Subjective and objective nutritional assessment: nurses’ role and the effect of cultural differences

Abstract Background Even though the nutritional assessment of chronically ill patients has a significant effect on outcomes, nurses’ time constraints in clinical encounters may make the process impractical. Also, cultural background has an effect on nutritional assessment. Patient nutritional self-assessment can ease some of the nurses’ workload. Objectives: To compare tools for subjective and objective nutritional assessment and to examine cultural differences in nutritional assessment between Jews and Arabs living in Israel. Methods The research design was cross-sectional; data were collected from Jews and Arabs with chronic illnesses living in the community during their visit to a public health clinic. The admitting nurse performed an objective nutritional assessment (Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)) after the patients completed the Subjective Nutritional Assessment (SANS). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to test the relationships between the variables, and independent student t-tests were used to compare the means and differences between groups. The diagnostic accuracy of the MNA and of the SANS was determined using the area under the curve (AUC) analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The agreement between the MNA and SANS measurements was estimated by a Bland Altman plot. The level of significance employed throughout the analysis was 0.05. Results The sample was a convenience sample of 228 chronically ill patients, consisting of 121 Arabs and 107 Jews. A significant correlation was found between the subjective and objective nutritional assessments. The Bland–Altman plot demonstrated that the SANS and the MNA have a high level of agreement. Using the area under the curve (AUC) analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, showed an moderate diagnostic accuracy (73 % sensitivity and 30 % specificity). Conclusions Since the patient-completed nutritional assessment requires minimal time investment by nurses and we found a significant correlation and evidence for the accuracy and agreement of the objective and subjective assessments, further studies should assess and validate the possibility of replacing the objective nutritional assessment by the subjective assessment. Cultural background has a significant effect on patients’ nutritional self-assessment; hence, culture should be considered as part of the nutritional assessment.

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Comparisons of Five Equations Used for Estimating the Glomerular Filtrations Rate in Chinese Adults

10.21203/rs.3.rs-17896/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

shuai fu ◽

Min Yang ◽

Si Xu ◽

Sha Wu ◽

Xiao Xiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Severely Injured ◽

Chinese Adults ◽

Altman Plot ◽

Bland Altman Plot ◽

Chinese Adult ◽

Blood Biochemical ◽

Hospitalised Patients ◽

Kappa Value

Abstract Background We aimed to assess the performance of revised MDRD, CKD-EPI, BIS, FAS and XiangYa equation in Chinese adults Methods We collected blood biochemical data of 623 chinese adult hospitalised patients within 48 hours before they underwent 99m Tc-DTPA GFR measurement. We computed the bias (mGFR-eGFR), the precision (IQR) ,the accuray (P30）and root mean square error (RMSE) relative to mGFR of each equation to evaluate performance. The ROC curves, Kappa value of McNemar test, Bland-Altman plot and the Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to evaluate diagnostic accuracy and concordance. Results Totally, the FAS combined Scr and cysC equation performed supreme accuracy(P30=57.5%, RMSE=19.26), the cysC-based equation performed superior to Scr-based equation. Detailed P30 of the CKD-EPI cysC , FAS cysC , MDRD, CKD-EPI Scr-cysC , CKD-EPI Scr , FAS Scr , XiangYa was 56.7%, 56.0%, 53.5%, 52.2%, 48.8%, 51.4%, 43.0%. The CKD-EPI cysC equation showed the lowest bias and the highest accuracy(bias=-2.23, P30=57.4%) in GFR<60ml/min/1.73m 2 , followed by the FASscr-cysC equation(bias=-6.89, P30=55.4%). The XiangYa equation perfomed best in GFR≥60ml/min/1.73m 2 while worst in GFR<60 ml/min/1.73m 2 with bias(-5.79 vs -19.05), IQR(18.21 vs 10.85), P30(86.2% vs 21.1%), RMSE(16.68 vs 21.34). The CKD-EPI cysC equation had the lowest bias and the best accuracy(bias=-2.23, P30=59.4%) in age ≥70 years adults, followed by the FAS Scr-cysC equation equivalented to BIS-2 Scr-cysC equation(bias -5.33 vs -4.90, P30=57.3%), while the XiangYa equation performed worstly (bias=-20.39, P30=26.6%). Best ROC AUC was gaven by the FAS Scr-cysC equation(0.951),so was it had the highest Kappa value(0.364). The lowest Bias showed in Bland-Altman plot was the CKD-EPI cysC equation(bias=7.46). The highest ICC value was gaven by the FAS Scr-cysC equation(0.921). Secondly, it was the XiangYa equation with the ICC of 0.912. Conclusions The FAS Scr-cysC equation is verified most suitable and simpler applied to Chinese population. The CKD-EPI cysC equation is appropriate used in moderately and severely injured GFR(CKD3-5stage) and Seniors over 70 years old. The XiangYa equation performed perfectly in slightly injured GFR (CKD1-2stage), while further verification of XiangYa equation in multiple region need to carried out especially in moderately and severely injured GFR and older adults.

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Sequence-Based Discovery of Antibacterial Peptides Using Ensemble Gradient Boosting

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2020066006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Ehdieh Khaledian ◽

Shira L. Broschat

Keyword(s):

Operating Characteristic ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Gradient Boosting ◽

Support Vector ◽

Antibacterial Peptides ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Laboratory Procedures ◽

Feature Selection Techniques ◽

Better Than

Antimicrobial resistance is driving pharmaceutical companies to investigate different therapeutic approaches. One approach that has garnered growing consideration in drug development is the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Antibacterial peptides (ABPs), which occur naturally as part of the immune response, can serve as powerful, broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, conventional laboratory procedures for screening and discovering ABPs are expensive and time-consuming. Identification of ABPs can be significantly improved using computational methods. In this paper, we introduce a machine learning method for the fast and accurate prediction of ABPs. We gathered more than 6000 peptides from publicly available datasets and extracted 1209 features (peptide characteristics) from these sequences. We selected the set of optimal features by applying correlation-based and random forest feature selection techniques. Finally, we designed an ensemble gradient boosting model (GBM) to predict putative ABPs. We evaluated our model using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calculating the area under the curve (AUC) for several different models for comparison, including a recurrent neural network, a support vector machine, and iAMPpred. The AUC for the GBM was ~0.98, more than 3% better than any of the other models.

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Ambulant erworbene Pneumonie: Die Mortalität nachhaltig senken

Karger Kompass Pneumologie ◽

10.1159/000510837 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 252-253

Author(s):

Stefan Krüger

Keyword(s):

Operating Characteristic ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Scoring Systems ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Ambulant Erworbene Pneumonie ◽

Icu Admission ◽

Failure Assessment

Background: The study aimed to investigate the predictive value of the quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) for clinical outcomes in emergency patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods: A total of 742 CAP cases from the emergency department (ED) were enrolled in this study. The scoring systems including the qSOFA, SOFA and CURB-65 (confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure and age) were used to predict the prognostic outcomes of CAP in ICU-admission, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and 28-day mortality. According to the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the accuracies of prediction of the scoring systems were analyzed among CAP patients. Results: The AUC values of the qSOFA, SOFA and CURB-65 scores for ICU-admission among CAP patients were 0.712 (95%CI: 0.678–0.745, P < 0.001), 0.744 (95%CI: 0.711–0.775, P < 0.001) and 0.705 (95%CI: 0.671–0.738, P < 0.001), respectively. For ARDS, the AUC values of the qSOFA, SOFA and CURB-65 scores were 0.730 (95%CI: 0.697–0.762, P < 0.001), 0.724 (95%CI: 0.690–0.756, P < 0.001) and 0.749 (95%CI: 0.716–0.780, P < 0.001), respectively. After 28 days of follow-up, the AUC values of the qSOFA, SOFA and CURB-65 scores for 28-day mortality were 0.602 (95%CI: 0.566–0.638, P < 0.001), 0.587 (95%CI: 0.551–0.623, P < 0.001) and 0.614 (95%CI: 0.577–0.649, P < 0.001) in turn. There were no statistical differences between qSOFA and SOFA scores for predicting ICU-admission (Z = 1.482, P = 0.138), ARDS (Z = 0.321, P = 0.748) and 28-day mortality (Z = 0.573, P = 0.567). Moreover, we found no differences to predict the ICU-admission (Z = 0.370, P = 0.712), ARDS (Z = 0.900, P = 0.368) and 28-day mortality (Z = 0.768, P = 0.442) using qSOFA or CURB-65 scores. Conclusion: qSOFA was not inferior to SOFA or CURB-65 scores in predicting the ICU-admission, ARDS and 28-day mortality of patients presenting in the ED with CAP.

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Novel Physique Index for the Screening of Skeletal Dysplasia at Birth

Children ◽

10.3390/children8050331 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 331

Author(s):

Ryoji Aoki ◽

Nobuhiko Nagano ◽

Aya Okahashi ◽

Shoko Ohashi ◽

Yoshinori Fujinaka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Skeletal Dysplasia ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Fetal Ultrasound ◽

The Mean ◽

Gestational Age At Birth ◽

Age At Birth

This study aimed to devise a novel physique index and investigate its accuracy in identifying newborns with skeletal dysplasia in comparison with head circumference (HC)/height (HT) ratio. The birth weight (W), HT, and HC at birth of 1500 newborns were retrospectively collected. The linear regression equations and coefficients of determination (R2) were determined. The formulated equation was corrected by the mean weight for gestational age at birth (Wcorr) as a novel physique index for screening skeletal dysplasia. The index accuracy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in 11 newborns by fetal ultrasound and compared with that of the HC/HT ratio. The R2 values between W and HT, (HT)2, and (HT) 3 were 0.978, 0.990, and 0.993, respectively. Those between W and HC, (HC)2, and (HC)3 were 0.974, 0.984, and 0.988, respectively. W/Wcorr × (HC/HT)3 was used as a novel physique index. Seven newborns had skeletal dysplasia. Our novel physique index had a higher area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity than the HC/HT ratio (AUC: 1.00 vs. 0.86, sensitivity: 1.00 vs. 0.86, and specificity: 1.00 vs. 0.75, respectively). Our novel physique index was more accurate than HC/HT ratio and has the potential to accurately identify newborns with skeletal dysplasia.

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Inflammatory Breast Carcinoma: Elevated microRNA miR-181b-5p and Reduced miR-200b-3p, miR-200c-3p, and miR-203a-3p Expression as Potential Biomarkers with Diagnostic Value

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10071059 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1059

Author(s):

Sarah Atef Fahim ◽

Mahmoud Salah Abdullah ◽

Nancy A. Espinoza-Sánchez ◽

Hebatallah Hassan ◽

Ayman M. Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Diagnostic Accuracy ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Differentially Expressed Mirnas ◽

E Box ◽

Aggressive Breast Cancer ◽

Potential Biomarkers

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare yet aggressive breast cancer variant, associated with a poor prognosis. The major challenge for IBC is misdiagnosis due to the lack of molecular biomarkers. We profiled dysregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in primary samples of IBC and non-IBC tumors using human breast cancer miRNA PCR array. We discovered that 28 miRNAs were dysregulated (10 were upregulated, while 18 were underexpressed) in IBC vs. non-IBC tumors. We identified 128 hub genes, which are putative targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs and modulate important cancer biological processes. Furthermore, our qPCR analysis independently verified a significantly upregulated expression of miR-181b-5p, whereas a significant downregulation of miR-200b-3p, miR-200c-3p, and miR-203a-3p was detected in IBC tumors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves implied that the four miRNAs individually had a diagnostic accuracy in discriminating patients with IBC from non-IBC and that miR-203a-3p had the highest diagnostic value with an AUC of 0.821. Interestingly, a combination of miR-181b-5p, miR-200b-3p, and miR-200c-3p robustly improved the diagnostic accuracy, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.897. Intriguingly, qPCR revealed that the expression of zinc finger E box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) mRNA, the putative target of miR-200b-3p, miR-200c-3p, and miR-203a-3p, was upregulated in IBC tumors. Overall, this study identified a set of miRNAs serving as potential biomarkers with diagnostic relevance for IBC.

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Dynamics of soluble syndecan-1 in maternal serum during and after pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia: a nested case control study

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2019-0686 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 50-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lorenz Kuessel ◽

Heinrich Husslein ◽

Eliana Montanari ◽

Michael Kundi ◽

Gottfried Himmler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Predictive Power ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Maternal Serum ◽

Nested Case Control ◽

Single Time Point ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background We investigated the dynamics and the predictive value of soluble syndecan-1 (Sdc-1), a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction, in uneventful pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia (PE). Methods Serum levels of Sdc-1 were measured at sequential time points during and after uneventful pregnancies (control, n = 95) and pregnancies developing PE (PE_long, n = 12). Levels were further measured in women with symptomatic PE (PE_state, n = 46) at a single time point. Results Sdc-1 levels increased consistently throughout pregnancy. In the PE_long group Sdc-1 levels were lower at all visits throughout pregnancy, and reached significance in weeks 18–22 (p = 0.019), 23–27 (p = 0.009), 28–32 (p = 0.006) and 33–36 (p = 0.008). After delivery, Sdc-1 levels dropped sharply in all pregnancies but were significantly elevated in the PE_long group. The predictive power of Sdc-1 was evaluated analyzing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. A significant power was reached at weeks 14–17 (area under the curve [AUC] 0.65, p = 0.025), 23–27 (AUC 0.73, p = 0.004) and 33–36 (AUC 0.75, p = 0.013). Conclusions In summary, Sdc-1 levels were lower in women developing PE compared to uneventful pregnancies and Sdc-1 might be useful to predict PE. After delivery, Sdc-1 levels remained higher in women with PE. Additional studies investigating the link between glycocalyx degradation, Sdc-1 levels and placental and endothelial dysfunction in pregnancies affected by PE are warranted.

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Violence among female stalkers

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291711001498 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 545-555 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

S. Strand ◽

T. E. McEwan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Gender Difference ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Initial Support ◽

Women Violence ◽

Similar Risk

BackgroundFemale stalkers account for 10–25% of all stalking cases, yet little is known about risk factors for female stalking violence. This study identifies risk factors for female stalking violence and contrasts these with risk factors for male stalking violence.MethodSeventy-one female and 479 male stalkers presenting to police in Sweden and a specialist stalking clinic in Australia were investigated. Univariate comparisons of behaviour by gender, and comparisons between violent and non-violent female stalkers, were undertaken. Logistic regression was then used to develop a predictive model for stalking violence based on demographic, offence and clinical characteristics.ResultsRates of violence were not significantly different between genders (31% of males and 23% of females). For both men and women, violence was associated with a combination of a prior intimate relationship with the victim, threats and approach behaviour. This model produced receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with area under the curve (AUC)=0.80 for female stalkers and AUC=0.78 for male stalkers. The most notable gender difference was significantly higher rates of personality disorder among women. High rates of psychotic disorder were found in both genders. Stalking violence was directly related to psychotic symptoms for a small number of women.ConclusionsSimilar risk factors generally predict stalking violence between genders, providing initial support for a similar approach to risk assessment for all stalkers. The most notable gender difference was the prevalence of personality and psychotic disorders among female stalkers, supporting an argument for routine psychiatric assessment of women charged with stalking.

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Comparison of predictive performance for toxicity by accumulative dose of DVH parameter addition and DIR addition for cervical cancer patients

Journal of Radiation Research ◽

10.1093/jrr/rraa099 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 155-162

Author(s):

Yuya Miyasaka ◽

Noriyuki Kadoya ◽

Rei Umezawa ◽

Yoshiki Takayama ◽

Kengo Ito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

External Beam Radiotherapy ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Predictive Performance ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Dose Volume ◽

Gi Toxicity ◽

The Difference

Abstract We compared predictive performance between dose volume histogram (DVH) parameter addition and deformable image registration (DIR) addition for gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity in cervical cancer patients. A total of 59 patients receiving brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy were analyzed retrospectively. The accumulative dose was calculated by three methods: conventional DVH parameter addition, full DIR addition and partial DIR addition. ${D}_{2{cm}^3}$, ${D}_{1{cm}^3}$ and ${D}_{0.1{cm}^3}$ (minimum doses to the most exposed 2 cm3, 1cm3 and 0.1 cm3 of tissue, respectively) of the rectum and sigmoid were calculated by each method. V50, V60 and V70 Gy (volume irradiated over 50, 60 and 70 Gy, respectively) were calculated in full DIR addition. The DVH parameters were compared between toxicity (≥grade1) and non-toxicity groups. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were compared to evaluate the predictive performance of each method. The differences between toxicity and non-toxicity groups in ${D}_{2{cm}^3}$ were 0.2, 5.7 and 3.1 Gy for the DVH parameter addition, full DIR addition and partial DIR addition, respectively. The AUCs of ${D}_{2{cm}^3}$ were 0.51, 0.67 and 0.57 for DVH parameter addition, full DIR addition and partial DIR addition, respectively. In full DIR addition, the difference in dose between toxicity and non-toxicity was the largest and AUC was the highest. AUCs of V50, V60 and V70 Gy were 0.51, 0.63 and 0.62, respectively, and V60 and V70 were high values close to the value of ${D}_{2{cm}^3}$ of the full DIR addition. Our results suggested that the full DIR addition may have the potential to predict toxicity more accurately than the conventional DVH parameter addition, and that it could be more effective to accumulate to all pelvic irradiation by DIR.

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Uterine Artery Pulsatility Index as a Pre-eclampsia Predictor in the 3 Trimesters in Women with Singleton Pregnancies

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1740273 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (12) ◽

pp. 904-910

Author(s):

Yuly Natalia Guzmán ◽

Montserrat Uriel ◽

Alexandra Porras Ramírez ◽

Ximena Carolina Romero

Keyword(s):

Pulsatility Index ◽

Uterine Artery ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Uterine Arteries ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

High Prevalence ◽

The Mean ◽

Singleton Pregnancies

Abstract Objective To evaluate the mean uterine artery pulsatility index (UtAPI) in each trimester of pregnancy as a predictor of early or late pre-eclampsia (PE) in Colombian pregnant women. Methods The UtAPI was measured in singleton pregnancies in each trimester. Uterine artery pulsatility index as predictor of PE was evaluated by odds ratio (OR), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and Kaplan-Meier diagram. Results Analysis in the 1st and 3rd trimester showed that abnormal UtAPI was associated with early PE (OR: 5.99: 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.64–21.13; and OR: 10.32; 95%CI: 2.75–42.49, respectively). Sensitivity and specificity were 71.4 and 79.6%, respectively, for developing PE (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.922). The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that a UtAPI of 0.76 (95%CI: 0.58–1.0) in the 1st trimester was associated with early PE, and a UtAPI of 0.73 (95%CI: 0.55–0.97) in the 3rd trimester was associated with late PE. Conclusion Uterine arteries proved to be a useful predictor tool in the 1st and 3rd trimesters for early PE and in the 3rd trimester for late PE in a pregnant population with high prevalence of PE.

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Development and Validation of a Photoplethysmography System for Noninvasive Monitoring of Hemoglobin Concentration

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering ◽

10.1155/2020/3034260 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Hongyun Liu ◽

Fulai Peng ◽

Minlu Hu ◽

Jinlong Shi ◽

Guojing Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Detection System ◽

Delayed Diagnosis ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Hemoglobin Concentration ◽

Roc Curve Analysis ◽

Altman Plot ◽

Noninvasive Methods ◽

Bland Altman Plot ◽

Spot Check ◽

Hb Concentration

Background. Traditional invasive hemoglobin (Hb) detection led to delayed diagnosis, operational inefficiency, incorrect critical decision making, and uncomfortable patient experience. To facilitate real-time total hemoglobin (tHb) monitoring, a portable prototype of a noninvasive Hb detection system was developed, and the accuracy of Hb predicted based on partial least squares (PLS) as well as backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) models was validated. Results. The prototype was combined with a signal processing circuit and a spectrophotometric probe containing 8 wavelength LEDs light source and photodiode array. Laboratory invasive Hb (Lab_tHb) and spot check Hb measurements with PLS (SpHb_PLS) and BP (SpHb_BP) methods were obtained simultaneously by hematology analyzer and the designed system. The invasive and noninvasive estimates of the Hb levels were analyzed using Spearman correlation as well as Bland–Altman plot and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. A total of 238 volunteers had attempted laboratory invasive and noninvasive spot check Hb measurements. Mean Lab_tHb, SpHb_PLS, and SpHb_BP were 13.6 ± 1.80 g/dL, 13.5 ± 1.07 g/dL, and 13.6 ± 1.06 g/dL, respectively. Noninvasive SpHb_PLS (r = 0.61, p<0.001) and SpHb_BP (r = 0.62, p<0.001) had a strong correlation with invasive tHb values. The Bland–Altman plot showed excellent consistency between the proposed noninvasive methods and laboratory invasive reference. In ROC analysis, PLS and BP models were good at predicting Hb ≥ 12 g/dL with area under the curve of 0.828 and 0.824, respectively. Observed differences between invasive and noninvasive Hb measurements displayed no significant correlation with perfusion index values. Conclusions. The result confirmed that noninvasive Hb monitoring had an excellent correlation with traditional invasive Hb measurement. Furthermore, it is suggested that the developed prototype has the potential for the noninvasive detection of Hb concentration with the methods of PLS and BP-ANN.

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