Ratio of spleen height to left kidney height in children and adolescents according to intravital imaging data

Objective: to establish age and gender patterns of changes in the ratio of spleen height to left kidney height in children and adolescents of Orenburg region according to the data of intravital imaging. Materials and methods. Abdominal CT scans of 75 children without visible pathology were examined. The surveyed were divided into 4 age groups: early childhood, first childhood, second childhood, adolescence. The study was performed on 16-slice computed tomographs with the determination of the height of the spleen and the left kidney and calculation of the ratio of these parameters. The obtained data were subjected to variation-statistical processing with the determination of the mean value (M), standard error (m) and the reliability of differences according to the Student's t-test. Results. It was found that the indicator of the height of the spleen among all the examined changed from 7.1±0.3 cm in the 1st group to 10.2±0.3 cm in the 4th group (p=0.001). The height of the left kidney in the 1st group was 7.6±0.1 cm and increased by the 4th group to 10.2±0.1 cm (p=0.001). The smallest value of the ratio of the height of the spleen to the height of the left kidney among girls and boys was found in children of early childhood and was 0.90±0.10 and 0.93±0.04. The maximum value of the indicator among girls was 1.05±0.08 in children of the second childhood, and among boys, 1.05±0.07 in children of first childhood. Conclusion. There are no significant differences between the indicators of the ratio of spleen height to left kidney height, depending on age, and there are no gender differences within the group.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER PATTERNS AND TOY SELECTION OF PARENTS OF CHILDREN AGED 3-8 LIVING IN ISTANBUL

The main purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between children and their parents' gender stereotype judgments and toy choices. The study is descriptive and relationship-seeking research using quantitative methods. The universe of the study is that of children aged 3-8 and their parents living in Istanbul. The sample was composed of 360 parents and 360 children selected by the purpose-built sampling method. The study was conducted by researchers through online platforms with a literature review and a survey created with expert opinion. In accordance with the purpose of the study, two forms were created, aimed at parents and aimed at Children. There are 21 Questions in the parent question form and 14 questions in the child question form. Consent was obtained from the participants at the beginning of the survey. The question form includes questions about parents' perceptions of toy choices, gender stereotypes, children's gender stereotypes, and children's toy choices. Research data was collected in April 2021. Data on sociodemographic features were obtained by frequency, number and percentage analysis. It was found using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test whether gender stereotype judgment score and toy selection scores showed normal distribution. It was found that the scores did not show normal distribution, and non-parametric tests were used. Difference analyses between the groups were obtained using the Mann Whitney U test, and the existence of a relationship between the data was obtained using the Spearman correlation analysis. As a result of this research, it was found that sociodemographic characteristics that parents have influence on gender stereotypes, as well as on their and their children's toy choices. It was concluded that the children of parents with high educational status have more egalitarian gender stereotypes and non-gender-specific toy choices compared to children of parents with low educational status. In parents who had a profession and a job where they worked, the results were found to have more egalitarian gender stereotypes than in those who did not have a profession, similar to educational status. On the other hand, parents who have a job, have more egalitarian gender stereotypes than non-working parents. Gender stereotypes for parents with low educational status and non-working and the importance of toy selection for children should be organized.

Life-course Variations in Spouses’ Division of Roles in Urban Areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Despite a growing acceptance of egalitarian gender attitudes, there is no empirical evidence about the division of roles between wives and husbands and its variation across their family life in the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). This paper uses data from the 2014 to 2015 Time Use Survey, representing urban areas of the IRI, to examine the dynamics of the spouses’ division of roles across their family life. The findings confirm a gender division of roles. The mapping of the spouses’ role behaviours during their family life provides a combination of gender similarities and differences. Role configurations (or role variations across family life) clearly differ between spouses but the pathways (or life-course variations in role behaviours) are quite similar in some roles (i.e., community, individual and parental roles) and different in others (i.e., occupational and domestic roles). To the extent that the existing gender patterns are perceived as unjustified, they can be consequential not only for marital satisfaction and quality, but also for marriage and childbearing decisions.

The variable of gender and its interplay with mother tongue in the humor and laughter of bilingual couples

The variables of gender and mother tongue are usually considered independently in humor research. This article aims to explore the role of gender and its interplay with mother tongue in the production, reception, and assessment of humor among 10 bilingual, bicultural couples. It investigates whether the gender patterns commonly observed are also evident in these couples’ conversations, namely that women laugh more than men (Mehu, Marc & Robin I. M. Dunbar. 2008. Naturalistic observations of smiling and laughter in human group interactions. Behaviour 145(12). 1747–1780.), that women laugh more about men than the reverse (Jefferson, Gail. 2004. A note on laughter in ‘male-female’ interaction. Discourse Studies 6. 117–133. DOI:10.1177/1461445604039445.), and that men produce more humorous utterances than women do (Ross, Elaina M. & Jeffrey A. Hall. 2020. The traditional sexual script and humour in courtship. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 33(2). 197–218. DOI:10.1515/humor-2019-0017.). On average, the female bilinguals produced 29.6% more laughter pulses and laughed 7.4% more frequently, and their laughter episodes were consistently longer than their partners’. However, the participants’ mother tongue was found to have a stronger influence on their production and reception of laughables than their gender, and the native speakers produced more successful laughables, despite their partners’ high level of L2 proficiency. Interestingly, the couples’ self-assessments often did not match their actual laughing behavior and appeared to be clearly gendered; no couple considered the female partner to be funnier, and several men even questioned their partner’s sense of humor, while male humor was often praised.

Self-harm in children 12 years and younger: characteristics and outcomes based on the Multicentre Study of Self-harm in England

Background Very little is known about self-harm in children. We describe the characteristics and outcomes of children under 13 years who presented following self-harm to five hospitals in England. Methods We included children under 13 years who presented after self-harm to hospitals in the Multicentre Study of Self-harm in England. Information on patients’ characteristics and method of self-harm was available through monitoring of self-harm in the hospitals. Area level of socioeconomic deprivation was based on the English Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD). Results 387 children aged 5–12 years presented to the study hospitals in 2000–2016, 39% of whom were 5–11 years. Boys outnumbered girls 2:1 at 5–10 years. The numbers of boys and girls were similar at age 11, while at 12 years there were 3.8 girls to every boy. The proportion of study children living in neighbourhoods ranked most deprived (43.4%) was twice the national average. 61.5% of children self-poisoned, 50.6% of them by ingesting analgesics. Of children who self-injured, 45.0% self-cut/stabbed, while 28.9% used hanging/asphyxiation. 32% of the children had a repeat hospital presentation for self-harm, 13.5% re-presented within a year. Conclusions Gender patterns of self-harm until age 11 years are different to those of adolescents, with a male preponderance, especially in 5–10 years, and hanging/suffocation being more common. The frequent use of self-poisoning in this age group highlights the need for public health messages to encourage safer household storage of medicines. Self-harm in children is strongly associated with socioeconomic deprivation; understanding the mechanisms involved could be important in effective prevention.

A Maternal Wall for Refugees? Gender and Labor Market Establishment in Sweden

Using longitudinal register data, we examined gender patterns in the long-term labor market establishment of refugees (n ≈ 11,700) and Swedish-born individuals (n ≈ 109,000). The main question was whether refugee women face greater difficulties than men and if gender differences can be attributed to care responsibilities. With multinomial logistic regression, cox regressions, and individual fixed effects models, refugees were observed at age 29–30 in 1997, then followed to age 50. Results show that both among refugees and Swedish-born, establishment was a protracted and insecure process for women. Over time, women caught up with men but in terms of stable employment, gender gaps prevailed throughout the fertile period and parenthood was negatively related to long-term establishment prospects. Future research should move beyond the focus on labor market entry to capture the mechanisms behind long term insecurities. The timing of parenthood and the importance of adult education are of particular interest.

Eve as Cyborg

The essay argues that the figure of the female cyborg introduced by Donna Haraway has yet to live up to its post-gender emancipatory promise. Both Haraway and Jack Halberstam contrast the female cyborg with the biblical Eve and her mythic origins in the garden of Eden. I argue that the figure of Eve is actually an ancient precursor to the female cyborg. Even more than the Greek myth of Pygmalion, the Eden myth shares common elements with later stories of man-made women. Like them, Eve was made to satisfy male desire, but then followed her own desires. Like later stories of female cyborgs, the representation of Eve reflects both male desire and male fear. After analyzing both Ovid’s Pygmalion and Genesis 2-3, I trace common elements through the nineteenth century science fiction novel L’Eve future and the twenty-first century film Ex Machina. Like Eve, the female cyborgs in these works are built in a garden and their “emancipation” occurs only within the confines of androcentric heteronormative gender patterns.

AGE AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE PERSONALITY PROPERTIES OF GENDER IN MODERN SOCIETY

this article examines the issue of gender socialization and identity in modern Russian society, on the basis of analysis of gender characteristics of the personality is compared changes in the structure of the psychological sex (gender) in three age groups (up to 20 years - generation y, 20-40 years - Generation Y and 40-60 years - Generation X), analyzes the causes and possible consequences of changes in gender patterns in different generations. Specifically, the study found that changes in the composition of gender properties and a shift away about traditional stereotypes of feminity and masculinity in the direction of mixing gender roles and qualities occurred in all generations, but the most significant transformations occurred in young men and women of the younger age group (generation) and in middle-aged women (generation Y). The article also presents new data on structural changes in the composition of nuclear personality properties of gender: all males with a general tendency to mix gender qualities in the structure of "real self", the nuclear component of gender consists mainly of their masculine qualities, which is especially evident in men of the middle age group (Generation Y). In women of all generations, the nuclear composition of gender's personality were inconsistent and contradictory, and the choice of masculine qualities in the first places of the gender hierarchy in middle- and older age groups (generation Y and X) may indicate a trend towards further transformation of traditional feminist gender.

Swedish study shows how managers in forestry and mining industries blame gender inequality on male, blue-collar workers

Purpose In previous studies of the subject women had received more attention as both the problem and solution. Instead, the authors wanted to focus on how power relations of gender, class and place all have a role to play in how the problem is “constructed.” Design/methodology/approach They used material from four previous research projects in the same industries as a point of departure. The first project examined gender equality in four forestry work organizations. The second project analyzed existing methods for increasing gender equality in forestry organizations. The aim of the third project was to examine gender patterns and equality initiatives in Nordic mining organizations. Finally, the fourth project merged theory concerning industrial workplace relations with gender theory and knowledge about gender equality interventions. Findings The data revealed that gender, class and place are powerful intersecting forces when it comes to “constructing” gender equality in male-dominated industries. Company managers formulating policies tended to blame gender inequality on groups of male, blue-collar workers who represented ‘uneducated’ masculinity in a rural context. Originality/value Framing the issue of gender inequality as a problem of rural, blue-collar masculinity risked reinforcing class-based and place-based inequalities in forestry and mining. Therefore, bringing these exclusionary norms into light helped to broaden the discussion. Instead, companies should focus more on the structures and daily practices embedded in their organizations. From a research point of view, the study had a lot of lessons about challenging organizational inequalities. Meanwhile, from an organizational perspective, a heightened awareness of the interrelated power relations of class, place and gender could help sharpen processes for change.