scholarly journals Forward-backward recursive expectation-maximization for concurrent speaker tracking

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuval Dorfan ◽  
Boaz Schwartz ◽  
Sharon Gannot
Keyword(s):  
Expectation Maximization ◽  
Tracking Accuracy ◽  
Moving Sources ◽  
Natural Behaviour ◽  
Current Location ◽  
Speaker Tracking ◽  
Future Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Location Estimate

AbstractIn this paper, a study addressing the task of tracking multiple concurrent speakers in reverberant conditions is presented. Since both past and future observations can contribute to the current location estimate, we propose a forward-backward approach, which improves tracking accuracy by introducing near-future data to the estimator, in the cost of an additional short latency. Unlike classical target tracking, we apply a non-Bayesian approach, which does not make assumptions with respect to the target trajectories, except for assuming a realistic change in the parameters due to natural behaviour. The proposed method is based on the recursive expectation-maximization (REM) approach. The new method is dubbed forward-backward recursive expectation-maximization (FB-REM). The performance is demonstrated using an experimental study, where the tested scenarios involve both simulated and recorded signals, with typical reverberation levels and multiple moving sources. It is shown that the proposed algorithm outperforms the regular common causal (REM).

Cost- und Monitoring-Projekt: Zwei neue forstliche Meinungsumfragen im Vergleich | The Cost- and Monitoring-Projects: A Comparison of Two New Forestry Opinion Polls

2000 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Wild-Eck ◽  
Willi Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Forest Economics ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Swiss Confederation ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Opinion Polls

Two large-scale surveys looking at attitudes towards forests, forestry and forest policy in the second half ofthe nineties have been carried out. This work was done on behalf of the Swiss Confederation by the Chair of Forest Policy and Forest Economics of the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. Not only did the two studies use very different methods, but the results also varied greatly as far as infrastructure and basic conditions were concerned. One of the main differences between the two studies was the fact that the first dealt only with mountainous areas, whereas the second was carried out on the whole Swiss population. The results of the studies reflect these differences:each produced its own specific findings. Where the same (or similar) questions were asked, the answers highlight not only how the attitudes of those questioned differ, but also views that they hold in common. Both surveys showed positive attitudes towards forests in general, as well as a deep-seated appreciation ofthe forest as a recreational area, and a positive approach to tending. Detailed results of the two surveys will be available in the near future.

scholarly journals Unsupervised Learning in RSS-Based DFLT Using an EM Algorithm

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5549
Author(s):  
Ossi Kaltiokallio ◽  
Roland Hostettler ◽  
Hüseyin Yiğitler ◽  
Mikko Valkama
Keyword(s):  
Em Algorithm ◽  
Expectation Maximization ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Tracking Accuracy ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Em Algorithm ◽  
Device Free ◽  
Localization And Tracking

Received signal strength (RSS) changes of static wireless nodes can be used for device-free localization and tracking (DFLT). Most RSS-based DFLT systems require access to calibration data, either RSS measurements from a time period when the area was not occupied by people, or measurements while a person stands in known locations. Such calibration periods can be very expensive in terms of time and effort, making system deployment and maintenance challenging. This paper develops an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm based on Gaussian smoothing for estimating the unknown RSS model parameters, liberating the system from supervised training and calibration periods. To fully use the EM algorithm’s potential, a novel localization-and-tracking system is presented to estimate a target’s arbitrary trajectory. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, it is shown that: (i) the system requires no calibration period; (ii) the EM algorithm improves the accuracy of existing DFLT methods; (iii) it is computationally very efficient; and (iv) the system outperforms a state-of-the-art adaptive DFLT system in terms of tracking accuracy.

Cleaning in Crystalline Si Solar Cell Manufacturing

2012 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juergen Schweckendiek ◽  
Ronald Hoyer ◽  
Sebastian Patzig-Klein ◽  
Franck Delahaye ◽  
Gerry Knoch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diffusion Coating ◽  
Production Lines ◽  
Si Solar Cell ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Near Future

The large scale of production of modern PV manufacturing as well as the cost pressure demand a different approach to cleaning processes in semiconductor and PV applications. The subject of this presentation is, to highlight aspects of similarities and differences. Total added cost/m2of Si are estimated for typical PV manufacturing conditions and compared to semiconductor applications. Typical technical solutions are reviewed. They are compared to the anticipated technical and cost requirements in the near future according to PV roadmaps and cell concepts which are evident today. Starting with typical cleaning processes during the wafering (sawing, cleaning, separation) up to cell processing (texturing, diffusion, coating and plating) the main cleaning processes are presented and their specifics are indicated. Finally recontamination and conditioning in production lines are reviewed.

Distant time, distant gesture: speech and gesture correlate to express temporal distance

Semiotica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Alcaraz Carrión ◽  
Javier Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Television News ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Axis Direction ◽  
Spatial Properties ◽  
Multimodal Corpus ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Near Future

Abstract This study investigates whether there is a relation between the semantics of linguistic expressions that indicate temporal distance and the spatial properties of their co-speech gestures. To this date, research on time gestures has focused on features such as gesture axis, direction, and shape. Here we focus on a gesture property that has been overlooked so far: the distance of the gesture in relation to the body. To achieve this, we investigate two types of temporal linguistic expressions are addressed: proximal (e.g., near future, near past) and distal (e.g., distant past, distant future). Data was obtained through the NewsScape library, a multimodal corpus of television news. A total of 121 co-speech gestures were collected and divided into the two categories. The gestures were later annotated in terms of gesture space and classified in three categories: (i) center, (ii) periphery, and (iii) extreme periphery. Our results suggest that gesture and language are coherent in the expression of temporal distance: when speakers locate an event far from them, they tend to gesture further from their body; similarly, when locating an event close to them, they gesture closer to their body. These results thus reveal how co-speech gestures also reflect a space-time mapping in the dimension of distance.

scholarly journals Least Trimmed Squares Approach to Lucas-Kanade Algorithm in Object Tracking Problems

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yih-Lon Lin
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Object Tracking ◽  
Vehicle Tracking ◽  
Tracking Accuracy ◽  
Least Trimmed Squares ◽  
Environment Adaptation ◽  
Tracking Process ◽  
Important Research Topic ◽  
Process Simulations ◽  
The Cost

The object tracking problem is an important research topic in computer vision. For real applications such as vehicle tracking and face tracking, there are many efficient and real-time algorithms. In this study, we will focus on the Lucas-Kanade (LK) algorithm for object tracking. Although this method is time consuming, it is effective in tracking accuracy and environment adaptation. In the standard LK method, the sum of squared errors is used as the cost function, while least trimmed squares is adopted as the cost function in this study. The resulting estimator is robust against outliers caused by noises and occlusions in the tracking process. Simulations are provided to show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the standard LK method in the sense that it is robust against the outliers in the object tracking problems.

scholarly journals The IOERT IntraLine accelerator – the development, current state, and future plans

Nukleonika ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Adrich ◽  
Radosław Hanke ◽  
Ewa Kulczycka ◽  
Konrad Kosiński ◽  
Bartosz Meglicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Tumor Treatment ◽  
Oncologic Surgery ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Electron Beam Radiotherapy ◽  
Mechanical Optimization ◽  
Near Future

Abstract Intraoperative electron radiation therapy (IOERT) is a cancer treatment method that combines oncologic surgery with electron beam radiotherapy. This method can reduce the duration of entire tumor treatment and increase its effectiveness. Moreover, shortening the treatment time significantly reduces the cost and accessibility of the therapy. As a result of interdisciplinary research, an innovative accelerator for IOERT, the IntraLine, was developed. In the course of this work, four patent applications were filed. Today, the work is half way through. In the near future, the device will be optimized. New mechanical design solutions will be developed. Mechanical optimization will significantly reduce the weight of the device. Accelerators control system, which today is in the demo phase, will also be significantly upgraded. This paper describes the stages of the IntraLine accelerator development, its current state and plans for the future R&D work, within the scope of our new Intra-Dose project.

The Right to Return Home: International Intervention and Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia and Herzegovina

1998 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Cox
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
International Intervention ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dayton Agreement ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future

The use of terror to separate the ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a deeply tragic episode, with devastating effects on the lives of millions of people. Although the Dayton Agreement of December 1995 has brought a fragile peace to Bosnia and Herzegovina, it has done so at the cost of the division of its territory, its population and almost every aspect of civil life along ethnic lines. Two years into the peace process, the progress of return of refugees and displaced persons has been extremely disappointing. More than two million people—almost half the population—are still dispossessed of their homes. Some 600,000 of these are refugees abroad who have not yet found durable solutions, many of whom face the prospect of compulsory return into displacement within Bosnia and Herzegovina in the near future. Another 800,000 have been internally displaced to areas in the control of their own ethnic group, living in multiple occupancy situations, in collective centres or in property vacated by the displacement of others, often in situations of acute humanitarian concern. The fundamental issue for the future of the postwar society of Bosnia and Herzegovina is whether these people can or will return to their homes.

scholarly journals Implementation of Datalogger for Live Tracking of Vehicle Parameters using Gsm-Gps for Security

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 2660-2665
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Application ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Current Location ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control ◽  
Geographical Locations

The state-of-art methods designed for object tracking are instant-based. No previous data will be stored in these methods. In current scenario, continuous tracking of the vehicle is important in providing more security, but the amount of data and power utilization will be high that affects the cost of the system. Designing and development of data logger tool will meet the demand. The track record for Trip, Ignition, Engine Temperature, Distance Travelled, Fuel consumption, Speed Violations, Engine Break Down Conditions, etc. are maintained by sensing the vehicle along with the Geographical locations and get stored in the data logger. The stored data provides more security for the rider as well as dependents and also for government organizations like RTO, Traffic department, etc., This work concentrated on data acquisition and vehicle automation using the Designed Server and Mobile Application for tracking and control. The current location of the vehicle, the speed of the vehicle, ignition on/off status, etc., can be tracked

scholarly journals Pemetaan Mangrove Kepulauan Lease, Provinsi Maluku Menggunakan Data Multi-Temporal Dan Multi-Sensor Citra Satelit Landsat

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Sam Wouthuyzen ◽  
Fasmi Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Supervised Classification ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Landsat 5 Tm ◽  
Landsat Satellite ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future

<strong>Mangrove Mapping of The Lease Islands, Maluku Province Using Multi-Temporal And Multi-Sensor Of Landsat Satellite Images.</strong> Mangrove mapping in the Lease Islands, Maluku Province has been done, but using only a single date satellite image. Therefore, it is difficult to know the dynamics of their changes.  The aim of this study is to map mangroves every 5 year (1985-2015) using multi-sensors (MSS, TM, ETM+ and OLI) of Landsat and field data. Supervised classification using maximum likelihood was used for classifying mangrove and other habitats, and counting their areas. Results showed that mangrove in the Saparua and Nusalaut Islands, consisted of 22 and 13 species, respectively, with the longest distribution along the cost line of Tuhaha Bay due to freshwater supplay from the surrounding river, while the rest are grown in the hardy reef flat substrates. The mean overall acurracies of the maps was good enough (74.7%), except for one Landsat-5 TM and Landat-8 OLI because of the influences of cloud cover or haze.  During 30 years, the areas of mangrove are relatively stable since they are protected by local wisdom called "Kewang". The highest bias of 11.4% that made the areas of mangrove increase or decrease was not due to the utilization or conversion of mangrove, but mainly due to the influences of cloud cover/haze and the geometric differences among Landsat sensors. In the near future, the OBIA method should be try, because it seems to be able to produce mangrove maps with better accuracy.

scholarly journals Difficulties in conducting research with the use of virtual reality (VR)

E-methodology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
LUBA JAKUBOWSKA ◽  
MAGDALENA KAZIMIERSKA-ZAJĄC
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Diffi Cult ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Near Future ◽  
To Receive

Introduction. Virtual reality is a technology which is increasingly more often used notonly by the entertainment industry, but also in education, medicine, trade, and tourism.Conducting research with the use of virtual reality is necessary in order to confi rm or disclaimits effectiveness as a tool in particular uses.The aim. The aim of this paper is to present and analyse the diffi culties which ariseduring research with the use of VR.Methods and materials. The authors have analysed the diffi culties mentioned by researchers,as well as those addressing their own experiences gained during research with theuse of VR.Conclusions. The diffi culties arising during the research testing the use of VR can bedivided into three groups. The fi rst group includes those connected with the research subjects.There are objections related to certain illnesses, what is more, some individuals mayfeel fear of new technologies or lack interest in them. The second group contains the problemsconnected with the features of the equipment. The cost, the space necessary to carryout the research, and the number of assistants required make it diffi cult to conduct researchon a large number of individuals at the same time, and to popularise the use of the equipment.That is why researchers often use one tool only while working with a number ofpeople, which leads to wear and tear of the equipment. There is still a shortage of softwaresolutions dedicated to therapists and educators. Researchers often use software designedfor entertainment. The third group of diffi culties is related to the persons carrying out theresearch. The researchers ought to receive suffi cient training, they may require help transportingthe equipment, and they cannot anticipate the reactions of the particular researchsubjects. When writing the article we have noticed yet another obstacle, which may proveimpossible to overcome in the near future. VR glasses are typically used by a number ofpeople, which may be a threat in the times of an epidemic.

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