scholarly journals Effect of surgical pleth index-guided analgesia versus conventional analgesia techniques on fentanyl consumption under multimodal analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized and controlled study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Guo ◽  
Weigang Zhu ◽  
Qinye Shi ◽  
Fangping Bao ◽  
Jianhong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Multimodal Analgesia ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Extubation Time ◽  
Fentanyl Consumption ◽  
Glucose Plasma

Abstract Background The Surgical Pleth Index (SPI) is an objective tool that can reflect nociception-antinociception balance and guide the use of intraoperative analgesics. Multimodal analgesia has been neglected in many previous studies. The aim of this study was to compare fentanyl consumption using SPI-guided analgesia versus conventional analgesia techniques under multimodal analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods A total of 80 patients aged 18–65 years with American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I-II and a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5 to 30 kg/m2 who were scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy under total intravenous anaesthesia from March 2020 to September 2020 were selected. Multimodal analgesia, including local infiltration of the surgical incision, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids, was adopted perioperatively. Fentanyl boluses of 1.0 µg/kg were administered to maintain the SPI value between 20 and 50 in the SPI group. By contrast, fentanyl boluses of 1.0 µg/kg were administered whenever the heart rate (HR) or mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased to 20 % above baseline or when the HR was greater than 90 beats per minute (bpm) in the control group. Preoperative and postoperative blood glucose, plasma cortisol and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were evaluated. Intraoperative haemodynamic events and propofol and fentanyl doses were noted. The extubation time, postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score, use of remedial analgesics and opioid-related adverse reactions were recorded. Results In total, 18 of 80 patients withdrew for various reasons, and data from 62 patients were finally analysed. Intraoperative fentanyl consumption was significantly lower in the SPI group than in the control group (177.1 ± 65.9 vs. 213.5 ± 47.5, P = 0.016). The postoperative extubation time was shorter in the SPI group than in the control group (16.1 ± 5.2 vs. 22.1 ± 6.3, P < 0.001). Preoperative and postoperative blood glucose, plasma cortisol and IL-6 levels, intraoperative haemodynamic changes, postoperative VAS scores, remedial analgesic consumption and opioid-related adverse reactions were comparable in the two groups. Conclusions Lower doses of fentanyl are required intraoperatively with shorter extubation times when SPI is used to guide intraoperative analgesia compared to conventional analgesia techniques under multimodal analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Trial registration Chictr.org.cn ChiCTR2000030145. Retrospectively Registered (Date of registration: February 24, 2020).

scholarly journals Insulin Glargine and Acarbose in the treatment of elderly patients with diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Li ◽  
Jinzhi Ji ◽  
Fuyan Liu ◽  
Lingling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Insulin Glargine ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Observation Group ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of insulin glargine combined with acarbose in the treatment of elderly patients with diabetes. Methods: One hundred and forty-four elderly patients with diabetes who received treatment between December 2016 and December 2017 in Binzhou People’s Hospital, China, were selected and divided into a control group and an observation group, 72 each, using random number table. The control group was treated with insulin glargine, while the observation group was treated with insulin glargine combined with acarbose. The therapeutic effect, improvement of quality of life and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results: After treatment, fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2h postprandial blood glucose (PBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb Alc) of the two groups were lower than those before treatment, and the decrease degree of the observation group was significantly larger than that of the control group (P<0.05). The time needed for blood glucose reaching the standard level and daily insulin dosage of the observation group were significantly lower than that of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). SF-36 scale score of the observation group was significantly better than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: The combination of insulin Glargine and Acarbose can significantly control the blood glucose level of elderly patients with diabetes, improve the biochemical indicators, and enhance the quality of life. It is worth promotion in clinical practice. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.3.86 How to cite this:Li J, Ji J, Liu F, Wang L. Insulin Glargine and Acarbose in the treatment of elderly patients with diabetes. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(3):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.3.86 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals Effect of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Control on Myocardial Contractile Function in Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-438
Author(s):  
Bassem M. Alsawy ◽  
Magdi A. El-Damarawi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Myocardial Performance ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Glucose Plasma

AIM: This work was done to study the effect of both types of diabetes mellitus (DM) on myocardial contractility in rats. Also, we investigated the role of treatment of DM with insulin and rosiglitazone (used as treatment for type 1 and type 2 DM respectively) in improvement of myocardial dysfunction in diabetic rats.METHODS: The study included 50 male Wistar albino rats, divided into 5 groups: control (group I), streptozotocin induced type 1 DM (group II), fructose induced type 2 DM (group III), insulin treated type 1 diabetic rats (group IV) and rosiglitazone treated type 2 diabetic rats (group V). At the end of the study, retro-orbital blood samples were withdrawn and blood glucose, plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and thyroid hormones levels were measured. Rats were then anesthetized and their hearts were excised and connected to Langendorff apparatus to perform mechanical cardiac performance tests including heart rate (HR), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and maximum rate of pressure rise (+dp/dt).RESULTS: Data of the study showed that relative to control group, there was significant increase in blood glucose, plasma TG and TC levels while, thyroid hormones and myocardial performance parameters showed significant decrease in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats. Treatment of type 1 diabetic rats with insulin and type 2 with rosiglitazone resulted in significant decrease in blood glucose, plasma TG and TC levels associated with significant improvement in thyroid hormones and myocardial performance parameters. The results also showed that insulin treatment of type 1 was more effective in ameliorating all parameters than treatment of type 2 by rosiglitazone.CONCLUSION: We concluded that the induction of both types of diabetes resulted in decreased myocardial performance parameters. The  treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes by insulin and oral rosiglitazone respectively improved to a great extent the altered metabolism and  mechanical myocardial parameters, with more improving effect of  insulin in type 1 than rosiglitazone in type 2 DM.

scholarly journals Curative effect of Omeprazole under different treatment courses in treatment of children with PU and HP infection and its influence on inflammatory factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaohui Zhang ◽  
Yuan-da Zhang ◽  
Qing-wei Dong ◽  
Fang Gu
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Eradication Rate ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Observation Group ◽  
Curative Effect

Objective: To compare curative effect and safety of omeprazole under different treatment courses in treatment of children with peptic ulcer (PU, diameter ≤1.0cm) and helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and its influence on inflammatory cytokines. Methods: The study was a randomized controlled study and conducted at Baoding children’s hospital from June 2015 to June 2018. In this study 100 PU children with positive HP were chosen and classified into two groups at random. The 58 cases in the observation group were given omeprazole + amoxicillin + clarithromycin, and the antibiotics were not used two weeks later. Then, omeprazole was used to treat for two weeks. 42 cases in the control group were given omeprazole + amoxicillin + clarithromycin for two weeks. Curative effect, HP eradication rate, clinical symptoms, incidence of adverse reactions, level of serum inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and level of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) in two groups were compared. Results: Total effective rate, HP eradication rate and clinical symptom relief of observation group were better than those of control group, and the differences showed statistical significance (P<0.05). The differences of two groups in the incidence of adverse reactions had no statistical significance (P<0.05). Serum IL-6 level and TNF-a level of observation group were significantly lower than those of control group and before the treatment, and the differences had statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion: The application of omeprazole in treatment of PU patients with positive HP for four weeks can significantly improve PU cure rate and HP eradication rate, relieve clinical symptoms and reduce inflammatory response, so it deserves to be promoted clinically. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.3048 How to cite this:Zhang S, Zhang Y, Dong Q, Gu F. Curative effect of Omeprazole under different treatment courses in treatment of children with PU and HP infection and its influence on inflammatory factors. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(7):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.3048 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Assessment of Effect of Port Site and Intraperitoneal Instillation of Bupivacaine in Reduction of Post-Operative Pain After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nippun Roy
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Pain Assessment ◽  
Pain Control ◽  
Port Site ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Local Infiltration ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Post Operative Pain ◽  
Intraperitoneal Instillation

Aim: Effective postoperative pain control is an essential component for care of surgical patients. Inadequate pain control may result in increased morbidity or mortality. Analgesic effects of periportal infiltration of local anesthetics, infiltration of periportal parietal peritoneum, intraperitoneal spraying at subdiaphragmatic space and subhepatic space covering the area of hepatoduodenal ligament have been reported. The present controlled study aimed at assessing the effect of port site injection and intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine in reduction of post-operative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: The present study was conducted among a group of 180 patients diagnosed to have symptomatic cholelithiasis and who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. In group 1, pre-incisional local infiltration of 20ml 0.5% bupivacaine at the port sites; and in group 2, local infiltration of 20ml 0.5% bupivacaine at the port sites with intraperitonial installation. In group 3, no local infiltration was done and treated as control group. Pain assessment is based on a Universal Pain Assessment Tool. Analysis of our study was performed one-way ANOVA & Post HOC test (Scheffe's HSD) & Chi square tests as and when indicated. Results: Mean pain scores at 30 minutes were significantly lower in groups 1 & 2 compared to control group; but however, the values were not significantly different when compared to each other. Similarly, the mean pain scores at 4th, 8th, 16th and 24th hours for the preincisional and preclosure groups, didn't signify any inter-group advantage. Therefore, bupivacaine provides a substantial reduction of pain intensity up to 24 hours postoperatively; and was found to be statistically significant. However, timing of anesthesia was found to be statistically insignificant in terms of preclosure vs pre incisional of the port sites. Conclusion: Instillation of bupivacaine at the port sites in laparoscopic cholecystectomy irrespective of the timing of instillation is an effective method of achieving pain control in the post-operative period as long as 24 hours after surgery. There was no statistically significant reduction of post-operative pain between the pre-incisional and pre-closure groups.

Plasma 11b,17a,21-Trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione as Blood Biomarker Assay. A controlled study

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 3515-3517
Author(s):  
Edwin Sever Bechir ◽  
Mihaela Jana Tuculina ◽  
Mara Carsote ◽  
Ionela Teodora Dascalu ◽  
Mihaela Raescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Mass ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Glycated Haemoglobin ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Haemoglobin A1c ◽  
Blood Biomarker ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Adrenal Masses

11b,17a,21-Trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione or cortisol (C21H30O5) represents the product of adrenal glands and in humans its assessment is a useful tool for evaluation of glucocorticoid axes. Our purpose is to evaluate the profile of morning plasma cortisol/ACTH/ionogram in menopausal women with non-functioning adrenal tumours. A controlled study of 193 menopausal women found that BMI is statistically significant higher versus control in subjects with unilateral, respective bilateral adrenal non-secretor tumours. Baseline C21H30O5 is similar between the groups while ACTH is decreased when compare with control group indicating a potential persistent cortisol tumour-related exposure. Glycated haemoglobin A1c is increased in group with single adrenal mass (versus control) while serum sodium is higher in group with double adrenal masses (versus control).

scholarly journals Is Infusion of Subhypnotic Propofol as Effective as Dexamethasone in Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Related to Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy? A Randomized Controlled Trial

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mine Celik ◽  
Aysenur Dostbil ◽  
Mehmet Aksoy ◽  
Ilker Ince ◽  
Ali Ahiskalioglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Postoperative Nausea ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Postoperative Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group D

Background. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of common complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of subhypnotic (1 mg/kg/h) infusion of propofol with dexamethasone on PONV in patients undergoing LC.Methods. A total of 120 patients were included in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients were randomly assigned to 3 groups; patients of group dexamethasone (group D) were administrated 8 mg dexamethasone before induction of anesthesia, patients of group propofol (group P) were infused to subhypnotic (1 mg/kg/h) propofol during operation and patients of group control (group C) were applied infusion of 10% intralipid. The incidence of PONV and needs for rescue analgesic and antiemetic were recorded in the first 24 h postoperatively.Results. In the 0–24 h, the incidence of PONV was significantly lower in the group D and group P compared with the group C (37.5%, 40%, and 72.5%, resp.). There was no significant difference in the incidence of PONV and use of antiemetics and analgesic between group D and group P.Conclusion. We concluded that infusion of propofol 1 mg/kg/h is as effective as dexamethasone for the prevention of PONV during the first 24 hours after anesthesia in patients undergoing LC.

scholarly journals Comparative study of analgesia nociception index (ANI) vs. standard pharmacokinetic pattern for guiding intraoperative fentanyl administration among mastectomy patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirirat Tribuddharat ◽  
Thepakorn Sathitkarnmanee ◽  
Pornlada Sukhong ◽  
Maneerat Thananun ◽  
Parinda Promkhote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Difference ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Postanesthesia Care Unit ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Loading Dose ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Sedation Scores ◽  
Fentanyl Consumption ◽  
Fentanyl Administration

Abstract Background The Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI) has been suggested as a non-invasive guide for analgesia. Our objective was to compare the efficacy of ANI vs. standard pharmacokinetic pattern for guiding intraoperative fentanyl administration. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, controlled study of adult female patients undergoing elective mastectomy under general anesthesia. The patients were randomized to the ANI-guided group receiving a loading dose of 75 μg of fentanyl followed by 25 μg when the ANI score was under 50. The Control group received the same loading dose followed by 25 μg every 30 min with additional doses when there were signs of inadequate analgesia (viz., tachycardia or hypertension). Results Sixty patients—30 in each group—were recruited. Although the actual mean ANI score was higher in the ANI-guided than in the Control group (mean difference 2.2; 95% CI: 0.3 to 4.0, P = 0.022), there was no difference in the primary outcome—i.e., intraoperative fentanyl consumption (mean difference − 4.2 μg; 95% CI: − 24.7 to 16.4, P = 0.686 and − 0.14 μg·kg− 1·h− 1; 95% CI: − 0.31 to 0.03, P = 0.105). No difference between groups was shown for either intraoperative blood pressure and heart rate, or for postoperative outcomes (i.e., pain scores, morphine consumption, or sedation scores) in the postanesthesia care unit. Conclusions Intraoperative fentanyl administration guided by ANI was equivalent to that guided by a modified pharmacologic pattern. In a surgical model of mastectomy, the ANI-guided intraoperative administration of fentanyl had no impact on clinical outcomes. Trial registration The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03716453) on 21/10/2018.

scholarly journals Effects of Golden Sea Cucumber Extract (Stichopus Hermanii) on Fasting Blood Glucose, Plasma Insulin, and MDA Level of Male Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Induced with Streptozotocin

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Dita Sukmaya Prawitasari ◽  
Indri Safitri ◽  
Harianto Notopuro
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Glucose Plasma

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of disease that its incidence increases every year worldwide. The condition of DM can cause various complications caused by oxidative stress. Stichopus hermanii (SH) or golden sea cucumber extract contains antioxidant compounds that have been proven to reduce oxidative stress conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Stichopus hermanii extract on condition of diabetes mellitus by looking at changes in fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, and malondialdehyde levels in animal models of Wistar rats. This study was a laboratory experimental study using Randomized Control Trial Design with Post-test only control group design. Thirty-five male Wistar rats divided into five groups, i.e normal control group, positive control, negative control and two treatment groups with SH extract dose 8.5 and 17 mg / kgBW for 14 days once daily after induction of Streptozotocin at the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University. Fasting blood glucose level was measured by a glucometer, plasma insulin measured by ELISA and MDA level was measured by a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed statistically by using One Way ANOVA test and Kruskal Wallis. There were significant results of SH extract can reduce fasting blood glucose (Kruskal Wallis, p=0.030) and MDA (Kruskal Wallis, p=0.042) but not in plasma insulin (ANOVA, p=0.130). The lowest MDA level occurs in the K4 group that given SH extract dose 17 mg/kg BW than another experimental group. As the conclusion, this study showed SH extract can decrease fasting blood glucose and oxidative stress in diabetic-induced rats.

scholarly journals A controlled study on efficacy and egg reappearance period of Ivermectin in donkeys naturally infected with small strongyles

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170
Author(s):  
R. A. Papini ◽  
C. Orsetti ◽  
M. Sgorbini
Keyword(s):  
Dose Rate ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
The Mean

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy and the egg reappearance period (ERP) of ivermectin (IVM) in donkeys during a 13-week period. The study involved a total of 14 adult Amiata breed donkeys, 7 – 13 years of age, and naturally infected with small strongyles. A group of 10 donkeys was treated with IVM oral paste at a dose rate of 200 mcg/kg BW. Another group of 4 donkeys was kept as untreated control group. Faecal samples were collected and examined for strongyle eggs on day 0 before treatment. IVM efficacy was based on the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) on day 14 post-treatment. Then individual faecal samples were collected and examined by FECRT at weekly intervals. A FECRT of 100 % was found after treatment with IVM and its ERP, defined as the week when the mean FECRT decreased until to become lower than 90 %efficacy, was estimated to be 11 weeks without signs of developing anthelmintic resistance. No adverse reactions were observed during the study period. Our findings may be useful to veterinary practitioners and breeders as they show that IVM, at the recommended dose rate, can be still considered a highly effective and safe pharmacological tool for the treatment of small strongyles in donkeys. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that all possible strategies are undertaken to avoid the risk of emergence of anthelmintic resistance to IVM in donkeys.

scholarly journals Intraoperative Dexmedetomidine Maintains Hemodynamic Stability and Hastens Postoperative Recovery in Patients Undergoing Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 599-605
Author(s):  
Renu Bala ◽  
Arvind Chaturvedi ◽  
Mihir Prakash Pandia ◽  
Parmod K Bithal
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Surgery ◽  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Emergence Time ◽  
Hemodynamic Stability ◽  
Suprasellar Region ◽  
Extubation Time ◽  
Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery ◽  
Group D

Abstract BackgroundTranssphenoidal resection of pituitary tumors is the neurosurgical procedure of choice to excise most of the tumors of the sellar/suprasellar region. The main goals of anesthesia are maintenance of hemodynamic stability, provision of conditions that facilitate good surgical exposure, and a prompt and smooth emergence to allow neurological and visual assessment. Dexmedetomidine (Dex), a selective α-2 agonist, is known to maintain cardiovascular stability and anxiolysis and provide pain relief. Therefore, we hypothesized that intraoperative Dex will attenuate hemodynamic response to nasal speculum (NS) insertion, decrease analgesic requirement, and hasten postoperative recovery. Materials and MethodsThis prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 60 adult patients of either sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists status I or II undergoing elective pituitary surgery for excision of pituitary adenoma. Randomization was done into two groups; Group D (n = 30) received Dex bolus 1 μg/kg over 10 minutes, followed by 0.5 μg/kg/h, and group control Group C (n = 30) received normal saline (0.9%) in a similar manner. A standard anesthesia technique comprising fentanyl, propofol, rocuronium, sevoflurane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen was used. Intraoperative monitoring was uniform and standardized in all the patients; cardiovascular perturbations, if any, were noted and managed appropriately. After completion of surgery, tracheal extubation was performed, and emergence time, extubation time, modified Aldrete score, sedation, pain, time for first analgesic, nausea, vomiting, and shivering were recorded. ResultsIn both the groups, an increase in heart rate and blood pressure occurred at the time of laryngoscopy and intubation, NS insertion, and extubation, but it was more in Group C (p < 0.05). In Group D, intraoperative requirement of analgesic, neuromuscular relaxant, and inhalational anesthetic was lesser compared with Group C. Emergence time as well as visual analog scale at emergence was less in Group D. ConclusionsIntraoperative Dex infusion is a reasonable choice in patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.

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