scholarly journals Bi-directional prospective associations between objectively measured physical activity and fundamental motor skills in children: a two-year follow-up

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Kristine Ofrim Nilsen ◽  
Sigmund Alfred Anderssen ◽  
Kjersti Johannessen ◽  
Katrine Nyvoll Aadland ◽  
Einar Ylvisaaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Fundamental Motor Skills

Abstract Background The direction of the longitudinal relationship between physical activity (PA) and fundamental motor skills (FMS) remains unclear. We evaluated the bi-directional, prospective relationships between intensity-specific physical activity (PA) and domain-specific fundamental motor skills (FMS) over 2 years in children attending preschool at baseline. Methods A sample of 230 children (mean age at baseline 4.7 yr, 52% boys) from the 'Sogn og Fjordane Preschool Physical Activity Study' was measured 2 years apart. PA was assessed using ActiGraph accelerometers (GT3X+). FMS were evaluated by a test battery guided by the 'Test of Gross Motor Development 3' and the 'Preschooler Gross Motor Quality Scale'. PA outcomes were total PA (TPA [counts per minute]) and intensity specific PA and sedentary behaviour (SED) (min/day). FMS outcomes were locomotor, object control, and balance skills. Linear mixed model adjusting for potential co-variates was used to evaluate the bi-directional prospective associations between these variables, including the moderating effect of sex and age. Results Baseline total PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and vigorous PA predicted higher locomotor, object control, and balance skills at follow-up (standardized regression coefficient (β): 0.17 to 0.26, p = 0.002–0.017). Baseline SED predicted lower locomotor skills at follow-up (β: − 0.27, p = 0.012). Baseline light PA did not predict FMS at follow-up. Baseline FMS were not associated with PA or SED at follow-up. Conclusions MVPA was positively associated with development of FMS in young children. In contrast, FMS were not related to future PA levels. Our results suggest promotion of MVPA is important for FMS development in young children.

Cross-sectional study of motor development among children after the Fontan procedure

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia E. Longmuir ◽  
Laura Banks ◽  
Brian W. McCrindle
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Fontan Procedure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Percentile Scores ◽  
Gross Motor Skill

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the gross motor skills of school-aged children after the Fontan procedure and compare the locomotor and object control skills with normative data.Study designThis study followed a cross-sectional design.SettingThis study was based on hospital outpatient visit, with accelerometry conducted at home.PatientsThis study included 55 patients, including 22 girls in the age group of 6–10 years, 5.1 years after Fontan.Main outcome measuresTest of Gross Motor Development – Version 2, daily activity by accelerometer, medical history review, child and parent perceptions of activity.ResultsBeing involved in active team sports increased locomotor percentile score by 10.3 points (CI: 4.4, 16.1). Preference for weekend outdoor activities (6.9, CI: 2.0, 11.8), performing at least 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily (24.5, CI: 7.3, 41.8), and reporting that parents seldom criticise the child's physical activity (21.8, CI: 8.9, 34.8) were also associated with higher locomotor percentile scores (p < 0.01). Object control percentile scores were higher (p < 0.03) with involvement in formal instruction (5.9, CI: 1.1, 10.6) and being restricted to “activities within comfortable limits” (27.6, CI: 7.7, 47.5). Older chronological age (r = 0.28), a more complicated medical history (r = 0.36), and older age at Fontan (r = 0.28) were associated with greater skill delay (p < 0.04).ConclusionsChildren after Fontan attain basic motor skills at a later age than their peers, and deficits continue for more complex skills as age increases, suggesting a need for longitudinal monitoring of gross motor skill development through the elementary school years. Future research might investigate whether a gross motor skill rehabilitation programme can provide these children with the motor skills needed to successfully participate in a physically active lifestyle with peers.

scholarly journals Environment for Preschool Children to Learn Fundamental Motor Skills: The Role of Teaching Venue and Class Size

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9774
Author(s):  
Peggy Cheung ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Fundamental Motor Skills ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
The Social

The development of children’s fundamental motor skills (FMS) is shaped by the environment surrounding them. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the changes of children’s FMS after an intervention program differed between classes conducted in different schooling conditions. Participants were 295 preschool children (62 boys, 133 girls; M = 5.4 years; SD = 0.28) from eight preschools in Hong Kong. Children participated in an 8-week FMS program and their FMS were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2). A linear mixed model was used to analyze the association on the changes of FMS score between children in different schooling conditions: (1) teaching venue size (large or small); and (2) class size (large, medium, or small), while accounting for the clustering of participants within preschools. The changes of object control skills were significantly different between groups with different teaching venue size (p = 0.000) (small: 5.54 (SD = 5.84) vs. large: 2.46 (SD = 6.42)) and different class size (p = 0.000) (small: 8.12 (SD = 6.34) vs. medium: 2.92 (SD = 6.26) vs. large: 4.00 (SD = 5.79)). The findings have practical implications for the teaching of FMS in that the social and physical environment in preschools should be considered for the design of FMS intervention programs.

The Associations of Objectively Measured Physical Activity, Fundamental Motor Skills and Time in Sedentary Behavior in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252110387
Author(s):  
Anderson S. Carvalho ◽  
Lucimere Bohn ◽  
Pedro P. Abdalla ◽  
Nilo C. Ramos ◽  
Franciane G. Borges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Private School ◽  
Sedentary Time ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Fundamental Motor Skills ◽  
Equivalent Motor

Reduced levels of children’s physical activity (PA) and fundamental motor skills (FMS) along with increased sedentary behaviors have been observed in recent years. Yet, associations between these variables are not yet well established. This study aimed to observe the associations between FMS, PA and sedentary time in elementary school children. We evaluated 148 children (70 boys; Mage = 8.7, SD = 1.4 years old) from a private school using the Test of Gross Motor Development – Second Edition (TGMD-2) to measure FMS and examine locomotor, object control, and gross motor skills. We used accelerometry to measure PA performed on weekdays, weekends and total PA. We used descriptive statistics, partial correlations controlling for sex and age, and linear regression adjusted for sex and equivalent motor age to explain the relationships. Total moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) (β: 0.153; p = .009) and weekend MVPA (β: 0.171; p = .003) were significantly associated with FMS, regardless of gender and equivalent motor age. Sedentary time was not significantly associated with FMS ( p = .065). Girls and boys who met PA recommendations (≥60 minutes/day of moderate to vigorous PA) had higher frequencies of high ratings on the TGMD-2 ( p < .001 e p = .001, respectively). MVPA was associated with children’s FMS development, possibly affecting the quality of movement performed in children's daily lives.

scholarly journals Development of fundamental motor skills in children of a public school in the city of Sao Paulo

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Decio Rodrigues ◽  
Eric Leal Avigo ◽  
Jose Angelo Barela
Keyword(s):  
Public School ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Fundamental Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Skill Development

BACKGROUND: One common observation is that Brazilian children are failing to achieve the expected proficiency, regarding the chronological age, in performing gross motor skills. PURPOSE: The aim was to verify the development of fundamental motor skills of 6- and 9-year-old children from a public school of São Paulo city. METHOD: Eight two children were selected from the first and fourth Elementary year, 40 children from the first grade (6.6 year-old, 20 boys and 20 girls) and 42 children from the fourth grade (9.2 year-old, 21 boys and 21 girls). Children were videotaped performing the Test of Gross Motor Development tasks, locomotor and object-control subtests. Three experimenters inspected the video images and rated the children’s performance following the suggested criteria. RESULTS: Nine-year-old children were advanced in fundamental motor skill performance compared to 6-year-old, but children from both age groups are delayed to the expected fundamental motor skill development. Moreover, the developmental delay is even worse as chronological age increases, with 6-year-old rated as poor whereas 9-year-old children are rated as very poor in fundamental motor skill development. CONCLUSION: These results raise several concerns regarding the importance of mastering the basic motor skills and future enrolment in motor activities.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic and Familial Factors Associated with Gross Motor Skills among US Children Aged 3–5 Years: The 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soyang Kwon ◽  
Meghan O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Us Children

The first aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of below average gross motor skills in a representative sample of US children aged 3 to 5 years. The second aim was to identify socioeconomic and familial characteristics that are associated with below average gross motor skills. Secondary analysis was conducted using the datasets from the 2012 National Health and Examination Survey National Youth Fitness Survey (NNYFS). The NNYFS assessed gross motor skills among 329 children aged 3–5 years, using the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition (TGMD-2). Socioeconomic and familial characteristics of interest, such as family income and family structure, were asked in an in-person interview. This study estimated that one in three US children age 3 to 5 years old (33.9%) scored below average for gross motor quotient. In the gross motor subsets, one in four (24.4%) scored below average for locomotion and two in five (39.9%) scored below average for object control. Children living below the poverty threshold were more likely to have a higher gross motor quotient (odds ratio, OR = 2.76; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.09–7.00). Girls were more likely to have a higher locomotor score (OR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.10–4.25). Those living with other child(ren) aged ≤5 years were more likely to have a higher locomotor score (OR = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.01–5.54), while those living with child(ren) aged 6–17 years were more likely to have a higher object control score (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.24–2.69). This study revealed risk factors associated with poor gross motor development, furthering our understanding of gross motor development in early childhood.

Motor Skill Performances of Children Who Are Deaf

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail M. Dummer ◽  
John L. Haubenstricker ◽  
David A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Fundamental Motor Skills ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gender Patterns ◽  
And Gender

The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) was used to assess the fundamental motor skills of 91 girls and 110 boys aged 4 to 18 years who attended two schools for students who are deaf. Average hearing loss, determined by better ear average, was 96.94 dB (SD = 14.40 dB). Modifications to the procedures for administering the TGMD included visual demonstrations and the use of signing to communicate instructions. The raw score means of subjects aged 4–10 years who were deaf were lower than those of the TGMD standardization sample of same-aged children who could hear at six of seven age levels on both the object-control and locomotor subscales. However, there were relatively small differences in the mean scores of the two groups. Subjects with mature movement patterns for the throw, kick, jump, and run performed better on quantitative tests for those skills than subjects with immature patterns. Typical age and gender patterns of skill acquisition were revealed for both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the fundamental motor skills examined.

Locomotor and Object Control Skills of Children Diagnosed with Autism

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheri L. Berkeley ◽  
Lauriece L. Zittel ◽  
Lisa V. Pitney ◽  
Stacia E. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Young Children With Autism

The purpose of this study was to examine the locomotor and object control skills of children, ages 6–8 years, with autism and to compare their performances with the norms reported by Ulrich (1985) for the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD). Consistent with trends from the general population, differences were found between boys (n = 10) and girls (n = 5) with the largest differences found in the object control skill performances. Overall fundamental skill delays were demonstrated by 73% of all participants, placing them in the poor and very poor TGMD performance categories. These findings support the need to assess the gross motor skills of young children with autism in addition to other developmental skill areas outlined in diagnostic manuals.

scholarly journals Gross motor development level among Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan student

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasminder Kaur Mahinderjit Singh ◽  
Denise Koh Choon Lian
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Significant Difference

Gross motor development is an essential factor for specific skills required in different sports. This study aimed at assessing the level of gross motor development of school children in the district of Kuala Pilah. The objectives of this study are to identify the level of locomotor and object control amongst the children in the area, identifying the different developments of gross motor skills amongst children based on their gender and identifying the different developments of gross motor skills amongst the children based on the location of the schools. This study is non-trivial as the development of gross motor control in children are significant for their involvement in sports, games and recreational activities. Failure to control motor skills may have an impact on the children in the context of their daily interactions, self-confidence, and learning ability. This study involves 160 children aged 7 years old pooled from 8 different primary schools. The data collected was analysed based on the TGMD (Test of Gross Motor development) and interpreted via the GMQ (Gross Motor Quotients). The result from the t-test suggests that there is no significant difference between the genders concerning the gross motor development of children in the district of Kuala Pilah. However, if was found that there is a significant differences between children of urban and rural schools based on the measured gross motor development. 

scholarly journals Effects of Twelve Week Multi-Skills Movement Programme On Motor Development in 7-10 Years Old Boys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasin Ersöz ◽  
Cem Şeref Bediz
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Movement Training ◽  
Skill Scores

<p>Motor development is an important factor affecting the health status physically, psychologically and socially in both childhood and adulthood. It is important to develop motor skills starting from childhood and to participate in a variety of physical activities for this. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the motor development of 7-10 years old boys who receive multi-skill movement training outside of school and to examine the developmental differences. 61 volunteer college students participated in the study, the sample was divided into 31 students as a control group and 30 students as an intervention group receiving multi-skill movement training outside of school. The Test of Gross Motor Development-2 test, which includes locomotor and object control skill subtests, was applied to monitor the motor development of the children participating in the study. Gross motor skill scores from these two subtests were evaluated. At the end of the 12-week movement program, the study group showed a statistically significant improvement in gross motor skills, object control and locomotor sub-skills compared to the control group. A statistically significant improvement was found only in the object control sub-skill in the control group, whose in-school movement education continued. As a result, physical education activities at schools should be evaluated in terms of their duration and content, and children's participation in physical activities that show diversity should be evaluated in terms of motor development.<br></p>

Fundamental Motor Skills Across Childhood: Age, Sex, and Competence Outcomes of Brazilian Children

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia C. Valentini ◽  
Samuel W. Logan ◽  
Barbara C. Spessato ◽  
Mariele Santayana de Souza ◽  
Keila G. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Motor Proficiency ◽  
Fundamental Motor Skills ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Sex And Age Differences ◽  
Brazilian Children

The objectives of this study were to examine sex and age differences in fundamental motor skills (FMS) and to describe the prevalence of low motor proficiency and mastery competence. The Test of Gross Motor Development—Second Edition was used to assess 2,377 children (3–10 years old) from eight states and 75 schools in Brazil. The results showed that (a) boys are more proficient than girls in the majority of FMS, (b) FMS development begins to plateau at age 7, (c) low motor proficiency is present at age 10 for several FMS, and (d) mastery competence was achieved by only a small number of children. These findings suggest that increased opportunities to engage in physical activity that promotes FMS competence are needed.

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