EVALUATION OF THE INITIAL MATERIAL OF THE FESTULOLIUM FOR THE STEPPE CONDITIONS OF THE CENTRAL CHERNOZEM REGION

In recent decades, a new feed crop, festulolium, has been widely used in the feed production of Russia. In this regard, an important task is the permanent creation of a line of festulolium varieties that ensure high efficiency of using this crop in various climatic and ecological conditions. The article presents the material on the assessment of the initial material of the festulolium in the steppe conditions of the Central Chernozem region.

A contribution on versatile process chains: joining with adaptive joining elements, formed by friction spinning

Nowadays, manufacturing of multi-material structures requires a variety of mechanical joining techniques. Mechanical joining processes and joining elements are used to meet a wide range of requirements, especially on versatile process chains. Most of these are explicitly adapted to only one, specific application. This leads to a less flexibility process chain due to many different variants and high costs. Changes in the boundary conditions like sheet thickness, or layers, lead to a need of re-design over the process and thus to a loss of time. To overcome this drawback, an innovative approach can be the use of individually manufactured and application-adapted joining elements (JE), the so-called Friction Spun Joint Connectors (FSJC). This new approach is based on defined, friction-induced heat input during the manufacturing and joining of the FSJC. This effect increases the formability of the initial material locally and permits them to be explicitly adapted to its application area. To gain a more detailed insight into the new process design, this paper presents a detailed characterization of the new joining technique with adaptive joining elements. The effects and interactions of relevant process variables onto the course and joining result is presented and described. The joining process comprises two stages: the manufacturing of FSJC from uniform initial material and the adaptive joining process itself. The following contribution presents the results of ongoing research work and includes the process concept, process properties and the results of experimental investigations. New promising concepts are presented and further specified. These approaches utilize the current knowledge and expand it systematically to open new fields of application.

Complex resistance of spring and winter bread wheat lines to biotic and abiotic stresses

An original initial material of spring and winter bread wheat with group resistance to stem and leaf rust was developed using new donors of resistance to stem rust: winter soft wheat GT 96/90 (Bulgaria) and accession 119/4-06rw with genetic material of the species Triticum migushovae and (Aegilops speltoides and Secale cereale), respectively, a line of spring wheat 113/00i-4 obtained using the species Ae. triuncialis and T. kiharae, as well as spring accession 145/00i with genetic material of the species Ae. speltoides resistant to leaf rust. The transfer of effective Sr-genes to progeny was monitored using molecular markers. New lines underwent a field assessment of resistance to leaf and stem rust in the epiphytotic development of diseases in the Central Region of the Russian Federation, as well as in the North Caucasus and Western Siberia, and showed high resistance to these pathogens. Fourteen genotypes of spring wheat with group resistance to these diseases and parental forms that participated in the origin of the lines were evaluated for resistance to spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus) and tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) using isolates from Kazakhstan and Omsk in laboratory conditions. A highly resistant parental form of winter soft wheat from “Arsenal” collection 119/4-06rw (wheat-Ae. speltoides-rye hybrid 2n = 42) with group resistance to two spots, four medium-resistant genotypes to both isolates of tan spot from Kazakhstan and Omsk populations of the pathogen, as well as genotypes resistant to the Omsk isolate of P. triticirepentis (parental form 113/00i-4 and lines 1-16i, 6-16i, 9-16i) were isolated. Among the lines of winter wheat, four were identified with group resistance to spot blotch and tan spot. Additionally, the stress resistance of the lines to NaCl salinization and prolonged flooding of seeds with water was evaluated at the early stages of ontogenesis in laboratory conditions. Lines 33-16i, 37-16i, 32-16i and 9-16i showed a high ability to withstand excess moisture. Lines 33-16i, 37-16i, 32-16i and 3-16i were characterized by high salt tolerance, exceeding the average of 49.7 %. Among the winter genotypes, lines were identified with increased resistance to hypoxia (37-19w, 32-19w, 16-19w, 90-19w) and with increased salt tolerance (20-19w, 9-19w, 37-19w, 90-19w), significantly exceeding the standard cv. Moskovskaya 39. The listed lines are of interest as sources of resistance to anaerobic and salt stress, as well as donors of resistance to a group of fungal diseases: leaf and stem rust and tan spot. We attribute the increased level of resistance of the new initial material to the presence of alien translocations in the original parental forms involved in the origin of the lines.

Response of durum wheat lines to the cause agent of leaf rust Puccinia triticina

Аbstract. The response of 1262 durum wheat lines to the cause agent of leaf rust Puccinia triticina was studied. The investigation was carried under infection field conditions during 2013-2015 at Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute (DAI) – General Toshevo, Bulgaria. Over the years of investigation, a maximum high infection background was developed by the cause agent of the disease, including all pathogen pathotypes identified during this period. The race variability in the population of the pathogen during the period was determined at the Plant Pathology Laboratory of DAI according to a validated methodology for working with rusts. Seventy-one phenotypically different virulent pathotypes were established. Fifteen new races of P. triticina were also identified, which have not been present during the previous 15 years in Bulgaria. Seventeen lines and one cultivar with a certain degree of resistance to the pathogen were selected. The selected lines can be involved in the breeding programs for developing initial material with resistance to leaf rust P. triticina.

Mass Balance Analysis of Bioethanol Production from Petai Peel (Parkia speciosa) through Enzymatic Process

The consumption of fuel for transportation is increasing during the last decade. Bioethanol is one of the renewable energy has a good opportunity to be applied when the lack of fossil fuel. Bioethanol is derived from the lignocellulose substance through a fermentation process. In this research, the lignocellulose came from the petai peel (Parkia speciosa). The peel was hydrolyzed using an enzyme and continuously fermented for 5 days. The aim of this research is to analyst the mass balance of the bioethanol production from petai peel (Parkia speciosa) through the enzymatic process. The enzyme used in this research are alfa amylase (10 ml) and glucoamylase (10 ml), also Saccharomyces cerevisiae used in the fermentation process. The result shows that the initial material of petai peel was 57 grams will produce bioethanol around 14 grams.

A Numerical Study on the Optimization of the Material Pressure of the Feeding System

To solve the problem of high energy consumption caused by the large initial material pressure of the feeding system, the macroscopic and mesoscopic laws of the effect of the movement of the feeder on the material pressure were studied, and an optimization method of changing the initial position of the feeder to reduce the initial material pressure is proposed. First, the influence of the movement direction of the feeder on the material pressure was studied based on the discrete element method and verified by experiments. A single-factor experiment was designed to analyze the influence of particle size, material repose angle, and bin slope on material pressure, drawing the applicable conditions of the proposed method. On this basis, the influence of the movement state of the feeder on the change of material pressure during the descent process was studied. Then, the motion parameters of the selected feeder descending process were optimized by the response surface method. Finally, case analyses of the vibrating feeding system and the scraper feeding system were carried out. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) calculation results show that the movement of the feeder will cause different distributions and evolution of the force chain on the mesoscale, which will result in different changes in the macroscopic material pressure. The initial material pressure and the material resistance were reduced in the optimized feeding system.

Breeding of perennial forage crops for disease resistance

The creation of the initial breeding material of forage crops, promising in terms of disease resistance, is a difficult task that requires the solution of many related issues. Such studies should be carried out on artificial field infectious backgrounds. In FSC “VIK named after V.R. Williams” such backgrounds were created on the basis of data of long-term phytosanitary monitoring to identify the main diseases of forage crops. Techniques for creating field backgrounds and methods for laboratory assessment of resistance have been developed, which make it possible to reduce the number of samples evaluated against backgrounds, due to the rejection of susceptible to the disease. When evaluating 20 collection samples of meadow clover and awnless rump, 10 samples with increased disease resistance were identified. As a result of further breeding study of this material by methods of selection, self-pollination, cloning, promising biotypes in terms of disease resistance were obtained. On the basis of these biotypes, polycross populations of meadow clover and awnless rump were created. An assessment of the stability of these populations against artificial infectious backgrounds was carried out. In terms of resistance to fusarium, the polycross population of meadow clover exceeded the standard variety VIC 77 by 24%. The population of awnless rump exceeded the standard Fakelny cultivar by 21% on average over 2 years. A breeding program has been developed to create the initial material for meadow clover and awnless rump with increased disease resistance.

The research of the composition of mineral component of compact bone tissue after flow delipidation using the optic method

The results of the research of bone mineral component (BMC) composition using the Raman spectroscopy method are presented in the work. The subjects of the research were the groups of BMC samples made of compact bone tissue of cows using “Lyoplast”® technology where vacuum delipidation of initial material was replaced by the flow one by washing it out in hydrogen peroxide and ether. The solution filtration after bone tissue demineralization was used as additional treatment. The results of the experiment show that the flow delipidation can be used for preparing this biomaterial (BMC), which is cost-effective compared to standard vacuum cleaning and additional filtration stage can be rejected.

Selection of festulolium for the steppe conditions of the Central Black Earth region

In recent decades, a new fodder crop, festulolium, has become widespread in fodder production in Russia. (×Festulolium F. Aschers. et Graebn.).In this regard, an important task is the permanent creation of a line of varieties of festulolium, ensuring high efficiency of the use of this crop in various climatic and environmental conditions. Festulolium breeding has gained great importance in recent years as a means of combating climate change and increasing the efficiency of using perennial grasses to obtain high quality animal feed. The article presents material on the assessment of the initial material of festulolium in the steppe conditions of the Central Black Earth region. In recent years, 22 specimens have undergone a comprehensive assessment of festulolium in the collection and selection nurseries of the station. Of these, according to a complex of economically valuable traits, first of all - the productivity of green mass and seeds in arid conditions, 12 best were selected, which are further evaluated in order to create a new promising variety.

Water stress resistance of the new self-pollinated maize lines and hybrids

The directions of the economic use of maize are different, namely fodder, food, technical. Considering that maize belongs to mesophytes, the most harmful stress factor for it is drought. The breeding maize for drought tolerance is considered the most important direction for this crop. The purpose of the current paper was to present study results of the drought resistance of the initial material, namely the self-pollinated maize lines and hybrids. The study was carried out at the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”, located in the zone of insufficient moisture in 2018–2020. Drought tolerance was determined by the method of residual water deficit (RWD). As an initial material, there were used 24 self-pollinated maize lines and 50 test-cross hybrids. There have been identified the new drought-resistant middle-early and middle-ripening self-pollinated lines ‘KS 317 A’,’ KV 240’, ‘LSh 16’, ‘S 86’, ‘LSh 17’ and ‘LSh 2’, ‘SP 246 / 276-2’, ‘DS 498 / 203-4’, ‘DS 298 / 203-3’, ‘DS 257 / 85-0’, ‘SP 280-3’, ‘KB 373’, which had a low residual water deficit in the flowering phase (7.7–10.4%) and did not significantly increase it during the period from vegetation to milky-wax ripeness (up to 10,3–12.6%). The drought-resistant hybrids include ‘Stepnyak MV’, ‘GK 26 AM × DS 257 / 85-0’, ‘P 101 × Zp 498 A’, ‘KB 399 × S 232’, ‘GK 26 AM × KB 373’, ‘GK 26 AM × SP 246 / 276-2’, ‘C 204 × KS 318’. They were characterized by a low water deficit during the flowering period (7.4–10.4%) and its low increase (1.4–3.7%) during the growing season. Drought-resistant hybrids, as a rule, included drought-resistant lines. According to the results of the State Variety Testing, the new middle-ripening three-line maize hybrid ‘Stepnyak MV’ ((KB 262 M × KB 326 ZM) × KB 498 MV)), developed on the basis of the drought-resistant lines ‘KB 262 M’ and ‘KB 498 MV’, has been included into the State Register since 2019. The hybrid possessed a high grain yield (4.55 t/ha) in the dry years of 2018–2020. it was characterized by high values of the main economically valuable traits, such as high resistance to lodging (0.5% of lodged plants), high starch content in grain (72.0%), optimum grain moisture (14.0%) by the harvesting time.