scholarly journals Perfectly matched 20-nucleotide guide RNA sequences enable robust genome editing using high-fidelity SpCas9 nucleases

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingbo Zhang ◽  
Huawei Zhang ◽  
Tingdong Li ◽  
Kunling Chen ◽  
Jin-Long Qiu ◽  
...  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eirik A. Moreb ◽  
Mitchell Hutmacher ◽  
Michael D. Lynch

AbstractCRISPR/Cas systems have become ubiquitous for genome editing in eukaryotic as well as bacterial systems. Cas9 associated with a guide RNA (gRNA) searches DNA for a matching sequence (target site) next to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and once found, cuts the DNA. The number of PAM sites in the genome are effectively a non-target pool of inhibitory substrates, competing with the target site for the Cas9/gRNA complex. We demonstrate that increasing the number of non-target sites for a given gRNA reduces on-target activity in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, we show that the use of Cas9 mutants with increased PAM specificity towards a smaller subset of PAMs (or smaller pool of competitive substrates) improves cutting rates. Decreasing the non-target pool by increasing PAM specificity provides a path towards improving on-target activity for slower high fidelity Cas9 variants. These results demonstrate the importance of competitive non-target sites on Cas9 activity and, in part, may help to explain sequence and context dependent activities of gRNAs. Engineering improved PAM specificity to reduce the competitive non-target pool offers an alternative strategy to engineer Cas9 variants with increased specificity and maintained on-target activity.HighlightsThe pool of non-target PAM sites inhibit Cas9/gRNA on-target activitynon-target PAM inhibition is dose dependentnon-target PAM inhibition is a function of gRNA sequencenon-target PAM inhibition is a function of Cas9 levels


2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 176-182
Author(s):  
I. S. Hnatiuk ◽  
O. I. Varchenko ◽  
M. F. Parii ◽  
Yu. V. Symonenko

Aim. To create a genetic construct carrying the bacterial protein Cas9 gene, the reporter β-glucuronidase gus gene, as well as the marker phosphinotricin-N-acetyltransferase bar gene for plant genome editing. Methods. Molecular-biological, biotechnological, microbiological and bioinformatic methods were used in the study; Golden Gate molecular cloning method was used to create genetic constructs. Results. The genetic construct pSPE2053 which carries the Cas9 endonuclease gene, the gus and bar genes was created; the assembly correctness of all vector elements was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction; the construct was transferred to Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells; β-glucuronidase gene expression was verified by histochemical analysis after Nicotiana rustica L transient genetic transformation. Conclusions. The created genetic construct can be used to edit the plant genome for both stable and transient genetic transformation to accumulate recombinant Cas9 protein. The guide RNA sequences may be subsequently transferred into such plants using either stable or transient genetic transformation or traditional crossing methods. Keywords: cloning, genetic construction, gus and bar genes, Cas9 endonuclease protein, transient expression. 


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Xu ◽  
Wei Song ◽  
Yongxing Yang ◽  
Ying Wu ◽  
Xinxin Lv ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system or its derived base editors enables targeted genome modification, thereby providing a programmable tool to exploit gene functions and to improve crop traits. Results We report that PmCDA1 is much more efficient than rAPOBEC1 when fused to CRISPR/Cas9 nickase for the conversion of cytosine (C) to thymine (T) in rice. Three high-fidelity SpCas9 variants, eSpCas9(1.1), SpCas9-HF2 and HypaCas9, were engineered to serve with PmCDA1 (pBEs) as C-to-T base editors. These three high-fidelity editors had distinct multiplex-genome editing efficiencies. To substantially improve their base-editing efficiencies, a tandemly arrayed tRNA-modified single guide RNA (sgRNA) architecture was applied. The efficiency of eSpCas9(1.1)-pBE was enhanced up to 25.5-fold with an acceptable off-target effect. Moreover, two- to five-fold improvement was observed for knock-out mutation frequency by these high-fidelity Cas9s under the direction of the tRNA-modified sgRNA architecture. Conclusions We have engineered a diverse toolkit for efficient and precise genome engineering in rice, thus making genome editing for plant research and crop improvement more flexible.


2021 ◽  
Vol 332 ◽  
pp. 260-268
Author(s):  
Saed Abbasi ◽  
Satoshi Uchida ◽  
Kazuko Toh ◽  
Theofilus A. Tockary ◽  
Anjaneyulu Dirisala ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Eugene V. Gasanov ◽  
Justyna Jędrychowska ◽  
Michal Pastor ◽  
Malgorzata Wiweger ◽  
Axel Methner ◽  
...  

AbstractCurrent methods of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated site-specific mutagenesis create deletions and small insertions at the target site which are repaired by imprecise non-homologous end-joining. Targeting of the Cas9 nuclease relies on a short guide RNA (gRNA) corresponding to the genome sequence approximately at the intended site of intervention. We here propose an improved version of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing that relies on two complementary guide RNAs instead of one. Two guide RNAs delimit the intervention site and allow the precise deletion of several nucleotides at the target site. As proof of concept, we generated heterozygous deletion mutants of the kcng4b, gdap1, and ghitm genes in the zebrafish Danio rerio using this method. A further analysis by high-resolution DNA melting demonstrated a high efficiency and a low background of unpredicted mutations. The use of two complementary gRNAs improves CRISPR-Cas9 specificity and allows the creation of predictable and precise mutations in the genome of D. rerio.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiko Nanasato ◽  
Masafumi Mikami ◽  
Norihiro Futamura ◽  
Masaki Endo ◽  
Mitsuru Nishiguchi ◽  
...  

AbstractCryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar or sugi) is one of the most important coniferous tree species in Japan and breeding programs for this species have been launched since 1950s. Genome editing technology can be used to shorten the breeding period. In this study, we performed targeted mutagenesis using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in C. japonica. First, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was tested using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing transgenic embryogenic tissue lines. Knock-out efficiency of GFP ranged from 3.1 to 41.4% depending on U6 promoters and target sequences. The GFP knock-out region was mottled in many lines, indicating genome editing in individual cells. However, in 101 of 102 mutated individuals (> 99%) from 6 GFP knock-out lines, embryos had a single mutation pattern. Next, we knocked out the endogenous C. japonica magnesium chelatase subunit I (CjChlI) gene using two guide RNA targets. Green, pale green, and albino phenotypes were obtained in the gene-edited cell lines. Sequence analysis revealed random deletions, insertions, and replacements in the target region. Thus, targeted mutagenesis using the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be used to modify the C. japonica genome.


Author(s):  
К.С. Кочергин-Никитский ◽  
А.В. Лавров ◽  
Е.В. Заклязьминская ◽  
С.А. Смирнихина

Наследственные кардиомиопатии характеризуются неблагоприятным прогнозом и низкой пятилетней выживаемостью пациентов с выраженной клиникой. При этом лечение, за исключением хирургического, в основном паллиативное, во многих случаях лишь трансплантация сердца может улучшить состояние пациента и прогноз. Часть наследственных кардиомиопатий ассоциирована с аутосомно-доминантными мутациями в гене DES, кодирующем белок промежуточных филаментов десмин, дефекты в котором ведут к развитию десминопатий с вовлечением наиболее активно работающих мышц - скелетных, миокарда, мышц дыхательной системы. Новые терапевтические подходы, основанные на методах геномного редактирования, могут позволить устранить каузативный генетический дефект. Так как имеются данные об отсутствии клинических симптомов у людей с гетерозиготными нонсенс мутациями в гене DES, по-видимому, имеется возможность снизить тяжесть протекания десминопатий путем нокаута мутантного аллеля в случае гетерозиготной мутации. Целью работы являлась проверка возможности специфического нокаута аллелей гена DES, несущих гетерозиготные мутации, ассоциированные с десминопатиями, методами геномного редактирования. Нами был получен генетический материал трех пациентов с десминопатиями, связанными с мутациями в гене DES (c.330_338del, p.A337P (c.1009G>C) и p.R355P (c.1064G>C)). Направляющие РНК, совместимые с нуклеазами SaCas9 и eSpCas9(1.1), были подобраны, используя онлайн сервис Benchling, и клонированы в плазмиды, несущие соответствующие эндонуклеазы Cas9. Редактирующие плазмиды котрансфицировали в клетки HEK293T вместе с «таргетными» плазмидами, содержащими участки гена DES с мутациями. Анализ характерных для негомологичного соединения концов инделов в выделенной из клеток спустя 48 часов после трансфекции тотальной ДНК проводился посредством TIDE-анализа полученных сиквенсов целевых участков, либо методом Т7Е1 анализа. Наибольшая средняя эффективность 2,22% (до 8,06%) показана при использовании sgRNA на мутацию c.330_338del в комбинации с eSpCas9(1.1). Эффективность других комбинаций направляющих РНК и Cas9 не превышала 3%. Достигнутая эффективность нокаута очевидно недостаточна для коррекции десминопатии на уровне организма. Необходимость специфического нокаутирования мутантных аллелей не позволяет использовать другие направляющие РНК для CRISPR/Cas9, поэтому необходимо совершенствование разработанных систем для повышения их эффективности либо использование новых, более эффективных, направляемых нуклеаз. Hereditary cardiomyopathies are characterized by the generally poor prognosis and low 5-year survival of patients with severe symptoms. Besides surgical approaches, cardiomyopathy therapy mainly palliative and often heart transplantation is the only option to improve patient state and prognosis. Some of these pathologies are associated with the autosomal-dominant DES gene mutations. DES encodes intermediate filaments protein desmin, which defects causes desminopathies involving most active muscles such as skeletal muscles, myocardium and respiratory muscles. New therapeutic based on genome editing approaches could be used to correct causative genetic defect. There are data that heterozygous nonsense mutations in DES gene may be asymptomatic. Thus there is, apparently, a possibility to decrease severity of desminopathy using mutant allele knockout. Purpose. The aim of this work was to test the possibility of specific knockout of the DES gene alleles with heterozygous desminopathy-associated mutations by means of genome editing methods. Materials. We received genetic materials of three patients with desminopathy caused by DES gene mutations (c.330_338del, p.A337P (c.1009G>C) и p.R355P (c.1064G>C)). Guide RNA, compatible with nucleases SaCas9 and eSpCas9(1.1) were designed using online service Benchling and cloned into plasmids with corresponding Cas9 nucleases. Editing plasmids were cotransfected into HEK293T cells with “target” plasmids, containing DES gene sites with mutations. NHEJ-produced indels were assessed using TIDE-analysis with amplified and sequenced sites or using T7E1 analysis. Results. Combination sgRNA for c.330_338del with eSpCas9(1.1) demonstrated most mean efficiency of 2,22% (up to 8,06%). Others combinations of sgRNAs and Cas9 efficiency did not overcome 3%. Conclusions. Achieved knockout efficiency is evidently not enough for organism-level desminopathy correction. The need for specific knockout of mutated alleles does not allow usage of different guide RNAs for CRISPR/Cas9, so it is necessary to improve the developed systems to increase their efficiency or to use new, more efficient, targeted nucleases.


2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. e1500454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Han ◽  
Zongbin Liu ◽  
Myeong chan Jo ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
...  

The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)–Cas (CRISPR-associated) nuclease system represents an efficient tool for genome editing and gene function analysis. It consists of two components: single-guide RNA (sgRNA) and the enzyme Cas9. Typical sgRNA and Cas9 intracellular delivery techniques are limited by their reliance on cell type and exogenous materials as well as their toxic effects on cells (for example, electroporation). We introduce and optimize a microfluidic membrane deformation method to deliver sgRNA and Cas9 into different cell types and achieve successful genome editing. This approach uses rapid cell mechanical deformation to generate transient membrane holes to enable delivery of biomaterials in the medium. We achieved high delivery efficiency of different macromolecules into different cell types, including hard-to-transfect lymphoma cells and embryonic stem cells, while maintaining high cell viability. With the advantages of broad applicability across different cell types, particularly hard-to-transfect cells, and flexibility of application, this method could potentially enable new avenues of biomedical research and gene targeting therapy such as mutation correction of disease genes through combination of the CRISPR-Cas9–mediated knockin system.


2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 1302-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Jiang ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Jun‐Ying Liu ◽  
Zhi‐Hong Guo ◽  
Zong‐Ying Zhang ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Anindya Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Nagesh Kancharla ◽  
vivek javalkote ◽  
santanu dasgupta ◽  
Thomas Brutnell

Global population is predicted to approach 10 billion by 2050, an increase of over 2 billion from today. To meet the demands of growing, geographically and socio-economically diversified nations, we need to diversity and expand agricultural production. This expansion of agricultural productivity will need to occur under increasing biotic, and environmental constraints driven by climate change. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-site directed nucleases (CRISPR-SDN) and similar genome editing technologies will likely be key enablers to meet future agricultural needs. While the application of CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing has led the way, the use of CRISPR-Cas12a is also increasing significantly for genome engineering of plants. The popularity of the CRISPR-Cas12a, the type V (class-II) system, is gaining momentum because of its versatility and simplified features. These include the use of a small guide RNA devoid of trans-activating crispr RNA (tracrRNA), targeting of T-rich regions of the genome where Cas9 is not suitable for use, RNA processing capability facilitating simpler multiplexing, and its ability to generate double strand breaks (DSB) with staggered ends. Many monocot and dicot species have been successfully edited using this Cas12a system and further research is ongoing to improve its efficiency in plants, including improving the temperature stability of the Cas12a enzyme, identifying new variants of Cas12a or synthetically producing Cas12a with flexible PAM sequences. In this review we provide a comparative survey of CRISPR-Cas12a and Cas9, and provide a perspective on applications of CRISPR-Cas12 in agriculture.


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