Costing electronic private sector malaria surveillance in the Greater Mekong Subregion

Abstract Background Private sector malaria programmes contribute to government-led malaria elimination strategies in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar by increasing access to quality malaria services and surveillance data. However, reporting from private sector providers remains suboptimal in many settings. To support surveillance strengthening for elimination, a key programme strategy is to introduce electronic surveillance tools and systems to integrate private sector data with national systems, and enhance the use of data for decision-making. During 2013–2017, an electronic surveillance system based on open source software, District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2), was implemented as part of a private sector malaria case management and surveillance programme. The electronic surveillance system covered 16,000 private providers in Myanmar (electronic reporting conducted by 200 field officers with tablets), 710 in Cambodia (585 providers reporting through mobile app), and 432 in Laos (250 providers reporting through mobile app). Methods The purpose of the study was to document the costs of introducing electronic surveillance systems and mobile reporting solutions in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar, comparing the cost in different operational settings, the cost of introduction and maintenance over time, and assessing the affordability and financial sustainability of electronic surveillance. The data collection methods included extracting data from PSI’s financial and operational records, collecting data on prices and quantities of resources used, and interviewing key informants in each setting. The costing study used an ingredients-based approach and estimated both financial and economic costs. Results Annual economic costs of electronic surveillance systems were $152,805 in Laos, $263,224 in Cambodia, and $1,310,912 in Myanmar. The annual economic cost per private provider surveilled was $82 in Myanmar, $371 in Cambodia, and $354 in Laos. Cost drivers varied depending on operational settings and number of private sector outlets covered in each country; whether purchased or personal mobile devices were used; and whether electronic (mobile) reporting was introduced at provider level or among field officers who support multiple providers for case reporting. Conclusion The study found that electronic surveillance comprises about 0.5–1.5% of national malaria strategic plan cost and 7–21% of surveillance budgets and deemed to be affordable and financially sustainable.

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Costing Electronic Private Sector Malaria Surveillance in the Greater Mekong Subregion

10.21203/rs.3.rs-100621/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ann Levin ◽

Rebecca Potter ◽

Kemi Tesfazghi ◽

Saysana Phanalangsy ◽

Phally Keo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Lao Pdr ◽

Mobile App ◽

Private Provider ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Electronic Surveillance ◽

Economic Costs ◽

The Cost

Abstract Background: Private sector malaria programs contribute to government-led malaria elimination strategies in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar by increasing access to quality malaria services and surveillance data. However, reporting from private sector providers remains suboptimal in many settings. To support surveillance strengthening for elimination, a key program strategy is to introduce electronic surveillance tools and systems to integrate private sector data with national systems, and enhance the use of data for decision-making. During 2013-2017, an electronic surveillance system based on open source software, District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2), was implemented as part of a private sector malaria case management and surveillance program. The electronic surveillance system covered 16,000 private providers in Myanmar (electronic reporting conducted by 200 field officers with tablets), 710 in Cambodia (585 providers reporting through mobile app), and 432 in Laos (250 providers reporting through mobile app).Methods: We conducted a study to document the costs of introducing electronic surveillance systems and mobile reporting solutions in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar, comparing the cost in different operational settings, the cost of introduction and maintenance over time, and assessing the affordability and financial sustainability of electronic surveillance. The data collection methods included extracting data from PSI’s financial and operational records, collecting data on prices and quantities of resources used, and interviewing key informants in each setting. The costing study used an ingredients-based approach and estimated both financial and economic costs.Results: Annual economic costs of electronic surveillance systems were $130,293 in Laos, $221,749 in Cambodia, and $504,456 in Myanmar. The annual economic cost per private provider surveilled was $32 in Myanmar, $379 in Cambodia, and $521 in Laos. Cost drivers varied depending on operational settings and number of private sector outlets covered in each country; whether purchased or personal mobile devices were used; and whether electronic (mobile) reporting was introduced at provider level or among field officers who support multiple providers for case reporting. Conclusion: The study found that electronic surveillance comprises less than 1% of National Malaria Strategic Plan cost and 6%-8% of surveillance budgets and deemed to be affordable and financially sustainable.

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Costing Electronic Private Sector Malaria Surveillance in the Greater Mekong Subregion

10.21203/rs.3.rs-100621/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ann Levin ◽

Rebecca Potter ◽

Kemi Tesfazghi ◽

Saysana Phanalangsy ◽

Phally Keo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Lao Pdr ◽

Mobile App ◽

Private Provider ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Electronic Surveillance ◽

District Health ◽

The Cost

Abstract Background: Private sector malaria programs contribute to government-led malaria elimination strategies in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar by increasing access to quality malaria services and surveillance data. However, reporting from private sector providers remains suboptimal in many settings. To support surveillance strengthening for elimination, a key program strategy is to introduce electronic surveillance tools and systems to integrate private sector data with national systems, and enhance the use of data for decision-making. During 2013-2017, an electronic surveillance system based on open source software, District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2), was implemented as part of a private sector malaria case management and surveillance program. The electronic surveillance system covered 16,000 private providers in Myanmar (electronic reporting conducted by 200 field officers with tablets), 710 in Cambodia (585 providers reporting through mobile app), and 432 in Laos (250 providers reporting through mobile app).Methods: We conducted a study to document the costs of introducing electronic surveillance systems and mobile reporting solutions in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar, comparing the cost in different operational settings, the cost of introduction and maintenance over time, and assessing the affordability and financial sustainability of electronic surveillance. The data collection methods included extracting data from PSI’s financial and operational records, collecting data on prices and quantities of resources used, and interviewing key informants in each setting. The costing study used an ingredients-based approach and estimated both financial and economic costs.Results: Annual economic costs of electronic surveillance systems were $152,805 in Laos, $263,224 in Cambodia, and $1,310,912 in Myanmar. The annual economic cost per private provider surveilled was $82 in Myanmar, $371 in Cambodia, and $611 in Laos. Cost drivers varied depending on operational settings and number of private sector outlets covered in each country; whether purchased or personal mobile devices were used; and whether electronic (mobile) reporting was introduced at provider level or among field officers who support multiple providers for case reporting. Conclusion: The study found that electronic surveillance comprises about 0.5-1.5% of National Malaria Strategic Plan cost and 7%-% of surveillance budgets and deemed to be affordable and financially sustainable.

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Evaluation of surveillance system for pneumonia in children below five years, Tema Metropolis, Ghana, 2012 – 2016

Ghana Medical Journal ◽

10.4314/gmj.v54i2s.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 11-17

Author(s):

Dora Dadzie ◽

Adolphina Addo-Lartey ◽

Nana Peprah ◽

Ernest Kenu

Keyword(s):

Surveillance System ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Information Management System ◽

Case Definition ◽

Health Staff ◽

Suspected Case ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

District Health ◽

Under Five

Background: We evaluated the pneumonia surveillance system in Tema Metropolis to determine whether it is meeting its objectives and to assess its attributes.Design: Descriptive primary and secondary data analysisData Source: We interviewed health staff on the system’s operation and resources. We also extracted 2012-2016 surveillance dataset for under-five pneumonia cases and deaths from the District Health Information Management System for review.Participants: Health staffIntervention: The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) updated guidelines for evaluating surveillance systems was used to assess system attributes. Main outcome measure: state of the pneumonia surveillance system in TemaResults: A suspected case was defined as fast breathing in any child < 5 years old. The case definition was easy to apply, even at the community level. From 2012 to 2016, a total of 3,337 cases and 54 deaths (case fatality rate 1.6%) was recorded from 13 (23.6%) of 55 health facilities. Two epidemics were missed by the district because data were not being analysed. There were no laboratory data on antimicrobial resistance. Although reporting timeliness increased from 28.1% in 2012 to 83% in 2016, data inconsistencies existed between reporting levels.Conclusion: The surveillance system for under-five pneumonia in Tema Metropolis is simple, stable, flexible, timely,but of low sensitivity and acceptability, and only partly meeting its objectives. Major shortcomings are lack of laboratory data, non-use of data and low representativeness.Keywords: Under-five Pneumonia, Surveillance System Evaluation, Tema, GhanaFunding: The study was supported by a grant to author DB by the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) -CDC CoAg 6NU2GGH001876

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METHOD OF IMAGE PROCESSING IN THE PROBLEM OF DETECTING MOVING OBJECTS IN OPTICAL-ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS OF THERMAL IMAGING TYPE

Doklady BGUIR ◽

10.35596/1729-7648-2020-18-2-96-104 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 96-104

Author(s):

E. I. Mikhnionok

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

False Alarm ◽

Background Subtraction ◽

Thermal Imaging ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Moving Objects ◽

Field Of View ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Electronic Surveillance ◽

Noise Component

The article considers the method of image processing proposed by the author in relation to the problem of automatic detection of moving objects in optoelectronic thermal imaging systems. Moving objects on the observed scene are subject to investigation, so it is advisable to use algorithms based on background subtraction methods to solve the detection problem. However, the observed objects may include objects of interest (a person, a vehicle), as well as other objects and background elements that increase the noise component of the observed situation. Also, the increase in the noise component is greatly influenced by false segmentation in the foreground of the areas of processed images when transferring the field of view of the sensor of the optical-electronic surveillance system. The purpose of this article is to prove the reduction of the probability of false alarm of an automatic detector due to the author's proposed approaches to image processing. The research uses the mathematical apparatus of probability theory and simulation with subsequent statistical processing of data. The article shows that the probability of a false alarm of an automatic detector based on the background subtraction method increases significantly after the transfer of the field of view of the sensor of the optical-electronic surveillance system and decreases after the movement stops as the areas of the processed image that are falsely highlighted in the foreground are automatically segmented. The simulation showed that the approaches proposed by the author can increase the peak signal-to-noise ratio of processed images and reduce the probability of a false alarm of the automatic detector of objects of interest. The results obtained show the feasibility of adapting detection algorithms based on background subtraction methods to work in scanning optoelectronic surveillance systems.

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Acceptability and adoption of health-facility based NCD surveillance in Kulon Progo district, Yogyakarta

Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat ◽

10.22146/bkm.37635 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 15

Author(s):

Theodola Baning Rahayujati

Keyword(s):

Health Facility ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Data Entry ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

District Health ◽

Web Based

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCD) have been recognized as the new disease pandemic to the developing world in recent years. In 2020, it is estimated that 70% of NCD-related deaths will occur in developing countries. The most prevalent NCD such as coronary heart diseases, cancer, respiratory diseases and diabetes mellitus. Since 2012 Indonesia MOH was established two main surveillance system i.e. health facility- and community-based surveillance systems. MOH report on 2015 showed those reporting from PHC less than 25%. The front-line of health facility-based surveillance is the primary health centers (PHC). Data should undergo validity and quality check by the District and Provincial Health Office before being sent to the central reporting system.This study aim to evaluate the implementation of health-facility based NCD surveillance and develops recommendations for increasing coverage NCD surveillance in Kulon Progo District. Method: We used RE-AIM (only Reach and Adoption) framework for evaluating the surveillance system. The Reach variables are coverage, knowledge, acceptance, constraint, infrastructure and feasibility. 76 NCD team at PHC and District Health office included doctor, nurse, program manager and laboratory staffs were interviewed and observed using a standardize questionnaire and checked list. Secondary data on NCD surveillance reports were collected and reviewed. Qualitative study were conducted through semi structured interviews and FGDs to evaluate acceptance, constraints and barriers of implementation. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze quantitative data and content analysis was performed on the qualitative data. Result: This study found that most of the health officer involving in the non-communicable program was having fair knowledge on web based NCD surveillance, and only 5% of the respondent has a good understanding on it. There are 19 Puskesmas was assessed on the completeness of the data entry on web based NCD surveillance.

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Evaluation Of Malaria Surveillance System In Department Of Health District Sumbawa Besar

Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi ◽

10.20473/jbe.v2i3.2014.342-354 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 342

Author(s):

Zainuddin Zainuddin ◽

Lucia Yovita Hendrati

Keyword(s):

Surveillance System ◽

Evaluation System ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Survey Method ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Malaria Surveillance ◽

District Health Office ◽

District Health ◽

Surveillance Report

ABSTRACTMalaria is a public health problem that can affect infant mortality, under five, pregnant women and can reduce productivity. The annual parasite incidence from 2008 antil 2011showed malaria morbidity in Sumbawa district remain high. The Purpose of this study was to describe the implementation of Malaria Surveillance System at the District Health Office Lombok Sumbawa Besar. This study used a descriptive survey method. Subjects were malaria surveillance officer in district Health office, health centers, and hospitals. Research object is a document epidemiological surveillance report of malaria in 2013. Variables of this study is the implementation of malaria surveillance system (input, process, output) and surveillance system attributes. Data obtained from interviews and observations were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the data type on input stage was not yet complete, the quantity of labor was complete but insufficient quality of human resources, facilities and sufficient funds were available. At stage of the data collection process employed W2 weekly report format and monthly report format, report formats and reporting lines were simple, completeness and monthly reports 100% W2, W2 reporting time liness was > 80% and monthly reports was > 90%, Analysis and interpretation of the data was done However the analysis of relationshif was conducted by 20% of primary health care. The resulting output is a description of endemicity areas, API and SPR are presented in tabular form, graph and maps. Dissemination of information is done in the form of reports, workshops and profiles. Feedback is done each month through coordination meeting, regular meetings and regular supervision. Surveillance evaluation system based on attributed surveillance showed its simplicity and acceptability, however sensitivity can not be assessed yet, low NPP 1.75%, report punctuality was > 80%. It is necessary the existence of expert epidemiologists (S2) and skilled epidemiologists (S1), training officer, coordination, and the role of public institutions and budgetary surveillance of malaria increased in all areas Sumbawa district health offices.Keywords: malaria surveillance systems, evaluation, surveillance attributes

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Making a Case for Adjusting NHSN SSI Risk Stratification Classification for Use of Enhanced Electronic Infection Surveillance

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1017/ice.2020.491 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. s18-s18

Author(s):

Meri Pearson ◽

Krista Doline

Keyword(s):

Healthcare System ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Hip Prosthesis ◽

Knee Prosthesis ◽

Surgical Site Infections ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Electronic Surveillance ◽

Healthcare Associated Infection ◽

Infection Surveillance

Background: A large healthcare system in Georgia went live with an enhanced electronic infection surveillance system in August of 2018. The system was employed at its facilities using a staggered approach. Prior to the implementation of this infection surveillance platform, the healthcare system performed healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance using an in-house culture-based system. The NHSN estimates that culture-based surveillance misses 50%–60% of true surgical site infections (SSIs). Due to the lack of clinical-based detection methods (eg, radiologic imaging), we were unable to appropriately detect all patient harm using the old surveillance system. Method: A retrospective analysis was performed to assess the change in HAI for colon (COLO), abdominal hysterectomy (HYST), hip prosthesis (HPRO), and knee prosthesis (KPRO). SSI cases that met NHSN surveillance criteria were reviewed to determine whether they would have been identified prior to launching the new enhanced electronic surveillance system. Results: Systemwide, 8 of 26 COLO SSIs (31%) and 9 of 18 HYST SSIs (50%) would have not been detected using our old surveillance system. HPRO SSIs and KPRO SSIs identified by our new surveillance system were detected using our old surveillance system, and no change was observed. Conclusion: This analysis showed an increase in COLO SSIs and HYST SSIs from enhanced surveillance. Electronic surveillance systems are not considered as a risk factor in the NHSN annual facility survey that aids in calculating a facility’s standardized infection ratio (SIR). These data help support NHSN consideration of modifying the logistic regression calculation used for the complex SSI models. This revision would allow facilities to compare themselves equitably to those using electronic infection surveillance.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

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A Fully Integrated Real-Time Detection, Diagnosis, and Control of Community Diarrheal Disease Clusters and Outbreaks (the INTEGRATE Project): Protocol for an Enhanced Surveillance System

JMIR Research Protocols ◽

10.2196/13941 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. e13941 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kirsty Marie McIntyre ◽

Frederick J Bolton ◽

Rob M Christley ◽

Paul Cleary ◽

Elizabeth Deja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Real Time ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Diarrheal Disease ◽

Gastrointestinal Disease ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

National Implementation ◽

The Cost ◽

And Control

Background Diarrheal disease, which affects 1 in 4 people in the United Kingdom annually, is the most common cause of outbreaks in community and health care settings. Traditional surveillance methods tend to detect point-source outbreaks of diarrhea and vomiting; they are less effective at identifying low-level and intermittent food supply contamination. Furthermore, it can take up to 9 weeks for infections to be confirmed, reducing slow-burn outbreak recognition, potentially impacting hundreds or thousands of people over wide geographical areas. There is a need to address fundamental problems in traditional diarrheal disease surveillance because of underreporting and subsequent unconfirmed infection by patients and general practitioners (GPs); varying submission practices and selective testing of samples in laboratories; limitations in traditional microbiological diagnostics, meaning that the timeliness of sample testing and etiology of most cases remains unknown; and poorly integrated human and animal surveillance systems, meaning that identification of zoonoses is delayed or missed. Objective This study aims to detect anomalous patterns in the incidence of gastrointestinal disease in the (human) community; to target sampling; to test traditional diagnostic methods against rapid, modern, and sensitive molecular and genomic microbiology methods that identify and characterize responsible pathogens rapidly and more completely; and to determine the cost-effectiveness of rapid, modern, sensitive molecular and genomic microbiology methods. Methods Syndromic surveillance will be used to aid identification of anomalous patterns in microbiological events based on temporal associations, demographic similarities among patients and animals, and changes in trends in acute gastroenteritis cases using a point process statistical model. Stool samples will be obtained from patients’ consulting GPs, to improve the timeliness of cluster detection and characterize the pathogens responsible, allowing health protection professionals to investigate and control outbreaks quickly, limiting their size and impact. The cost-effectiveness of the proposed system will be examined using formal cost-utility analysis to inform decisions on national implementation. Results The project commenced on April 1, 2013. Favorable approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee on June 15, 2015, and the first patient was recruited on October 13, 2015, with 1407 patients recruited and samples processed using traditional laboratory techniques as of March 2017. Conclusions The overall aim of this study is to create a new One Health paradigm for detecting and investigating diarrhea and vomiting in the community in near-real time, shifting from passive human surveillance and management of laboratory-confirmed infection toward an integrated, interdisciplinary enhanced surveillance system including management of people with symptoms. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/13941

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Helmet-Mounted Attitude Control Algorithms of the Opto-Electronic Surveillance System for Aircraft Search and Rescue Actions

Journal of Konbin ◽

10.1515/jok-2017-0073 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 275-292

Author(s):

Andrzej Szelmanowski ◽

Andrzej Pazur ◽

Paweł Janik ◽

Bogdan Pietnoczko

Keyword(s):

Attitude Control ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Angular Position ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Search And Rescue ◽

Control Algorithms ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Electronic Surveillance ◽

Position Determination ◽

Magnetic Methods

Abstract This article presents selected results of work concerning the errors modeling of helmet-mounted cueing systems used for guided weapon and opto-electronic surveillance systems target homing (for realizing aircraft search and rescue actions). There were described algorithms of helmet angular position determination on the basis of inertial and magnetic methods, moreover, the possibilities of their modification. On this background there were presented the authorial method of pilot’s helmet angular position determination dedicated for helmet-mounted cueing systems for fighter helicopters. The method is based on the pilot’s helmet and aircraft body linear accelerations measurements, which then are used for the current quaternion evaluation to describe the helmet position relatively to the aircraft. Simulation models were tested in Matlab-Simulink and Borland C++ computational packages for various pilot’s helmet space orientation using specialized rotation test stands.

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