Immune modulation of some autoimmune diseases: the critical role of macrophages and neutrophils in the innate and adaptive immunity

Neutrophils are no longer seen as leukocytes with a sole function of being the essential first responders in the removal of pathogens at sites of infection. Being armed with numerous pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, these phagocytes can also contribute to the development of various autoimmune diseases and can positively or negatively regulate the generation of adaptive immune responses. In this review, we will discuss how myeloperoxidase, the most abundant neutrophil granule protein, plays a key role in the various functions of neutrophils in innate and adaptive immunity.

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The role of chemokines in linking innate and adaptive immunity

Current Opinion in Immunology ◽

10.1016/s0952-7915(01)00308-9 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 129-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 337

Author(s):

Andrew D Luster

Keyword(s):

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity

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IL-36R ligands are potent regulators of dendritic and T cells

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2011-05-356873 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 118 (22) ◽

pp. 5813-5823 ◽

Cited By ~ 177

Author(s):

Solenne Vigne ◽

Gaby Palmer ◽

Céline Lamacchia ◽

Praxedis Martin ◽

Dominique Talabot-Ayer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Mhc Class Ii ◽

Critical Role ◽

T Helper ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽

Murine Bone Marrow ◽

Intracellular Signals ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Ifn Γ

Abstract IL-36α (IL-1F6), IL-36β (IL-1F8), and IL-36γ (IL-1F9) are members of the IL-1 family of cytokines. These cytokines bind to IL-36R (IL-1Rrp2) and IL-1RAcP, activating similar intracellular signals as IL-1, whereas IL-36Ra (IL-1F5) acts as an IL-36R antagonist (IL-36Ra). In this study, we show that both murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and CD4+ T lymphocytes constitutively express IL-36R and respond to IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ. IL-36 induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-12, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-23 by BMDCs with a more potent stimulatory effect than that of other IL-1 cytokines. In addition, IL-36β enhanced the expression of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II by BMDCs. IL-36 also induced the production of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 by CD4+ T cells and cultured splenocytes. These stimulatory effects were antagonized by IL-36Ra when used in 100- to 1000-fold molar excess. The immunization of mice with IL-36β significantly and specifically promoted Th1 responses. Our data thus indicate a critical role of IL-36R ligands in the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, leading to the stimulation of T helper responses.

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Emerging Role of Exosomes in Tuberculosis: From Immunity Regulations to Vaccine and Immunotherapy

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.628973 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yin-Fu Sun ◽

Jiang Pi ◽

Jun-Fa Xu

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Delivery System ◽

Immune Modulation ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Critical Role ◽

Cell Communication ◽

Immune Defense ◽

Research Progress ◽

Recent Research Progress

Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles carrying protein, lipid, and nucleic acid for secreting cells, and act as significant signal transport vectors for cell-cell communication and immune modulation. Immune-cell-derived exosomes have been found to contain molecules involved in immunological pathways, such as MHCII, cytokines, and pathogenic antigens. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), remains one of the most fatal infectious diseases. The pathogen for tuberculosis escapes the immune defense and continues to replicate despite rigorous and complicate host cell mechanisms. The infected-cell-derived exosomes under this circumstance are found to trigger different immune responses, such as inflammation, antigen presentation, and activate subsequent pathways, highlighting the critical role of exosomes in anti-MTB immune response. Additionally, as a novel kind of delivery system, exosomes show potential in developing new vaccination and treatment of tuberculosis. We here summarize recent research progress regarding exosomes in the immune environment during MTB infection, and further discuss the potential of exosomes as delivery system for novel anti-MTB vaccines and therapies.

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Introduction to Clinical Immunology: Overview of the Immune Response, Autoimmune Conditions, and Immunosuppressive Therapeutics for Rheumatic Diseases

10.2310/im.1328 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Steven K. Lundy ◽

Alison Gizinski ◽

David A. Fox

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

T Cell ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Cell Populations ◽

Hematopoietic Stem ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽

Adaptive Immune

The immune system is a complex network of cells and mediators that must balance the task of protecting the host from invasive threats. From a clinical perspective, many diseases and conditions have an obvious link to improper functioning of the immune system, and insufficient immune responses can lead to uncontrolled acute and chronic infections. The immune system may also be important in tumor surveillance and control, cardiovascular disease, health complications related to obesity, neuromuscular diseases, depression, and dementia. Thus, a working knowledge of the role of immunity in disease processes is becoming increasingly important in almost all aspects of clinical practice. This review provides an overview of the immune response and discusses immune cell populations and major branches of immunity, compartmentalization and specialized immune niches, antigen recognition in innate and adaptive immunity, immune tolerance toward self antigens, inflammation and innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses and helper T (Th) cell subsets, components of the immune response that are important targets of treatment in autoimmune diseases, mechanisms of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases and their approved uses, and mechanisms of other drugs commonly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Figures show the development of erythrocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, and other immune system cells originating from hematopoietic stem cells that first reside in the fetal liver and later migrate to the bone marrow, antigen–major histocompatibility complex recognition by T cell receptor control of T cell survival and activation, and Th cells as central determinants of the adaptive immune response toward different stimuli. Tables list cell populations involved in innate and adaptive immunity, pattern recognition receptors with known ligands, autoantibody-mediated human diseases: examples of pathogenic mechanisms, selected Food and Drug Administration–approved autoimmune disease indications for biologics, and mechanism of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases. This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 64 references.

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ROLE OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY ON ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN SUBJECTS WITH FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA

Journal of the American College of Cardiology ◽

10.1016/s0735-1097(19)32473-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (9) ◽

pp. 1867

Author(s):

Maria Cristina Izar ◽

Waleria Fonzar ◽

Francisco Fonseca ◽

Henrique Fonseca ◽

Tuany P. Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Familial Hypercholesterolemia ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity

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Sexual dimorphism in immune function: The role of sex steroid hormones

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/20185102007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 02007

Author(s):

Anna Mihailova ◽

Indrikis Krams

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Immune Function ◽

Steroid Hormones ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Gonadal Hormones ◽

Sex Steroid ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity

There is evidence of the relation of sex steroid hormones and sexual dimorphism in immune system response to infectious diseases. The aim of this review was to identify the role of sex hormones in immune function and sexual dimorphism of immune reactions. Gonadal hormones together with the immune system play an important role in process of immune responses to the disease [1]. Estrogens, progesterone and testosterone have different impacts on immune cells and different gonadal hormones are of high importance for responses of innate and adaptive immunity [1, 2]. Estrogens mainly enhance immune function while testosterone has a suppressive role. Higher progesterone during pregnancy leads to autoimmune disease remission and an elevated susceptibility toward certain infectious diseases [2, 3, 4]. The intensity and prevalence of viral infections are typically higher in males, whereas disease outcome could be worse for females [5]. Sexual dimorphism of immune function is based on different concentrations of sex hormones in males and females and on a specific mediating role of these hormones in immune function and response along with differences in innate and adaptive immunity.

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Targeting Host Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Achieve the Functional Cure of Chronic Hepatitis B

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8020216 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 216 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sayeh Ezzikouri ◽

Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh ◽

Soumaya Benjelloun ◽

Michinori Kohara ◽

Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara

Keyword(s):

Chronic Hepatitis ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Chronic Hepatitis B ◽

Immune Modulation ◽

Therapeutic Strategies ◽

Functional Cure ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽

Promising Target ◽

Current Therapies

Despite the availability of an effective preventive vaccine for hepatitis B virus (HBV) for over 38 years, chronic HBV (CHB) infection remains a global health burden with around 257 million patients. The ideal treatment goal for CHB infection would be to achieve complete cure; however, current therapies such as peg-interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogs are unable to achieve the functional cure, the newly set target for HBV chronic infection. Considering the fact functional cure has been accepted as an endpoint in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B by scientific committee, the development of alternative therapeutic strategies is urgently needed to functionally cure CHB infection. A promising target for future therapeutic strategies is immune modulation to restore dysfunctional HBV-specific immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the progress in alternative therapeutic strategies, including immune-based therapeutic approaches that enhance host innate and adaptive immunity to achieve and increase the functional cure from CHB infection.

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Special Issue: Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Plant Polyphenols

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines8030064 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 64 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Enrico Sangiovanni ◽

Mario Dell’Agli

Keyword(s):

Adaptive Immunity ◽

Human Body ◽

Physiological Response ◽

Critical Role ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Special Issue ◽

Plant Polyphenols ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Inflammation is considered the first physiological response of the human body to infection or injury, playing a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity [...]

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