosphere on the Content and Price of Hop Alpha Bitter Acids

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-251
Author(s):  
A. Rybka ◽  
J. Melč ◽  
P. Heřmánek ◽  
I. Honzík
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Storage Method ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Bitter Acids ◽  
Bitter Acid

Abstract The quality of hops is significantly affected by the content of alpha bitter acids. Maintaining it with minimum losses lies within the competence of both the hop grower and processor depending on how they follow the optimum harvest technology, storage conditions, and post-harvest hop processing. That indicator is considerably affected by the hop storage method, i.e. whether the warehouse is air-conditioned or not, as well as the storage duration. The alpha bitter acid content should not be reduced during storage. The objective of this paper is an analysis of the alpha bitter acid content in the Saaz hop variety in a technological sequence of operations starting with drying at the grower and finishing with six-month storing at the processor, with three storage variants: an air-conditioned warehouse, non-conditioned warehouse, and a variant in which the square bale is moved after 60 days from a non-conditioned warehouse into an air-conditioned warehouse. The analysis of samples to identify the alpha bitter acid content was carried out by means of the ASBC Hops-6 and the HPLC EBC 7.7 methods. Practically in all cases the alpha content declines, although if a square bale is placed in an air-conditioned warehouse this decline is the lowest depending on the storage duration. The economic analysis shows a significant profit referring to the price of alpha contained in 1 t of hops stored in an air-conditioned warehouse. At the date of 1/11/2015 this profit was 14 706 CZK, at the date of 4/1/2016 it was 7646 CZK, and at 1/3/2016 the profit was 6587 CZK.

scholarly journals Dissection of Dynamic Transcriptome Landscape of Leaf, Bract, and Lupulin Gland in Hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar Mishra ◽  
Tomáš Kocábek ◽  
Vishnu Sukumari Nath ◽  
Praveen Awasthi ◽  
Ankita Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Local Alignment ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Trichome Development ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
Bitter Acids

The hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.) produces several valuable secondary metabolites, such as prenylflavonoid, bitter acids, and essential oils. These compounds are biosynthesized in glandular trichomes (lupulin glands) endowed with pharmacological properties and widely implicated in the beer brewing industry. The present study is an attempt to generate exhaustive information of transcriptome dynamics and gene regulatory mechanisms involved in biosynthesis and regulation of these compounds, developmental changes including trichome development at three development stages, namely leaf, bract, and mature lupulin glands. Using high-throughput RNA-Seq technology, a total of 61.13, 50.01, and 20.18 Mb clean reads in the leaf, bract, and lupulin gland libraries, respectively, were obtained and assembled into 43,550 unigenes. The putative functions were assigned to 30,996 transcripts (71.17%) based on basic local alignment search tool similarity searches against public sequence databases, including GO, KEGG, NR, and COG families, which indicated that genes are principally involved in fundamental cellular and molecular functions, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The expression levels of all unigenes were analyzed in leaf, bract, and lupulin glands tissues of hop. The expression profile of transcript encoding enzymes of BCAA metabolism, MEP, and shikimate pathway was most up-regulated in lupulin glands compared with leaves and bracts. Similarly, the expression levels of the transcription factors and structural genes that directly encode enzymes involved in xanthohumol, bitter acids, and terpenoids biosynthesis pathway were found to be significantly enhanced in lupulin glands, suggesting that production of these metabolites increases after the leaf development. In addition, numerous genes involved in primary metabolism, lipid metabolism, photosynthesis, generation of precursor metabolites/energy, protein modification, transporter activity, and cell wall component biogenesis were differentially regulated in three developmental stages, suggesting their involvement in the dynamics of the lupulin gland development. The identification of differentially regulated trichome-related genes provided a new foundation for molecular research on trichome development and differentiation in hop. In conclusion, the reported results provide directions for future functional genomics studies for genetic engineering or molecular breeding for augmentation of secondary metabolite content in hop.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Formation of Branched Short-Chain Fatty Acid:CoAs for Bitter Acid Biosynthesis in Hop Glandular Trichomes

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1301-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyang Xu ◽  
Fengxia Zhang ◽  
Baoxiu Liu ◽  
David V. Huhman ◽  
Lloyd W. Sumner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Bitter Acid

scholarly journals DNA Sequence and Expression Variation of Hop (Humulus lupulus) Valerophenone Synthase (VPS), a Key Gene in Bitter Acid Biosynthesis

2008 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Consuelo B. Castro ◽  
Lucy D. Whittock ◽  
Simon P. Whittock ◽  
Grey Leggett ◽  
Anthony Koutoulis
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Variation ◽  
Bitter Acid

scholarly journals Morphogenesis, volume and number of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) glandular trichomes, and their influence on alpha-acid accumulation in fresh bracts of hop cones

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siniša Srečec ◽  
Vesna Zechner-Krpan ◽  
Sanja Marag ◽  
Igor Špoljarić ◽  
Ivka Kvaternjak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
Five Phases

Morphogenesis, volume and number of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) glandular trichomes, and their influence on alpha-acid accumulation in fresh bracts of hop cones The ESEM investigations revealed the morphogenesis of peltate glandular trichomes, which was divided into five phases. In phase one, new peltate glandular trichomes were initiated; in phase two, they were differentiated; in phase three trichomes grew vigorously; in phase four they were determined; in the fifth and final phase they came to maturity. Volume of glandular trichome during the different phases of morphogenesis varied from 0.25 × 10-2 mm3 in phase 1, to 1.95 × 10-2 mm3 in phase 5. More glandular trichomes are placed on the base of the adaxial side of bracts (average 7 mm-2) than on the base of abaxial side (average 5.8 mm-2). In this research, positive Spearman's rank order correlations were found between the average number of glandular trichomes and content of α-acids as well as between the average volume of glandular trichomes and content of α-acids.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of bitter acid biosynthesis and precursor pathways in hop (Humulus lupulus)

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn M Clark ◽  
Vinidhra Vaitheeswaran ◽  
Stephen J Ambrose ◽  
Randy W Purves ◽  
Jonathan E Page
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Bitter Acid

scholarly journals A novel non-trichome based whitefly resistance QTL in Solanum galapagense

Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris Santegoets ◽  
Marcella Bovio ◽  
Wendy van’t Westende ◽  
Roeland E. Voorrips ◽  
Ben Vosman
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Greenhouse Whitefly ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Type Iv

AbstractThe greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum is a major threat in tomato cultivation. In greenhouse grown tomatoes non-trichome based whitefly resistance may be better suited than glandular trichome based resistance as glandular trichomes may interfere with biocontrol, which is widely used. Analysis of a collection of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum galapagense showed resistance to the whitefly T. vaporariorum on plants without glandular trichomes type IV. The resistance affected whitefly adult survival (AS), but not oviposition rate. This indicates that S. galapagense, in addition to trichome based resistance, also carries non-trichome based resistance components. The effectiveness of the non-trichome based resistance appeared to depend on the season in which the plants were grown. The resistance also had a small but significant effect on the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, but not on the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. A segregating F2 population was created to map the non-trichome based resistance. Two Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for reduced AS of T. vaporariorum were mapped on chromosomes 12 and 7 (explaining 13.9% and 6.0% of the variance respectively). The QTL on chromosome 12 was validated in F3 lines.

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