scholarly journals Designing and using incentives to support recruitment and retention in clinical trials: a scoping review and a checklist for design

Trials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Parkinson ◽  
Rachel Meacock ◽  
Matt Sutton ◽  
Eleonora Fichera ◽  
Nicola Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Pay For Performance ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Incentive System ◽  
Design Issues ◽  
Recruitment And Retention ◽  
Design Choice ◽  
Current Evidence Base

Abstract Background Recruitment and retention of participants are both critical for the success of trials, yet both remain significant problems. The use of incentives to target participants and trial staff has been proposed as one solution. The effects of incentives are complex and depend upon how they are designed, but these complexities are often overlooked. In this paper, we used a scoping review to ‘map’ the literature, with two aims: to develop a checklist on the design and use of incentives to support recruitment and retention in trials; and to identify key research topics for the future. Methods The scoping review drew on the existing economic theory of incentives and a structured review of the literature on the use of incentives in three healthcare settings: trials, pay for performance, and health behaviour change. We identified the design issues that need to be considered when introducing an incentive scheme to improve recruitment and retention in trials. We then reviewed both the theoretical and empirical evidence relating to each of these design issues. We synthesised the findings into a checklist to guide the design of interventions using incentives. Results The issues to consider when designing an incentive system were summarised into an eight-question checklist. The checklist covers: the current incentives and barriers operating in the system; who the incentive should be directed towards; what the incentive should be linked to; the form of incentive; the incentive size; the structure of the incentive system; the timing and frequency of incentive payouts; and the potential unintended consequences. We concluded the section on each design aspect by highlighting the gaps in the current evidence base. Conclusions Our findings highlight how complex the design of incentive systems can be, and how crucial each design choice is to overall effectiveness. The most appropriate design choice will differ according to context, and we have aimed to provide context-specific advice. Whilst all design issues warrant further research, evidence is most needed on incentives directed at recruiters, optimal incentive size, and testing of different incentive structures, particularly exploring repeat arrangements with recruiters.

scholarly journals Characterising the evidence base for advanced clinical practice in the UK: a scoping review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. e036192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catrin Evans ◽  
Brenda Poku ◽  
Ruth Pearce ◽  
Jeanette Eldridge ◽  
Paul Hendrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Health Workforce ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Multiprofessional Team ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
The Uk

IntroductionA global health workforce crisis, coupled with ageing populations, wars and the rise of non-communicable diseases is prompting all countries to consider the optimal skill mix within their health workforce. The development of advanced clinical practice (ACP) roles for existing non-medical cadres is one potential strategy that is being pursued. In the UK, National Health Service (NHS) workforce transformation programmes are actively promoting the development of ACP roles across a wide range of non-medical professions. These efforts are currently hampered by a high level of variation in ACP role development, deployment, nomenclature, definition, governance and educational preparation across the professions and across different settings. This scoping review aims to support a more consistent approach to workforce development in the UK, by identifying and mapping the current evidence base underpinning multiprofessional advanced level practice in the UK from a workforce, clinical, service and patient perspective.Methods and analysisThis scoping review is registered with the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/tzpe5). The review will follow Joanna Briggs Institute guidance and involves a multidisciplinary and multiprofessional team, including a public representative. A wide range of electronic databases and grey literature sources will be searched from 2005 to the present. The review will include primary data from any relevant research, audit or evaluation studies. All review steps will involve two or more reviewers. Data extraction, charting and summary will be guided by a template derived from an established framework used internationally to evaluate ACP (the Participatory Evidence-Informed Patient-Centred Process-Plus framework).DisseminationThe review will produce important new information on existing activity, outcomes, implementation challenges and key areas for future research around ACP in the UK, which, in the context of global workforce transformations, will be of international, as well as local, significance. The findings will be disseminated through professional and NHS bodies, employer organisations, conferences and research papers.

scholarly journals The current evidence base surrounding Bobath Concept (NDT) in adult neurorehabilitation: a scoping review update

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Marques ◽  
◽  
Julie Vaughan-Graham ◽  
Daniela Figueiredo ◽  
Rui Costa
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Neurological Rehabilitation ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Rehabilitation Science ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Review Question

Review question / Objective: This scoping review aimed to gain a clear understanding of the current evidence base surrounding neurological rehabilitation based on the Bobath Concept (NDT) in adult population, by analyzing the different types of evidence that address and inform practice in this field and the way the research has been conducted. The specific questions, in regards to the available international published and unpublished literature, are: • What types of research are being conducted about the Bobath concept in adult neurorehabilitation? • How Bobath concept in adult neurorehabilitation is being studied, defined, conceptualized and operationalized? • What are the main knowledge gaps about the research involving the Bobath concept in adult neurorehabilitation and the implications for rehabilitation science? Condition being studied: The Bobath Concept approach in adult neuroreabilitation.

scholarly journals A systematic scoping review of psychological therapies for psychosis within acute psychiatric in-patient settings

2018 ◽  
Vol 213 (2) ◽  
pp. 490-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Jacobsen ◽  
Kathleen Hodkinson ◽  
Emmanuelle Peters ◽  
Paul Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Allocation Concealment ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Psychological Therapies ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Current Evidence Base

BackgroundPeople with psychotic disorders account for most acute admissions to psychiatric wards. Psychological therapies are a treatment adjunct to standard medication and nursing care, but the evidence base for such therapies within in-patient settings is unclear.AimsTo conduct a systematic scoping review of the current evidence base for psychological therapies for psychosis delivered within acute in-patient settings (PROSPERO: CRD42015025623).MethodAll study designs, and therapy models, were eligible for inclusion in the review. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, EThOS, ProQuest, conference abstracts and trial registries.ResultsWe found 65 studies that met criteria for inclusion in the review, 21 of which were randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The majority of studies evaluated cognitive–behavioural interventions. Quality was variable across all study types. The RCTs were mostly small (n<25 in the treatment arm), and many had methodological limitations including poorly described randomisation methods, inadequate allocation concealment and non-masked outcome assessments. We found studies used a wide range of different outcome measures, and relatively few studies reported affective symptoms or recovery-based outcomes. Many studies described adaptations to treatment delivery within in-patient settings, including increased frequency of sessions, briefer interventions and use of single-session formats.ConclusionsBased on these findings, there is a clear need to improve methodological rigour within in-patient research. Interpretation of the current evidence base is challenging given the wide range of different therapies, outcome measures and models of delivery described in the literature.Declaration of interestNone.

scholarly journals Use and Evaluation of Computerized Clinical Decision Support Systems for Early Detection of Sepsis in Hospitals: Protocol for a Scoping Review (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Li ◽  
Khalia Ackermann ◽  
Jannah Baker ◽  
Johanna Westbrook
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Clinical Decision Support ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Current Evidence Base

BACKGROUND Sepsis is a leading cause of death in hospitals, with high associated costs for both patients and health care systems worldwide. Early detection followed by timely intervention is critical for successful sepsis management and, hence, can save lives. Health care institutions are increasingly leveraging clinical data captured in electronic health records for the development of <i>computerized clinical decision support</i> (CCDS) systems aimed at enhancing the early detection of sepsis. However, a comprehensive evidence base regarding sepsis CCDS systems to inform clinical practice, research, and policy is currently lacking. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to systematically describe studies reporting on the use and evaluation of CCDS systems for early detection of sepsis in hospitals. METHODS The methodology for conducting scoping reviews presented by the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s Manual and the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) will be used and adapted as guides. A comprehensive literature search of 10 electronic databases will be conducted to identify all empirical quantitative and qualitative studies that investigate the use of CCDS systems for early detection of sepsis in hospitals. Detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria have been developed. Two reviewers will independently screen all articles based on these criteria. Any discrepancies will be resolved through discussion and further review by a third researcher if required. RESULTS Electronic database searches have retrieved 12,139 references after removing 10,051 duplicates. As of the submission date of this protocol, we have completed the title and abstract screening. A total of 372 references will be included for full-text screening. Only 15.9% (59/372) of these studies were focused on children: 11.0% (41/372) for pediatric and 4.8% (18/372) for neonatal patients. The scoping review and the manuscript will be completed by December 2020. CONCLUSIONS Results of this review will guide researchers in determining gaps and shortcomings in the current evidence base for CCDS system use and evaluation in the early detection of sepsis. The findings will be shared with key stakeholders in clinical care, research, policy, and patient advocacy. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT PRR1-10.2196/24899

scholarly journals The Applied Sports Science and Medicine of Netball: A Systematic Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Whitehead ◽  
Jonathon Weakley ◽  
Stuart Cormack ◽  
Helen Alfano ◽  
Jim Kerss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Training Load ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Professional Status ◽  
Sport Science ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Current Evidence Base

Abstract Background Netball is the one of the most popular women’s sports in the world. Since gaining professional status in 2008 there has been a rapid growth in research in the applied sports science and medicine of the sport. A scoping review of the area would provide practitioners and researchers with an overview of the current scientific literature to support on-court performance, player welfare and reduce injury. Objective The primary objective was to identify the current research on the applied sports science and medicine of netball. Additionally, the article provides a brief summary of the research in each topic of sports science and medicine in netball and identifies gaps in the current research. Methods Systematic searches of PubMed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE and CINAHL were undertaken from earliest record to Dec 2020 and reference lists were manually searched. The PRISMA-ScR protocol was followed. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they investigated netball as a sport or the applied sport science and medicine of netball athletes. Results 962 studies were identified in the initial search, 150 of which met the inclusion criteria. Injury was the most highly investigated sport science and medicine topic (n = 45), followed by physical qualities (n = 37), match characteristics (n = 24), biomechanics (n = 15), psychology (n = 13), fatigue and recovery (n = 9), training load (n = 4) and nutrition (n = 3). A range of cohorts were used from school to elite and international standards. All cohorts were female netballers, except for one study. A rapid growth in studies over recent years was demonstrated with 65% of studies published in the last decade. There still remains gaps in the literature, with a low evidence base for nutrition, training load and fatigue and recovery. Conclusion This scoping review summarises the current evidence base and key findings that can be used in practice to enhance the applied sport science and medical support to netball athletes across a range of playing standards, and support the growth of the sport. It is evident that netball as a sport is still under-researched.

scholarly journals Use and Evaluation of Computerized Clinical Decision Support Systems for Early Detection of Sepsis in Hospitals: Protocol for a Scoping Review

10.2196/24899 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e24899
Author(s):  
Ling Li ◽  
Khalia Ackermann ◽  
Jannah Baker ◽  
Johanna Westbrook
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Clinical Decision Support ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Current Evidence Base

Background Sepsis is a leading cause of death in hospitals, with high associated costs for both patients and health care systems worldwide. Early detection followed by timely intervention is critical for successful sepsis management and, hence, can save lives. Health care institutions are increasingly leveraging clinical data captured in electronic health records for the development of computerized clinical decision support (CCDS) systems aimed at enhancing the early detection of sepsis. However, a comprehensive evidence base regarding sepsis CCDS systems to inform clinical practice, research, and policy is currently lacking. Objective This scoping review aims to systematically describe studies reporting on the use and evaluation of CCDS systems for early detection of sepsis in hospitals. Methods The methodology for conducting scoping reviews presented by the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s Manual and the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) will be used and adapted as guides. A comprehensive literature search of 10 electronic databases will be conducted to identify all empirical quantitative and qualitative studies that investigate the use of CCDS systems for early detection of sepsis in hospitals. Detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria have been developed. Two reviewers will independently screen all articles based on these criteria. Any discrepancies will be resolved through discussion and further review by a third researcher if required. Results Electronic database searches have retrieved 12,139 references after removing 10,051 duplicates. As of the submission date of this protocol, we have completed the title and abstract screening. A total of 372 references will be included for full-text screening. Only 15.9% (59/372) of these studies were focused on children: 11.0% (41/372) for pediatric and 4.8% (18/372) for neonatal patients. The scoping review and the manuscript will be completed by December 2020. Conclusions Results of this review will guide researchers in determining gaps and shortcomings in the current evidence base for CCDS system use and evaluation in the early detection of sepsis. The findings will be shared with key stakeholders in clinical care, research, policy, and patient advocacy. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/24899

scholarly journals Hinge/floating craniotomy as an alternative technique for cerebral decompression: a scoping review

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1493-1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Layard Horsfall ◽  
Midhun Mohan ◽  
B. Indira Devi ◽  
Amos O. Adeleye ◽  
Dhaval P. Shukla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Alternative Technique ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Secondary Objective

AbstractHinge craniotomy (HC) is a technique that allows for a degree of decompression whilst retaining the bone flap in situ, in a ‘floating’ or ‘hinged’ fashion. This provides expansion potential for ensuing cerebral oedema whilst obviating the need for cranioplasty in the future. The exact indications, technique and outcomes of this procedure have yet to be determined, but it is likely that HC provides an alternative technique to decompressive craniectomy (DC) in certain contexts. The primary objective was to collate and describe the current evidence base for HC, including perioperative parameters, functional outcomes and complications. The secondary objective was to identify current nomenclature, operative technique and operative decision-making. A scoping review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR Checklist. Fifteen studies totalling 283 patients (mean age 45.1 and M:F 199:46) were included. There were 12 different terms for HC. The survival rate of the cohort was 74.6% (n = 211). Nine patients (3.2%) required subsequent formal DC. Six studies compared HC to DC following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, finding at least equivalent control of intracranial pressure (ICP). These studies also reported reduced rates of complications, including infection, in HC compared to DC. We have described the current evidence base of HC. There is no evidence of substantially worse outcomes compared to DC, although no randomised trials were identified. Eventually, a randomised trial will be useful to determine if HC should be offered as first-line treatment when indicated.

scholarly journals Polyphenols and Cognition In Humans: An Overview of Current Evidence from Recent Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Daniel Joseph Lamport ◽  
Claire Michelle Williams
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

There is increasing interest in the impact of dietary influences on the brain throughout the lifespan, ranging from improving cognitive development in children through to attenuating ageing related cognitive decline and reducing risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Polyphenols, phytochemicals naturally present in a host of fruits, vegetables, tea, cocoa and other foods, have received particular attention in this regard, and there is now a substantial body of evidence from experimental and epidemiological studies examining whether their consumption is associated with cognitive benefits. The purpose of this overview is to synthesise and evaluate the best available evidence from two sources, namely meta-analyses and systematic reviews, in order to give an accurate reflection of the current evidence base for an association between polyphenols and cognitive benefits. Four meta-analyses and thirteen systematic reviews published between 2017–2020 were included, and were categorised according to whether they reviewed specific polyphenol-rich foods and classes or all polyphenols. A requirement for inclusion was assessment of a behavioural cognitive outcome in humans. A clear and consistent theme emerged that whilst there is support for an association between polyphenol consumption and cognitive benefits, this conclusion is tentative, and by no means definitive. Considerable methodological heterogeneity was repeatedly highlighted as problematic such that the current evidence base does not support reliable conclusions relating to efficacy of specific doses, duration of treatment, or sensitivity in specific populations or certain cognitive domains. The complexity of multiple interactions between a range of direct and indirect mechanisms of action is discussed. Further research is required to strengthen the reliability of the evidence base.

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