The physiological determinants of low-level urine cadmium: an assessment in a cross-sectional study among schoolchildren

This cross-sectional study investigated the use of the simple past tense form by twenty Thai learners of English at two levels of proficiency. A cloze test developed by Ayoun and Salaberry (2008) was adopted. The findings showed that the learners in the high proficiency group used the past tense form more accurately than the learners in the low proficiency group. When verbs were categorized according to lexical aspect, both groups of learners were found to use the simple past tense form most often with telic events as well as with states. This did not correspond to the prediction of the Aspect Hypothesis, which asserts that low-level learners tend to use the simple past tense form with telic events first. The distributional bias in the input could account for the pattern found in this study.

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Risk Factors for Running Away in Iranian Youth Girls: A Cross- Sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-421377/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Farhad Taremian ◽

Reza Moloodi ◽

Soudabeh Karimian ◽

Habibollah Masoudi Farid ◽

Mehdi Noroozi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Substance Use ◽

Religious Beliefs ◽

Economic Status ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Level ◽

Running Away

Abstract BackgroundThis study explored the risk factors associated with running away behavior in Iranian youth girls.MethodThis cross-sectional study recruited Ninety-five runaway youth girls, and 135 control group girls. They responded several self-report measures that assess sociodemographic characteristics, family economic status, strength of family, religious identification, life time substance use, physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, self-esteem, coping styles, self-esteem, and depression.ResultsGirls who came from low income families, and moderate income families had significantly higher odds to run away than girls belonged to high income families. Girls who had a history of illicit drugs use had higher odds to run away from home. Moreover, low level of family strength, and low level of religious beliefs significantly predicted running away from home.ConclusionFindings suggest that family economic status, substance use, family relationship, and individual low level of religious beliefs appear to be key factors to understanding running away from home among Iranian adolescent girls.

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The Relationship Between Defense Mechanisms and Nurses’ Occupational Burnout: A Cross-Sectional Study

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.5812/ijpbs.106716 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Forouzan Elyasi ◽

Seyed Mohammad Hosseininejad ◽

Parisa Islami Parkoohi ◽

Mahsa Kamali ◽

Marzieh Azizi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Significant Relationship ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Occupational Burnout ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Level ◽

The Mean ◽

The Relationship

Background: Occupational burnout is a psychological syndrome that occurs in response to chronic stress in the workplace. Nowadays, it is known as one of the most important consequences of occupational stress. Defense mechanisms may also affect occupational burnout. Objectives: Since burnout is an important factor influencing the productivity of nurses, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the defense mechanisms and occupational burnout among nurses in the educational hospitals of an urban area in Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 318 nurses who had at least one-year of work experience in four educational hospitals in Sari city, Iran, in 2018. Sampling was performed using the proportional stratified sampling method. The data were collected by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) scale, psychological Defense Styles questionnaire (DSQ-40), and a demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics via the SPSS software V.20. Results: A total of 318 nurses were studied, 13 (4.1%) of the nurses had a burnout. The mean score of the dimension of emotional exhaustion (EE) was 17.49, in the dimension of depersonalization (DP) it was 5.42, and in the dimension of personal achievement (PA) it was 31.58. They indicated a low level of occupational burnout, and the mean scores of FE, DP, and PA subscales indicated a low level of occupational burnout. The use of more mature defense mechanisms had a significant negative correlation with the increase of the EE score (rho = -0.210, P < 0.001), but no significant relationship was reported with other aspects of burnout. Increased use of immature defense mechanisms had a direct correlation with the increase in the score of DP (rho = 0.255 and P < 0.001), but had a significant inverse relationship with the PA score (rho = -0.238 and P < 0.001) and no significant relationship with EE (P = 0.627). No significant relationship was found between the use of neurotic defense mechanisms and burnout dimensions (PEE = 0.119, PDP = 0.174, and PPA = 0.127). Conclusions: Since there is a significant relationship between defense mechanisms and occupational burnout, using the components of defense mechanisms in job interviews can lead to choosing appropriate nurses to perform different tasks in different settings, in accordance with individual and psychological characteristics. Also, teaching problem-solving skills, stress management, and useful information can improve defense mechanisms, nurses’ job performance, and patient satisfaction.

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Magnitude of optimal adherence and predictors for a low level of adherence among HIV/AIDS-infected adults in South Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia: a multifacility cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056009 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. e056009

Author(s):

Shimeles Biru Zewude ◽

Tewodros Magegnet Ajebe

Keyword(s):

Associated Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Low Level ◽

South Gondar ◽

Hiv Aids

ObjectivesThis study aims to identify levels of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs and factors associated with them in Northwest Ethiopia. We hypothesise that in the era of COVID-19, there would be suboptimal adherence to ART drugs.DesignAn observational cross-sectional study was conducted. Factors associated with the level of adherence were selected for multiple logistic regressions at a p value of less than 0.2 in the analysis. Statistically significant associated factors were identified at a p value less than 0.05 and adjusted OR with a 95% CI.SettingThe study was conducted in one specialised hospital and three district hospitals found in the South Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia.ParticipantsAbout 432 people living with HIV/AIDS receiving highly active ART in South Gondar zone public hospitals and who have been on treatment for more than a 3-month period participated in the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresLevels of adherence to ART drugs and their associated factors.ResultsAmong 432 study participants, 81.5% (95% CI: 78% to 85.2%) of participants were optimally adherent to ART drugs. Determinants of a low level of adherence: stigma or discrimination (OR=0.4, p=0.016), missed scheduled clinical visit (OR=0.45, p=0.034), being on tuberculosis treatment (OR=0.45, p=0.01), recent CD4 cell count less than 500 cells/mm3 (OR=0.3, p=0.023) and patients who had been on WHO clinical stage III at the time of ART initiation (OR=0.24, p=0.027) were factors significantly associated with adherence to ART drugs.ConclusionsLevel of adherence was relatively low compared with some local studies. The intervention targeted to reduce discrimination, counselling before initiation of treatment and awareness regarding compliance is advised to improve adherence to antiretroviral regimens.

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Awareness Regarding Health Promotion of Infants among Mothers of Rupandehi, Nepal

Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/jucms.v8i1.29839 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 60-64

Author(s):

Kavita Lamichhane ◽

Swetha Maharjan ◽

Anuja Kachapati

Keyword(s):

Health Promotion ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Optimum Growth ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Interview Schedule ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Level

INTRODUCTION: Health promotion of infancy is necessary for the optimum growth and development. Mother is significant person for the promotion of health of infant. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to find out the awareness regarding health promotion of infants among 78 mothers in Bhim Hospital of Siddharthanagar Municipality by using purposive sampling technique. Semi- structured interview schedule was used to collect data and analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS version 20. RESULTS: The study findings revealed that 51.3% of the respondents have low level of awareness regarding health promotion of an infant. There was statistically significant association between respondents’ level of awareness with occupation and respondents’ husband’s age. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that more than half of the mothers have low level of the awareness regarding health promotion of the infant. Mothers’ occupation and husbands’ age are the influencing factors on mothers' knowledge regarding health promotion of infant.

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Blood Lead Level in a Paediatric Population of South-Eastern Spain: A Cross-Sectional Study

10.20944/preprints202101.0359.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lucia Ruiz Tudela ◽

Maria Angeles Vazquez Lopez ◽

Iciar Garcia Escobar ◽

Jose Eugenio Cabrera Sevilla ◽

Sara Gomez Bueno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthy Subjects ◽

Parental Education ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Paediatric Population ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Dietary Iron ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Level ◽

South Eastern

Objective: To determine blood lead levels (BLL) in a healthy paediatric population and to analyse related sociodemographic, dietary and haematological factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was made of 1,427 healthy subjects aged 1-16 years from the city of Almería (south-eastern Spain). BLL, iron parameters and erythropoietin were determined, and sociodemographic and dietary data obtained. The study data were analysed by multiple logistic regression. Results: The mean BLL was 1.98±1.1 µg/dl (95% CI:1.91–2.04). For 5.7% of the population, mean BLL was 2-5 µg/dl, for 2.1% it was >5 µg/dl and for 0.15% it was >10 µg/dl. Multivariate analysis showed that immigrant origin (OR:11.9; p<0.0001), low level of parental education (OR:4.6; p<0.02) and low dietary iron bioavailability (OR: 3.2; p<0.02) were all risk factors for toxic BLL. Subjects with toxic and non-toxic BLL presented similar iron and erythropoiesis-related parameters, except erythrocyte protoporphyrin, which was significantly higher in the BLL >5 µg/dl group. Conclusions: BLL and the prevalence of toxic BLL in healthy subjects aged 1-16 years living in south-eastern Spain are low and similar to those found in other developed countries. The factors associated with toxic BLL are immigrant origin, low level of parental education and dietary iron deficiency. The toxicity of BLL was not related to changes in the analytical parameters studied.

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Association for combined exposure to job strain, shift work on mental health among Chinese railway workers: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037544 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. e037544

Author(s):

Yu Jiang ◽

Chuancheng Wu ◽

Tianqi Hu ◽

Meilong Chen ◽

Wei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Shift Work ◽

Job Strain ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Poor Mental Health ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Level ◽

Railway Workers ◽

Night Shifts

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the effects of coexposure to job strain and shift work on mental health in railway workers.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingOne Railway Bureau Group in China.ParticipantsA total of 1270 front-line railway workers.Outcome measuresThe Symptom Checklist-90-Revised questionnaire was used to measure general mental health. Job strain variables were derived from the Job Content Questionnaire. Based on the records of the work schedule 3 months prior to the survey, the following three shift types were identified: fixed day, fixed night and rotating night shifts. Risks associated with mental health were assessed by carrying out logistic regression analysis which was adjusted for age, job tenure, smoking and exercise. Additionally, a crossover analysis was employed for the combined effects.ResultsHigh levels of job strain were linked to a higher risk of poor mental health (OR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.11). After adjusting for confounding factors, night shifts and rotating night shifts were significant risk factors for mental health (OR=2.21, 95% CI: 1.60 to 3.07; OR=2.36, 95% CI: 1.73 to 3.22). Compared with participants who experienced a low level of job strain and day shifts, those with a high level of job strain and who worked rotating shifts were at the highest risk of poor mental health (OR=4.68, 95% CI: 2.91 to 8.04), whereas the influence of a low level of job strain and rotating night shifts was not statistically significant.ConclusionJob strain and night shifts among workers were associated, both independently and in combination, with an increased risk of poor mental health. Our data suggest that job strain contributes to the risk of poor mental health by means of a combined effect with shift work.

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Reduced egfr, elevated urine protein and low level of personal protective equipment compliance among artisanal small scale gold miners at Bibiani-Ghana: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-017-4517-z ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Justice Afrifa ◽

Samuel Essien-Baidoo ◽

Richard K.D. Ephraim ◽

Daniel Nkrumah ◽

Daniel Osei Dankyira

Keyword(s):

Personal Protective Equipment ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Small Scale ◽

Protective Equipment ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Urine Protein ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Level ◽

Gold Miners

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Predictors of Fear of Childbirth and Normal Delivery Among Iranian Postpartum Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-156700/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Forough Mortazavi ◽

Maryam Mehrabadi

Keyword(s):

Marital Satisfaction ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Normal Vaginal Delivery ◽

Postpartum Women ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Fear Of Childbirth ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Normal Delivery ◽

Low Level ◽

Level Of Satisfaction

Abstract Background: Fear of childbirth (FOC) may contribute to postpartum depression, impaired maternal-infant relation, and preference for cesarean in future pregnancies. The mode of delivery may have a role in postpartum FOC. We aimed to investigate predictors of FOC and normal vaginal delivery (NVD) among postpartum women who had planned for NVD. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 on postpartum women during the first 24 hours after the delivery. A sample of 662 women, selected using convenient sampling method, filled out the questionnaire composed of socio-demographic and obstetric questions and the Wijma Delivery-Expectancy Questionnaire (W-DEQ). We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine predictors of FOC and NVD.Results: The percentage of women with mild (scores ≤ 37), moderate (38-65), high (66-84), severe (scores 85-99) and intense (scores ≥ 100) FOC were 7.9%, 19.5%, 40.9%, 21.1%, and 10.6% respectively. Predictors of severe FOC were a low level of satisfaction with husband’s support and a low level of satisfaction with pregnancy. Predictors of intense FOC were age < 30, primiparity, low maternal satisfaction with pregnancy, and a low level of perceived marital satisfaction. Overall, 21.8% of women gave birth by cesarean. Predictors of NVD were birth weight < 4kg, spontaneous labor pain, mother’s age < 30, term pregnancy, having a doula, multiparity, satisfaction with husband's support, and satisfaction with pregnancy. FOC was not a predictor of NVD. Conclusions: The rate of severe and intense FOC among this group of postpartum women is high. Our findings highlight modifiable factors for reducing FOC and increasing NVD. In designing programs to increase the rate of NVD, the following factors should be considered: limiting induced labor, encouraging women to recruit a doula to help them at labor, facilitate husband’s attendance throughout antenatal/intrapartum and postnatal care to support his wife, consultation with couples to increase husband’s support, and other steps to make pregnancy pleasant and memorable. According to our findings, factors that can contribute to the reduction of the rate of FOC were consultation with couples to increase husband support and marital satisfaction and also finding ways to make pregnancy a pleasant experience.

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