The urban–rural differential in the association between household wealth index and anemia among women in reproductive age in Ethiopia, 2016

Abstract Background Anemia is more prevalent among women, and it is a moderate public health problem in Ethiopia. The wealth status and place of residence of a woman have implications on the intervention of anemia. Studies that examined the relationship between women’s wealth index status and residency in Ethiopia are scarce. We aimed to identify the urban–rural differential in the association between household wealth index and anemia among women of childbearing age in Ethiopia. Method A cross-sectional design was employed with a nationally representative sample of 14,100 women aged 15–49-year-old from the Ethiopian demographic and health survey conducted in 2016. We used the two-stage sampling method to select the sample size. The primary outcome was anemia in women of childbearing age. A hemoglobin level of below 11 g/dl for pregnant women and 12 g/dl for non-pregnant women was the indicator of anemia. Using a three-level random intercept model to explore associated factors at the individual and household levels quantified the observed and unobserved variations between household wealth index and residence on anemia. Results Women belonging to a lower household wealth index category were more anemic (29.6%) than those middle and above wealth index categories. Women who lived in rural areas (25.5%) were prone to anemia than those who lived in urban areas (17.5%). The odds of anemia were significantly higher in women of the low household wealth category who living in rural compared to women of the middle and above household wealth category who living in urban (AOR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.14–1.65, P < 0.001). Conclusion In this study, anemia is more common among women who live in rural with the low house wealth category. Therefore, novel public health interventions should target women who live in rural areas with the lowest household wealth status.

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Urban -Rural Differential in the Association Between Household Wealth Index and Anemia Among Women in Reproductive Age in Ethiopia, 2016.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-110045/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sefealem Assefa ◽

Dessalegn Demeke ◽

Mekuriaw Mesfine ◽

Biruk Getahun ◽

Adela Alemu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Women Of Childbearing Age ◽

Place Of Residence ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Wealth Status ◽

Urban Rural

Abstract Background: Anemia is more prevalent among women, and it is a moderate public health problem in Ethiopia. The wealth status and place of residence of a woman have implications on the intervention of anemia. Studies that examined the relationship between women’s wealth index status and place of residency in Ethiopia are scarce. We aimed to identify the urban-rural differential in the association between household wealth index and anemia among women of childbearing age in Ethiopia. Method: A cross-sectional design was employed with nationally representative sample of 14100 women aged 15–49-year-old from the Ethiopian demographic and health survey conducted in 2016. Samples were selected by the two-stage clustering sampling method. The primary outcome was anemia in women of childbearing age. A hemoglobin level of below 11 g/dl for pregnant women and 12 g/dl for non-pregnant women was used as the indicator of anemia. Using a three-level random intercept model to explored associated factors at individual and household levels quantified the observed and unobserved variations between households’ wealth index and place of residence. Results: Women of low household wealth index category were anemic (29.6%) than those middle and rich wealth index categories. Women who live in rural areas were (25.5%) were anemic than those who live in urban. The odds of anemia were significantly higher in women of low household wealth category, compared to women of high household wealth category (AOR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.14–1.65, P < 0.001). This is not true for women to live in urban residency. Conclusion: Since the driver of anemia in this study is the palace of residency affecting women of reproductive age groups, novel public health interventions should consider urban residency those women with the lowest household wealth status.

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Spatial distribution and determinants of iron supplementation among reproductive age women in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-27876/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chilot Desta Agegnehu ◽

Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema ◽

Achamyeleh Birhanu Teshale ◽

Adugnaw Zeleke Alem ◽

Yigizie Yeshaw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Spatial Analysis ◽

Iron Supplementation ◽

Community Education ◽

Media Exposure ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Reproductive Age Women

Abstract Background: Anemia remains a global public health problem. Despite WHO recommended all pregnant women to have iron supplementation, nearly 50% of maternal anemia in SSA was occurred due to lack of iron supplementation during pregnancy. Maternal anemia is associated with an increased risk of maternal death, obstetric complications, preterm birth, and low birth weight. There is limited evidence on the spatial pattern and determinants of iron supplementation using spatial and multilevel analysis methods. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the spatial pattern, and determinants of iron supplementation in Ethiopia. Methods: We used Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey in 2016 data explore the spatial distribution and associated factors of iron supplementation among women in Ethiopia. A weighted sample of 7589 women were included in the analysis. Bernoulli model was used to explore the purely spatial clusters of pregnant women using SaTScan version 9.6 and ArcGIS version10.3. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was fitted to identify significant individual and community level determinants of iron supplementation. Results: Spatial analysis revealed that there was significant spatial variation of iron supplementation among reproductive age women in Ethiopia with Global Moran’s index value of 0.3 (p <0.001). The primary cluster was in Southwest Somali and Central part of the Oromia region ((LLR=66.69, P<0.001, RR=1.35). ANC visit (AOR= 3.66, 95%CI: 3.21, 417), community education [AOR= 1.31, 95%CI, 1.07, 1.59), media exposure (AOR=1.33, 95%CI: 1.15, 1.53), distance to health facility (AOR=1.32, 95%CI: 1.16, 1.50), region and household wealth index were significantly associated with iron supplementation among women in Ethiopia. Conclusion: The spatial distribution of iron supplementation among reproductive age women were significantly varied across the country with significant hotspot areas located in the Southwest Somali and Central Oromia regions. Besides, ANC visit, region, household wealth index, media exposure, distance to the health facility, and community education were significant determinants of iron supplementation among reproductive age women. Therefore, the finding of this study could help to design effective public health interventions targeting areas low iron supplementation and maternal health services should be delivered in all areas of our country. Keywords : Iron supplementation, spatial analysis, women, Ethiopia

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Malaria in children and women of childbearing age: prevalence and knowledge in the province of Nyanga, Gabon

10.21203/rs.2.22550/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Roméo Karl IMBOUMY-LIMOUKOU ◽

Sydney MAGHENDJI-NZONDO ◽

Pater Noster SIR-ONDO-ENGUIER ◽

Julie Niemczura ◽

Nathalie Pernelle TSAFACK TEGOMO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Malaria Infection ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Malaria Prevention ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Women Of Childbearing Age ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Plasmodial Infection

Abstract Background: There is little information on the social perception of malaria and the use of preventative measures in Gabon, especially in rural areas. Adequate knowledge of malaria prevention and control can help in reducing the burden of malaria among vulnerable groups, particularly pregnant women and children aged under 5 years old living in malaria endemic settings. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of malaria and the knowledge and attitude towards this disease in households in the Nyanga Province. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess malaria knowledge, prevention practices and prevalence of the infection in five departments of the Nyanga Province. Malaria infection was confirmed using rapid diagnostic tests. A questionnaire was administered randomly to 535 households during a two weeks period in March 2018. Overall, the respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge on malaria, malaria prevention practices and malaria prevalence were evaluated and compared across the five departments. Results: Data was collected on 1,307 participants were included in this study, 631 women of childbearing age (including 61 pregnant women) and 676 children. Practically the entire (97.7%) interviewed population had already heard about malaria and attributed the cause of malaria to a mosquito bite (95.7%). This survey revealed that the bed net coverage rate was 73.3%. The study observed an average malaria parasite prevalence of 13.9%. All departments of Nyanga province had significant level of malaria infection except for the Mayumba department where no plasmodial infection was found. The overall prevalence of the plasmodial infection was significantly higher in children and pregnant women compared to adults in the cities of Tchibanga and Moabi. Conclusion: Malaria is highly prevalent in the province of Nyanga. Our findings show that children under five and pregnant women are more vulnerable to malaria in this area of the country. This study reveals that respondents have a high knowledge of mode of transmission, malaria symptoms and preventive measures. Despite this high level of knowledge of the disease and its preventive measures, the incidence of malaria remains relatively high in this rural community highlighting the need for continuous strategic interventions particularly health awareness and educational programs

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Seroprevalence of Varicella in Pregnant Women and Newborns in a Region of Colombia

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines10010052 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 52

Author(s):

Viviana Lenis-Ballesteros ◽

Jesús Ochoa ◽

Doracelly Hincapié-Palacio ◽

Alba León-Álvarez ◽

Felipe Vargas-Restrepo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Generalized Linear Models ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Linear Models ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Women Of Childbearing Age ◽

Serological Study ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Varicella Zoster ◽

Preconception Consultation

We estimate the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to varicella zoster virus (VZV) based on the first serological study in a cohort of pregnant women and newborns from the Aburrá Valley (Antioquia-Colombia) who attended delivery in eight randomly chosen hospitals. An indirect enzyme immunoassay was used to determine anti-VZV IgG antibodies. Generalized linear models were constructed to identify variables that modify seropositivity. In pregnant women, seropositivity was 85.8% (95% CI: 83.4–85.9), seronegativity was 12.6% (95% CI: 10.8–14.6), and concordance with umbilical cord titers was 90.0% (95% CI: 89–91). The seropositivity of pregnant women was lower in those who lived in rural areas (IRR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.7), belonged to the high socioeconomic status (IRR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.7), and had studied 11 years or more (IRR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4–0.8). Among newborns, seropositivity was lower in those who weighed less than 3000 g (IRR: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.6–1.0). The high seropositivity and seronegativity pattern indicates the urgent need to design preconception consultation and vaccination reinforcement for women of childbearing age according to their sociodemographic conditions, to prevent infection and complications in the mother and newborn.

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Association between household environmental conditions and nutritional status of women of childbearing age in Nigeria

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0243356 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. e0243356

Author(s):

Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo ◽

Ayo Stephen Adebowale ◽

Taiwo Akinyode Obembe ◽

Elizabeth Omoladun Oloruntoba

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Maternal Nutrition ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Women Of Childbearing Age ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Wealth Status ◽

Environmental Interventions ◽

Maternal Undernutrition ◽

Status Of Women

Maternal undernutrition remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. Yet, most interventional programmes are focused on infant and child nutrition outcomes and not on maternal nutrition‐related outcomes. Evidence suggests that the integration of household environmental interventions into nutrition actions can make a difference in reducing the burden of maternal undernutrition. This study examined the influence of household environmental conditions (HHEC) on the nutritional status of women of childbearing age in Nigeria using secondary data from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. The original sample of 38,948 women age 15–49 years was selected using multi-stage probability sampling. The sample for the current analysis was 23,344 after exclusion of women due to health status or provision of incomplete information. The dependent and main independent variables were undernutrition (defined as Body Mass Index below 18.5) and HHEC (generated from cooking fuel, toilet type, source of drinking water, and housing materials) respectively. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and logistic regression model at 5% level of significance. The prevalence of undernutrition among women living in houses with unimproved and improved HHEC was 17.2% and 7.2% respectively. The adjusted odds of undernutrition was significantly higher among women who lived in houses with unimproved HHEC (aOR = 2.02, C.I = 1.37–2.97, p <0.001). The odds of undernutrition are greater in young women (aOR = 2.38, C.I. = 1.88–3.00, p <0.001) compared to older, and those of lower wealth status (aOR = 2.14, CI = 1.69–2.71, p <0.001) compared to higher. Other predictors of undernutrition in women of reproductive age in Nigeria include the level of education, marital status, and working status. Living in a house with unimproved environmental conditions is a predictor of undernutrition in women. The integration of environmental and nutrition programmes could assist in addressing this burden in Nigeria.

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Malaria in children and women of childbearing age: prevalence and knowledge in the province of Nyanga, Gabon

10.21203/rs.2.22550/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Roméo Karl IMBOUMY-LIMOUKOU ◽

Sydney MAGHENDJI-NZONDO ◽

Pater Noster SIR-ONDO-ENGUIER ◽

Nathalie Pernelle TSAFACK TEGOMO ◽

Alain Prince OKOUGA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Malaria Infection ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Malaria Prevention ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Women Of Childbearing Age ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Plasmodial Infection

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Malnutrition prevalence among children and women of reproductive age in Mexico by wealth, education level, urban/rural area and indigenous ethnicity

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019004725 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (S1) ◽

pp. s77-s88

Author(s):

Carolina Batis ◽

Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez ◽

Bárbara I Estrada-Velasco ◽

Juan Rivera

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Short Stature ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Education Level ◽

Excess Weight ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Urban Rural

AbstractObjective:To compare the prevalence of malnutrition (undernutrition and excess weight) by wealth, education level, ethnicity and urban/rural areas in Mexican children and women of reproductive age.Design:We compared the prevalence of overweight, obesity, wasting/underweight, stunting/short stature and anaemia by socioeconomic and ethnic indicators. For each indicator, we estimated prevalence ratios (PR) adjusted by all other socioeconomic and ethnic indicators. We analysed if results differed by urban/rural areas.Setting:Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012.Participants:Children <5 years, non-pregnant women 11–19 years and non-pregnant women 20–49 years (n 33 244).Results:In most age groups, belonging to non-indigenous households, with high wealth, high education and in urban areas were inversely associated with stunting or short stature (PR ranging from 0·40 to 0·83), and wealth and education were inversely associated with anaemia (PR ranging from 0·53 to 0·78). The prevalence of overweight was similar across subgroups among children <5 years; however, among women 11–19 years, wealth, non-indigenous household and urban areas were positively associated (PR ranging from 1·16 to 1·33); and among women 20–49 years, education was inversely associated (PR 0·83).Conclusions:Socially disadvantaged populations have a higher prevalence of undernutrition, whereas the prevalence of excess weight is either equal (children <5 years), slightly lower (women 11–19 years) or even higher (women 20–49 years) with lower education. These results highlight the need for specific actions to address social inequalities in malnutrition in the Mexican population.

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Urban-rural disparities of antenatal care in South East Asia: a case study in the Philippines and Indonesia

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11318-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ratna Dwi Wulandari ◽

Agung Dwi Laksono ◽

Nikmatur Rohmah

Keyword(s):

Antenatal Care ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

The Philippines ◽

Wealth Status ◽

Urban Rural ◽

The Government ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background The government is obliged to guarantee equal access to antenatal care (ANC) between urban and rural areas. This study aimed to analyze urban-rural disparities in ≥4 ANC visits during pregnancy in the Philippines and Indonesia. Methods The study processed data from the 2017 PDHS and the 2017 IDHS. The analysis unit was women aged 15–49 years old who had given birth in the last 5 years. The weighted sample size was 7992 respondents in the Philippines and 14,568 respondents in Indonesia. Apart from ANC as the dependent variable, other variables analyzed were residence, age, husband/partner, education, parity, and wealth. Determination of urban-rural disparities using binary logistic regression. Results The results show that women in the urban Philippines are 0.932 times more likely than women in the rural Philippines to make ≥4 ANC visits. On the other side, women in urban Indonesia are more likely 1.255 times than women in rural Indonesia to make ≥4 ANC visits. Apart from the type of residence place (urban-rural), five other tested multivariate variables also proved significant contributions to ANC’s use in both countries, i.e., age, have a husband/partner, education, parity, and wealth status. Conclusions The study concluded that disparities exist between urban and rural areas utilizing ANC in the Philippines and Indonesia. Pregnant women in the rural Philippines have a better chance of making ≥4 ANC visits. Meanwhile, pregnant women in urban Indonesia have a better chance of making ≥4 ANC visits.

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Number of Antenatal Care Utilization and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: Zero-Inflated Poisson Regression of 2019 Intermediate Ethiopian Demography Health Survey.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-970879/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mastewal Arefaynie ◽

Bereket Kefale ◽

Melaku Yalew ◽

Bezawit Adane ◽

Reta Dewau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antenatal Care ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Poisson Regression ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Care Utilization ◽

Wealth Status ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Antenatal Care Utilization

Abstract Background The frequency of antenatal care enhances the effectiveness of the program to reduce maternal and child mortality and morbidity. The aim of the study was to determine the number of antenatal care and associated factors in Ethiopia by using 2019 intermediate EDHS. Methods Secondary data analysis was done on 2019 intermediate EDHS. A total of 3,916.6 weighted pregnant women were included in the analysis. Zero-inflated Poisson regression analysis was done by Stata version 14.0. Incident rate ratio and odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval were used to show the strength and direction of the association. Result About one thousand six hundred eighty eight (43.11%) women were attending four and more antenatal care during current pregnancy. Attending primary education (IRR= 1.115, 95% CI: 1.061, 1.172), secondary education (IRR=1.211, 95% CI: 1.131, 1.297) and higher education (IRR=1.274, 95% CI: 1.177, 1.378), reside in poorer household wealth index (IRR= 1.074, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.152), middle household wealth index (IRR= 1.095, 95% CI: 1.018, 1.178), rich household wealth index (IRR=1.129, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.212) and richer household wealth index (IRR=1.186, 95% CI: 1.089, 1.29) increases the number of antenatal care utilization. The frequency of antenatal care was less likely become zero among women attending primary (AOR=0.434, 95% CI: 0.346, 0.545), secondary (AOR=0.113, 95% CI: 0.053, 0.24), higher educational level (AOR=0.052, 95% CI: 0.007, 0.367) in the inflated part. Conclusion The number of antenatal care utilization is low in Ethiopia. Being rural, poorest household index, uneducated and single were factors associated with low number of antenatal care and not attending antenatal care at all. Improving the educational coverage and wealth status of women is important to increase coverage of antenatal care.

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ASSOCIATION OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS WITH DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN LESS THAN FIVE YEARS: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE INDICATOR CLUSTER SURVEY SINDH 2014

Pakistan Journal of Public Health ◽

10.32413/pjph.v7i2.39 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 85-89

Author(s):

Muhammad Irfan ◽

Syed Mustansir Hussain Zaidi ◽

Hira Fatima Waseem

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Cluster Survey ◽

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Multiple Indicator ◽

Mother Education ◽

Socio Demographic Factors

Background: Diarrhea founds to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children less than five years. Various factors are associated with diarrhea but socio-demographic factors are the main key elements, which associated with diarrhea. Methods: This study was examined association of socio-demographic factors with diarrhea in children less than five years of age of Sindh, Pakistan, using data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted from January 2014 to August 2014. Data were collected for 18,108 children in whom 16,449 children had complete data of demographic variables being included in the analysis. Bivariate analysis was done using Pearson's Chi square test and multivariate analysis being done using binary logistic regression. Results: We found increased risk of diarrhea among children lives in rural areas while household wealth index quintile was also associated with diarrhea. Children in the poor, middle and fourth wealth index quintiles being at increased risk of diarrhea compared to children in the richest wealth index quintile. The highest risk of diarrhea was found for the child having mother with no education as well as children aged 12-23 months. Conclusion: Age of child, mother education and wealth index found significant with diarrhea while Male children, child aged 12-23 months, child with no mother education, child from rural areas and child from poor households found with high risk of diarrhea.

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