scholarly journals Cultures and cures: neurodiversity and brain organoids

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Barnhart ◽  
Kris Dierickx
Keyword(s):  
Medical Model ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Social Model Of Disability ◽  
Inclusive Approach ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Brain Organoid ◽  
Initial Starting

Abstract Background Research with cerebral organoids is beginning to make significant progress in understanding the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Brain organoid models can be grown from the cells of donors with ASD. Researchers can explore the genetic, developmental, and other factors that may give rise to the varieties of autism. Researchers could study all of these factors together with brain organoids grown from cells originating from ASD individuals. This makes brain organoids unique from other forms of ASD research. They are like a multi-tool, one with significant versatility for the scope of ASD research and clinical applications. There is hope that brain organoids could one day be used for precision medicine, like developing tailored ASD drug treatments. Main body Brain organoid researchers often incorporate the medical model of disability when researching the origins of ASD, especially when the research has the specific aim of potentially finding tailored clinical treatments for ASD individuals. The neurodiversity movement—a developmental disability movement and paradigm that understands autism as a form of natural human diversity—will potentially disagree with approaches or aims of cerebral organoid research on ASD. Neurodiversity advocates incorporate a social model of disability into their movement, which focuses more on the social, attitudinal, and environmental barriers rather than biophysical or psychological deficits. Therefore, a potential conflict may arise between these perspectives on how to proceed with cerebral organoid research regarding neurodevelopmental conditions, especially ASD. Conclusions Here, we present these perspectives and give at least three initial recommendations to achieve a more holistic and inclusive approach to cerebral organoid research on ASD. These three initial starting points can build bridges between researchers and the neurodiversity movement. First, neurodiverse individuals should be included as co-creators in both the scientific process and research communication. Second, clinicians and neurodiverse communities should have open and respectful communication. Finally, we suggest a continual reconceptualization of illness, impairment, disability, behavior, and person.

Lessons from the Experience of U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Addressing the Democratic Deficit in Global Health Governance

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet E. Lord ◽  
David Suozzi ◽  
Allyn L. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Social Model Of Disability ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
Traditional Approaches

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (the CRPD or the Convention), adopted on December 13, 2006, and entered into force on May 3, 2008, constitutes a key landmark in the emerging field of global health law and a critical milestone in the development of international law on the rights of persons with disabilities. At the time of its adoption, the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights heralded the CRPD as a rejection of the understanding of persons with disabilities “as objects of charity, medical treatment and social protection” and an embrace of disabled people as “subjects of rights.”The text of the Convention itself, and the highly participatory process by which it was negotiated, signal a definitive break from previous international approaches that focused on disability within a medical model framework. In contrast to traditional approaches, the CRPD embraces a social model of disability, concentrating the disability experience not in individual deficiency, but in the socially constructed environment and the barriers that impede the participation of persons with disabilities in society.

Art.1 Purpose

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kakoullis Emily ◽  
Ikehara Yoshikazu
Keyword(s):  
Medical Model ◽  
Social Model ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Social Model Of Disability ◽  
Societal Participation ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Medical Model Of Disability

This chapter examines Article 1 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The article sets out the purpose of the CRPD and describes its target group. It enshrines a ‘paradigm shift’ in approach to the concept of ‘disability’ in international human rights law: a shift from an approach underpinned by a ‘medical model of disability’ that views persons with disabilities as ‘objects’ of medical treatment and in need of charity; to a ‘social model of disability’, which views persons with disabilities as ‘subjects’ with rights and focuses on the barriers persons with disabilities face that may hinder their societal participation.

scholarly journals Perceptions of effective implementation of applied behaviour analysis (ABA) in schools

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Model Of Disability ◽  
Behaviour Analysis ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Applied Behaviour Analysis ◽  
Facilitators And Barriers

Policy/Program Memorandum Number 140 outlines the requirements for Ontario school boards to incorporate principles of Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) into school programs for students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). With increasing numbers of children being diagnosed with ASD, it is important to assess the facilitators and barriers in implementing this policy, and work towards effective academic and social inclusion. Through individual interviews and follow-up questionnaires, four behaviour therapists provided their perceptions and experiences of ABA in the classroom. A thematic analysis yielded five main themes: reinforcement in the classroom, consistency, ABA and behaviours in the classroom, collaboration, and attributions. These themes are interpreted using a social model of disability and a children’s rights lens to answer the research question: what are the facilitators and barriers to the effective implementation of ABA in schools? Limitations, recommendations for future research, and practical recommendations are discussed. Key words: Applied behaviour analysis, PPM 140, autism spectrum disorder, inclusion, social model of disability

scholarly journals Daouidi v Bootes Plus SL and the Concept of ‘Disability’ in EU Anti-Discrimination Law

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia Ferri
Keyword(s):  
Medical Model ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Social Model Of Disability ◽  
Attitudinal Barriers ◽  
Direct Discrimination ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

Daouidi v Bootes Plus SL is one the latest decisions in which the CJEU has been directly confronted with the concept of disability in the realm of EU anti-discrimination legislation. In particular, in this judgment, the Court attempted to identify when the dismissal of a worker due to temporary incapacity of an unknown duration may constitute direct discrimination on the grounds of disability. This decision appears to be significant in that, for the first time, the CJEU discusses the meaning of ‘long-term limitation’ for the purpose of Directive 2000/78. Although the Court treads carefully, it attempts to further elucidate and bring new elements to the definition of disability in EU anti-discrimination law. In spite of the fact that the Court is potentially widening the notion of disability, it appears, once again, quite reticent in its approach to the role of social, environmental and attitudinal barriers in disabling an individual, and remains somewhat ‘trapped’ in the medical model of disability. All in all, this analysis endeavors to highlight that the CJEU is struggling to move beyond a rhetorical recognition of the social model of disability and to apply this in practice.

scholarly journals Employment Legal Framework for Persons with Disabilities in China: Effectiveness and Reasons

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 4976
Author(s):  
Yuling Hao ◽  
Peng Li
Keyword(s):  
Medical Model ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Social Model Of Disability ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Definition Of

In order to promote the employment of persons with disabilities, two dominant legal approaches—anti-discrimination legislation based on the social model of disability and an employment quota scheme based on the medical model—are usually employed on a nation-state basis in disability policies. This article systematically examines the reasons why both the anti-discrimination and employment quota scheme legal frameworks have limited effectiveness in promoting employment of persons with disabilities in China. We found that the lack of a definition of disability, the lack of a definition of discrimination, and the absence of effective enforcement mechanisms are the reasons for poor outcomes of the anti-discrimination legal framework. For the employment quota scheme, conflicts between the mainstream labor market legal framework and the quota scheme legal framework have prompted employers to pay penalties rather than hire persons with disabilities. China should address these issues in the current legal system in the short term. Meanwhile, the CRPD should be more strongly emphasized in China. This article argues for the human rights model espoused by the CRPD, instead of the medical model, to develop a coherent and sustainable disability legal framework for promoting participation of persons with disabilities, rather than focusing on viewing them as recipients of care.

scholarly journals Moving Beyond Love and Luck: Building Right Relationships and Respecting Lived Experience in New Zealand Autism Policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hilary Stace
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Relationship Building ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Social Model Of Disability ◽  
Policy Problem

<p>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnoses have been rising rapidly in recent years and New Zealand is just one country grappling with the policy challenges this presents. Currently, love, such as a supportive family, and luck, that appropriate services are available, are required by people with autism and their families for good outcomes, a situation that is neither equitable nor sustainable. Autism was first named as a separate condition in 1943. The concept of autism has developed significantly since then in many ways, including as the cultural identity that many autistic adults now claim. Influenced by the international disability rights movement and local activism, New Zealand policy is now based on the social model of disability, whereby society as a whole has responsibility for removing disabling barriers. In 1997, a New Zealand mother, unable to find appropriate support at a time of crisis, killed her autistic daughter. A decade of policy work followed, leading to the 2008 publication of the New Zealand Autism Spectrum Disorder Guideline (Ministries of Health and Education, 2008) which is the first whole-of-spectrum, whole-of-life, whole-of-government, best practice approach in the world to address the extensive issues surrounding ASD. Prioritisation and initial attempts at implementation revealed new problems. The complexity, lack of simple solutions and fragmentation of autism policy indicates that this is a 'wicked' policy problem. To move beyond this situation requires innovative and collaborative approaches. The 'transformative paradigm' is a research methodology which builds on recent developments in participatory and emancipatory research, and disciplines such as disability studies. It advocates approaches based on mixed methods, social justice, ethics and partnership, so is particularly suited to examining a problem such as autism, and indicating ways forward. There is untapped expertise among those with lived experience of autism and their families to tackle the 'wicked' aspects of autism, but to harness this expertise requires relationship building which addresses power imbalances and past injustices. This thesis analyses New Zealand autism policy and suggests ways this lived experience could be better respected and incorporated into policy processes, in an attempt to move past the currently required variables of love and luck.</p>

scholarly journals The Social Model of Disability and Music Therapy: Practical Suggestions for the Emerging Clinical Practitioner

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Gross
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Music Therapists ◽  
Social Model Of Disability ◽  
The Social ◽  
Medical Model Of Disability ◽  
The Individual

More and more music therapists are becoming aware of the social model of disability. The social model of disability maintains that the locus of disability rests in the capacity for society to create barriers for people with physical or mental differences. Much of music therapy practice still invests in the medical model of disability, which maintains that disability is an inherent personal flaw in the individual which requires remediation. This paper argues that music therapy practice should adopt the social model of disability, and maintains that, in particular, music-centered music therapy is one theory of music therapy that resonates well with the social model of disability. The paper includes advice for the emerging music therapy clinician on how better to incorporate social model of disability perspectives in practice based on the work of previous scholars who have written extensively about the social model.

Relationships, Friendships, and Successful Social Communication: Addressing Disability

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (02) ◽  
pp. 166-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariella Nolfo ◽  
Marissa Montejano ◽  
Amy Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Social Model ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Classification Of Functioning ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Social Model Of Disability ◽  
Health Impairment ◽  
Community Influences ◽  
Barriers To Access ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractChildren with autism may perceive friendship in a qualitatively different manner than their neurotypical peers. Yet, these friendships have been reported as satisfying to the child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although many studies have identified lower quality of friendship in ASD, reduced reciprocity, and increased loneliness and depression, perhaps it is time to take a closer look at the perspective of autistic individuals and to identify how the broader community influences development of relationships and friendship. The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning framework aligns well with a social model of disability lens, which states that although individuals may be challenged by their health impairment, disability is created by barriers to access, agency, and independence in society. This article discusses how clinicians might examine ways to address disability within the home, school, and community to create opportunities for relationship and friendship development, while considering the definition of friendship from multiple perspectives.

The Disability Rights Movement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Scotch ◽  
Kara Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Medical Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Disability Rights ◽  
Social Model Of Disability ◽  
Disability Rights Movement ◽  
Disability Culture ◽  
The Social ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Conceptual Underpinning

This chapter provides an overview of the social movement advocating for disability rights, including its origins, goals, strategies, structure, and impact. The chapter’s primary focus is on the movement in the United States, although developments in other nations are also discussed. The chapter reviews the origins of the disability rights movement in the 20th century in response to stigma and discrimination associated with disabilities and the medical model of disability; addresses the movement’s advocacy strategies, as well as the social model of disability that provided the conceptual underpinning for its goals and activities; and describes how the major components of the movement, including cross-disability organization, were brought together through collaboration and the common experiences of disability culture.

Disability: Physical Disabilities

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Clute
Keyword(s):  
Social Workers ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Physical Disabilities ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Human Diversity ◽  
Social Model Of Disability ◽  
The Social ◽  
People With Physical Disabilities

Physical disability is traditionally defined by society's view of atypical function. The medical model offers information on factors contributing to physical disability, including genetics, injury, and disease. The social model of disability, however, defines the societal responses, not the physical differences, as disabling. People with physical disabilities have unique characteristics and experiences that fall into the broad range of human diversity. They belong as full participants in society. Social workers must focus on working in respectful partnerships with people with physical disabilities to change environments and attitudes. This will help build a just society that honors diversity. This entry addresses multiple factors that cause disability, from genetics to environment, as viewed through the medical model. The social model view of “the problem” is offered in comparison. It also introduces the wide diversity of people with physical disability. The entry discusses two major societal responses to physical disability. Environmental modification is one approach. A more recent approach, Universal Access, involves upfront design of environments to meet diverse needs. The final sections explain implications for social workers and lays groundwork for action. Creating access and respectful partnerships are foundations of the work ahead. It is difficult to define physical disability without situating the discussion in the model used to view and deal with human diversity. This discussion is based on the social model of disability, a view of disability that sees the environment as disabling, not the individual condition. Discussion of the medical model is offered as a contrast. (For a more complete discussion of disability models, see Mackelprang's Disability: An Overview in this publication.)

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document