A systematic review on the modifications of extracellular vesicles: a revolutionized tool of nano-biotechnology

Abstract Background Tailoring extracellular vesicles (EVs) can bequeath them with diverse functions and efficient performance in nano-biotechnology. Engineering and modification of EVs improves the targeted drug delivery efficiency. Here, we performed systematic review of various methods for EVs modifications. Methods PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were searched for available articles on EVs modifications (up to March 2021). In total, 1208 articles were identified and assessed, and then only 36 articles were found eligible and included. Results Six studies demonstrate the application of click chemistry, seven studies used co-incubation, two studies used chemical transfection, four studies implicated electroporation and sonication approach for modification of EVs. Moreover, two studies utilized microfluidics as suitable approach for loading cargo into EVs, while eight studies showed freeze–thaw method as feasible for these biological nanoparticles. Conclusion Freeze–thaw approach is found to be convenient and popular among researchers for performing modifications in EVs for the purpose of targeted drug delivery loading. Clinical-grade EVs production with good clinical practices (GCPs) is challenging in the current scenario. More studies are needed to determine the best suitable approach for cargo loading of EVs that may be exploited for research and therapeutic use. Graphical Abstract

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Cytotoxicity of targeted PLGA nanoparticles: a systematic review

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/d1ra00074h ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (16) ◽

pp. 9433-9449

Author(s):

Hock Ing Chiu ◽

Nozlena Abdul Samad ◽

Lizhen Fang ◽

Vuanghao Lim

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Drug Delivery ◽

Targeted Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Plga Nanoparticles ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Normal Cells ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Targeted Drug ◽

Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

Targeted drug delivery systems using PLGA as a nanocarrier for anti-cancer agents to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity in normal cells.

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pH-responsive hyaluronate-anchored extracellular vesicles to promote tumor-targeted drug delivery

Carbohydrate Polymers ◽

10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.141 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 202 ◽

pp. 323-333 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Hyuk Lee ◽

Hongsuk Park ◽

Gwang Jin Noh ◽

Eun Seong Lee

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Targeted Drug Delivery ◽

Ph Responsive ◽

Targeted Drug

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Targeted Drug Delivery in Lipid-like Nanocages and Extracellular Vesicles

Acta Naturae ◽

10.32607/20758251-2019-11-2-28-41 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 28-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. V. Sokolov ◽

N. N. Kostin ◽

L. A. Ovchinnikova ◽

Y. A. Lomakin ◽

A. A. Kudriaeva

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Targeted Drug Delivery ◽

Targeted Delivery ◽

Structural Similarity ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽

Delivery Vehicles ◽

Targeted Drug ◽

High Level

The possibility of targeted drug delivery to a specific tissue, organ, or cell has opened new promising avenues in treatment development. The technology of targeted delivery aims to create multifunctional carriers that are capable of long circulation in the patients organism and possess low toxicity at the same time. The surface of modern synthetic carriers has high structural similarity to the cell membrane, which, when combined with additional modifications, also promotes the transfer of biological properties in order to penetrate physiological barriers effectively. Along with artificial nanocages, further efforts have recently been devoted to research into extracellular vesicles that could serve as natural drug delivery vehicles. This review provides a detailed description of targeted delivery systems that employ lipid and lipid-like nanocages, as well as extracellular vesicles with a high level of biocompatibility, highlighting genetically encoded drug delivery vehicles.

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Current Developments in Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Glioma

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200424161929 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (32) ◽

pp. 3973-3984 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dhrumi Patel ◽

Sarika Wairkar ◽

Mayur C. Yergeri

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Targeted Drug Delivery ◽

Targeted Delivery ◽

Adult Population ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

The Body ◽

Hybrid Nanoparticles ◽

Clinical Practices ◽

Post Surgery ◽

Targeted Drug

Background: Glioma is one of the most commonly observed tumours, representing about 75% of brain tumours in the adult population. Generally, glioma treatment includes surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The current chemotherapy for glioma involves the use of temozolomide, doxorubicin, monoclonal antibodies, etc. however, the clinical outcomes in patients are not satisfactory. Primarily, the blood-brain barrier hinders these drugs from reaching the target leading to the recurrence of glioma post-surgery. In addition, these drugs are not target-specific and affect the healthy cells of the body. Therefore, glioma-targeted drug delivery is essential to reduce the rate of recurrence and treat the condition with more reliable alternatives. Methods: A literature search was conducted to understand glioma pathophysiology, its current therapeutic approaches for targeted delivery using databases like Pub Med, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, etc. Results: This review gives an insight to challenges associated with current treatments, factors influencing drug delivery in glioma, and recent advancements in targeted drug delivery. Conclusion: The promising results could be seen with nanotechnology-based approaches, like polymeric, lipidbased, and hybrid nanoparticles in the treatment of glioma. Biotechnological developments, such as carrier peptides and gene therapy, are future prospects in glioma therapy. Therefore, these targeted delivery systems will be beneficial in clinical practices for glioma treatment.

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Extracellular vesicles for targeted drug delivery: triumphs and challenges

Future Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.4155/fmc-2020-0117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (14) ◽

pp. 1285-1287

Author(s):

Johann Mar Gudbergsson

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Targeted Drug Delivery ◽

Targeted Drug

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2192

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science ◽

10.1017/cts.2017.27 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (S1) ◽

pp. 3-3

Author(s):

Carlos Abraham Ruvalcaba ◽

Roger Monroy ◽

Lisa A. Tell ◽

Christine V. Fiorello ◽

Jerold Last ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Total Dose ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Targeted Drug Delivery ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Asymmetric Distribution ◽

Aerosol Delivery ◽

Process Configuration ◽

Targeted Drug ◽

Delivery Efficiency

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This study investigates the process configuration parameters involved in targeted drug delivery to the avian respiratory system. Previously, direct intratracheal aerosol delivery in an avian model using a commercial atomizer was found to result in delivery of a high portion of the total dose into one lung lobe. We hypothesize that controlling process configuration will decrease the asymmetric distribution. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A 3D printed model of an avian trachea and mainstream bronchi was constructed to create a representative model for direct instillation of aerosols. Construction of the model respiratory tract included the trachea and the first mainstream bronchi bifurcation to measure left/right (L/R) distribution of aerosol delivered. Both liquid aerosol delivery (LAD) using a commercial atomizer and dry aerosol delivery (DAD) using a custom-built dry powder insufflator device were tested. Two experimental variables were controlled: (1) retraction distance from the carina and (2) centering of device shaft in the lumen of the trachea. Measurement of device efficiency (dose delivered to the 3D model at as fraction of total dose), aerosol delivery efficiency (dose captured at L/R bifurcations as a fraction of total dose), and aerosol lateralization (L/R) was conducted. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The aerosol delivery efficiency for both LAD and DAD devices [73.9% (95% CI: 68.2–79.2) and 73.4% (95% CI: 55.5–91.3), respectively] did not have an appreciable difference. However, the LAD device had a higher efficiency as compared with the DAD device. The L/R distribution for the DAD device was found to be highly dependent on both retraction distance and shaft centering. Appreciable improvement in the L/R distribution was seen using the DAD device by increasing the retraction distance distal to the carina. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The use of targeted drug delivery to treat pulmonary pathogens requires a careful design, manufacture, and therapeutic positioning of devices. In particular, clinically relevant animal models and treatment regimes requires a sound understanding of the physical processes controlling aerosol distribution in the respiratory system. By using a simulated respiratory model, many of the physical parameters of drug delivery can be tested before using a live animal model. This is especially important from an animal welfare perspective as well as an animal subject availability aspect.

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