scholarly journals Overweight and obesity in type 1 diabetes is not associated with higher ghrelin concentrations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Behiye Özcan ◽  
Patric J. D. Delhanty ◽  
Martin Huisman ◽  
Jenny A. Visser ◽  
Sebastian J. Neggers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Adult Type ◽  
Overweight Adult

Abstract Background Several studies have demonstrated suppressed levels of acylated (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG) in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the role of these hormones in type 1 diabetes has not been extensively studied. This study assessed the relationship between AG and UAG levels and body composition in patients with type 1 diabetes. Methods We selected eighteen patients with type 1 diabetes and divided them into two groups: non-obese (BMI < 25 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Demographics, parameters of body composition and serum parameters including AG and UAG, were assessed. Results The patients with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 were older and had a longer duration of diabetes. AG and UAG levels were not significantly different between non-obese and overweight groups (mean AG non-obese ± SD: 44.5 ± 29.4 pg/ml and mean UAG non-obese 42.4 ± 20.7 pg/ml vs mean AG overweight ± SD: 46.1 ± 29.6 pg/ml and mean UAG overweight 47.2 ± 18.2 pg/ml). AG/UAG ratios did not discriminate between these groups. There was a positive association of insuline dose/kg bodyweight with BMI (r2 = 0.45, p = 0.002). Conclusions Surprisingly, unlike non-diabetics and in T2D, we did not observe a difference in plasma levels of AG and UAG between normal weight and overweight adult type 1 diabetics. However, we did observe a positive correlation between BMI and insuline dose/kg bodyweight, suggesting that exogenous insulin is more important than the ghrelin system in the development of obesity in type 1 diabetes.

scholarly journals Role of Oral Antioxidant Supplementation in the Current Management of Diabetic Retinopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4020
Author(s):  
Enrique Antonio Alfonso-Muñoz ◽  
Raquel Burggraaf-Sánchez de las Matas ◽  
Jorge Mataix Boronat ◽  
Julio César Molina Martín ◽  
Carmen Desco
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Diabetic Macular Oedema ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Antioxidant Supplementation ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Adult Type ◽  
Aged People

Oxidative stress has been postulated as an underlying pathophysiologic mechanism of diabetic retinopathy (DR), the main cause of avoidable blindness in working-aged people. This review addressed the current daily clinical practice of DR and the role of antioxidants in this practice. A systematic review of the studies on antioxidant supplementation in DR patients was presented. Fifteen studies accomplished the inclusion criteria. The analysis of these studies concluded that antioxidant supplementation has a IIB level of recommendation in adult Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects without retinopathy or mild-to-moderate nonproliferative DR without diabetic macular oedema as a complementary therapy together with standard medical care.

scholarly journals Maternal overweight and obesity and risk of pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes

Diabetologia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 2099-2105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Persson ◽  
Sven Cnattingius ◽  
Anna-Karin Wikström ◽  
Stefan Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Maternal Overweight

scholarly journals Estimating the Effect of Liver and Pancreas Volume and Fat Content on Risk of Diabetes: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Diabetes Care ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Martin ◽  
Elena P. Sorokin ◽  
E. Louise Thomas ◽  
Naveed Sattar ◽  
Madeleine Cule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Liver And Pancreas ◽  
Pancreas Volume

OBJECTIVE Fat content and volume of liver and pancreas are associated with risk of diabetes in observational studies; whether these associations are causal is unknown. We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to examine causality of such associations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used genetic variants associated (P &lt; 5 × 10−8) with the exposures (liver and pancreas volume and fat content) using MRI scans of UK Biobank participants (n = 32,859). We obtained summary-level data for risk of type 1 (9,358 cases) and type 2 (55,005 cases) diabetes from the largest available genome-wide association studies. We performed inverse–variance weighted MR as main analysis and several sensitivity analyses to assess pleiotropy and to exclude variants with potential pleiotropic effects. RESULTS Observationally, liver fat and volume were associated with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio per 1 SD higher exposure 2.16 [2.02, 2.31] and 2.11 [1.96, 2.27], respectively). Pancreatic fat was associated with type 2 diabetes (1.42 [1.34, 1.51]) but not type 1 diabetes, and pancreas volume was negatively associated with type 1 diabetes (0.42 [0.36, 0.48]) and type 2 diabetes (0.73 [0.68, 0.78]). MR analysis provided evidence only for a causal role of liver fat and pancreas volume in risk of type 2 diabetes (1.27 [1.08, 1.49] or 27% increased risk and 0.76 [0.62, 0.94] or 24% decreased risk per 1SD, respectively) and no causal associations with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings assist in understanding the causal role of ectopic fat in the liver and pancreas and of organ volume in the pathophysiology of type 1 and 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals The role of glycemic self-control in diabetes management: based on the American Diabetes Association guidelines (2021)

2021 ◽  
pp. 286-292
Author(s):  
G. E. Runova
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
American Diabetes Association ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Diabetes Technology

Glycemic control represents an integral part of diabetes mellitus (DM) therapy. It is not surprising that diabetes technology is evolving to not only create new routes of insulin administration, but also to improve the measurement of glycemia. A significant number of new glucose monitoring systems have been launched to the market over the past 10 years. Nevertheless, only 30% of patients with type 1 diabetes and very few patients with type 2 diabetes use continuous or flash glucose monitoring. The reason for this is not only the cost and technical difficulties of continuous glucose monitoring, but also its clinical appropriateness. There is indisputable evidence that patients who receive intensified insulin therapy, especially those with type 1 diabetes, need frequent self-monitoring / continuous glucose monitoring. As for patients with type 2 diabetes receiving basal insulin and / or other antihyperglycemic therapy, the data received seem to be contradictory and uncertain. However, most of the recommendations simmer down to the need for self-monitoring of blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. The diabetes technology section of the American Diabetes Association guidelines 2021 goes into details about the role of self-monitoring of blood glucose in diabetes management, including the need for continuous patient education on the principles and rules of self-monitoring, interpretation and practical use of the results of self-monitoring, various standards of glucometers, factors affecting the accuracy of the results. 

Why Is a New Trial Required to Define the Role of Insulin Reserve in Newly Diagnosed Adult Type 1 Diabetes?

2003 ◽  
Vol 111 (06) ◽  
pp. 319-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Linn ◽  
M. Mann ◽  
M. Mann ◽  
R. Boedeker ◽  
R. Bretzel
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Adult Type

scholarly journals Role of Psychoeducation on Self- Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Adolescents – A Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjana Malhotra ◽  
Sherin P. Antony
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Insulin Regimen ◽  
Eating Pattern

The efficacy of Psychoeducation for adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus has long been debated among mental health professionals. Psychoeducation is an effective intervention which aids in managing the mental health concerns of the adolescents along with the parameters of their illness such as insulin regimen, dietary and exercise discipline and need for autonomy as adolescence is a developmentally challenging period. The current paper reviews twofold objectives: first is to comprehend the relationship between psychosocial factors, Psychoeducation and type 1 diabetes. Second is to uncover the implications of Psychoeducation in health care practice. A review of 40 studies from 1991 to 2014 was carried out to understand the role of Psychoeducation in type 1 diabetes. The studies reviewed indicates a positive association between Psychoeducation, quality of life, reduction in disturbed eating pattern and management of their health condition.

Stress Induced Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Vaishnav Priti Baludas ◽  
Kadam Kavita Shivaji ◽  
Kalunkhe Amruta Dadasaheb ◽  
Pagar Swati Aappasaheb ◽  
Musmade Deepak Sitaram
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Control Of Diabetes ◽  
Natural Element ◽  
Stressful Experience

Many evidences suggested that stressful experience might affect diabetes. The estimate of the actual number of diabetes in India is around 40 million. This means India actually has the highest number of diabetic’s patient of any one country in entire world. No doubt, one of the natural element of life i.e. Stress is a major contributor to the diabetes. Stress can bring many unexpected changes in the blood sugar level; this could trigger symptoms associated with diabetes. Some retrospective human studies have suggested that the stress can participate in Type-1 diabetes, animal studies have shown that stress can cause Type-1 diabetes. impaired glucose tolerance and metabolic disease, however human studies have shown that stress can stimulate hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance. In contrast more consistentevidence support the role of stress in Type-2 diabetes. In recent year the complexities of the relationship between stress and diabetes have become well known but have been less well researched. Some studies have suggested that stressful experience may affect the onset and the metabolic control of diabetes, but finding have often been inconclusive. In this article we reviewed some of this research going on to consider how stress might affect the diabetes and physiological mechanism through which this may occurs and their preventions and management.

6. Appetite, fat, and obesity

2014 ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
Martin Luck
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Storage Process ◽  
Lifestyle Disease ◽  
Energy Shortage

‘Appetite, fat, and obesity’ considers the role of insulin in the body’s fat storage process. In the condition diabetes mellitus, the sugar level in the blood rises uncontrollably so the kidneys cannot stop it leaking into the urine. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which a person’s immune system attacks the insulin-secreting β-cells of the pancreas. The only effective treatment is to inject the missing insulin. Type 2 diabetes is considered more of a lifestyle disease. But what exactly is the connection between obesity and poorly regulated blood glucose? The body has more hormones capable of responding to energy shortage than to energy abundance, which may be why keeping control of body weight can be difficult. The hormones affecting appetite are also discussed.

The preventive role of type 2 NKT cells in the development of type 1 diabetes

Apmis ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Ørskov Sørensen ◽  
Karsten Buschard ◽  
Carl-Henrik Brogren
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Nkt Cells ◽  
Preventive Role

scholarly journals Overweight and Obesity in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl E. Minges ◽  
Robin Whittemore ◽  
Margaret Grey
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Modest Weight Loss ◽  
Obese Youth

Overweight and obesity in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is now prevalent and accounts for significant health consequences, including cardiovascular complications and dual diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Physical activity and lifestyle are modifiable and play an important role in the prevention and management of excessive weight, but it is unclear how these factors relate to overweight and obese youth with T1D. Thus, a systematic review was conducted to examine how physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep, and diet are related to overweight/obesity in youth with T1D. Seven observational and intervention studies published between 1990 and 2013 were included in the review. Prevalence of overweight ranged from 12.5% to 33.3%. Overweight in youth with T1D was associated with infrequent napping, increased screen time, and skipping breakfast and dinner but was not related to time engaged in physical activity. Weight-related interventions indicated modest weight loss along with improved glycemic control. In light of this review, there is a need for high quality research that examines all levels of activity in youth with T1D to identify lifestyle modification targets for weight prevention and management.

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