Cleaning in Crystalline Si Solar Cell Manufacturing

2012 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juergen Schweckendiek ◽  
Ronald Hoyer ◽  
Sebastian Patzig-Klein ◽  
Franck Delahaye ◽  
Gerry Knoch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diffusion Coating ◽  
Production Lines ◽  
Si Solar Cell ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Near Future

The large scale of production of modern PV manufacturing as well as the cost pressure demand a different approach to cleaning processes in semiconductor and PV applications. The subject of this presentation is, to highlight aspects of similarities and differences. Total added cost/m2of Si are estimated for typical PV manufacturing conditions and compared to semiconductor applications. Typical technical solutions are reviewed. They are compared to the anticipated technical and cost requirements in the near future according to PV roadmaps and cell concepts which are evident today. Starting with typical cleaning processes during the wafering (sawing, cleaning, separation) up to cell processing (texturing, diffusion, coating and plating) the main cleaning processes are presented and their specifics are indicated. Finally recontamination and conditioning in production lines are reviewed.

Cost- und Monitoring-Projekt: Zwei neue forstliche Meinungsumfragen im Vergleich | The Cost- and Monitoring-Projects: A Comparison of Two New Forestry Opinion Polls

2000 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Wild-Eck ◽  
Willi Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Forest Economics ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Swiss Confederation ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Opinion Polls

Two large-scale surveys looking at attitudes towards forests, forestry and forest policy in the second half ofthe nineties have been carried out. This work was done on behalf of the Swiss Confederation by the Chair of Forest Policy and Forest Economics of the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. Not only did the two studies use very different methods, but the results also varied greatly as far as infrastructure and basic conditions were concerned. One of the main differences between the two studies was the fact that the first dealt only with mountainous areas, whereas the second was carried out on the whole Swiss population. The results of the studies reflect these differences:each produced its own specific findings. Where the same (or similar) questions were asked, the answers highlight not only how the attitudes of those questioned differ, but also views that they hold in common. Both surveys showed positive attitudes towards forests in general, as well as a deep-seated appreciation ofthe forest as a recreational area, and a positive approach to tending. Detailed results of the two surveys will be available in the near future.

scholarly journals Characterization and Analysis of Ultrathin CIGS Films and Solar Cells Deposited by 3-Stage Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Rajan ◽  
Krishna Aryal ◽  
Shankar Karki ◽  
Puruswottam Aryal ◽  
Robert W. Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Photovoltaic Application ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Cigs Solar Cells ◽  
The Cost

In view of the large-scale utilization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells for photovoltaic application, it is of interest not only to enhance the conversion efficiency but also to reduce the thickness of the CIGS absorber layer in order to reduce the cost and improve the solar cell manufacturing throughput. In situ and real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) has been used conjointly with ex situ characterizations to understand the properties of ultrathin CIGS films. This enables monitoring the growth process, analyzing the optical properties of the CIGS films during deposition, and extracting composition, film thickness, grain size, and surface roughness which can be corroborated with ex situ measurements. The fabricated devices were characterized using current voltage and quantum efficiency measurements and modeled using a 1-dimensional solar cell device simulator. An analysis of the diode parameters indicates that the efficiency of the thinnest cells was restricted not only by limited light absorption, as expected, but also by a low fill factor and open-circuit voltage, explained by an increased series resistance, reverse saturation current, and diode quality factor, associated with an increased trap density.

scholarly journals Modeling the Interaction of Forest Machines with Soil when Working on Slopes

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Sergey E. Rudov ◽  
◽  
Vladimir Ya. Shapiro ◽  
Olga I. Grigoreva ◽  
Igor V. Grigorev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Far East ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Machine Systems ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Cost Of Construction

The urgency of the task of effective development of cutting areas on the slopes of mountains, hills, and hilly-ridge reliefs is primarily due to the depletion of available, special, lowland operational forests in Siberia and the Far East, which were once, not quite correctly, called forest-surplus regions of the Russian Federation. The operational woodlands that are convenient for development in Siberia and the Far East are largely depleted. To develop new ones, large-scale road construction is necessary, which requires significant financial expenses and reduces the already low profitability of logging production. It is also declining due to the ever-increasing volume of export of harvested timber, even if the cost of construction and maintenance of a new network of logging roads is not considered. Forest ecosystems located on slopes are among the most vulnerable. When working on the slopes with traditional systems of logging machines, it becomes necessary to cut a serpentine of skid trails, which later become concentrators of water and wind erosion. Currently, leading manufacturers of machinery and equipment for the forest industry, such as Ponsse, John Deer, Komatsu, and others, have developed technical solutions that significantly facilitate the operation of forest machine systems. Such solutions, first of all, include winches integrated into the transmissions of machines. Another solution is to use separate self-propelled winches remotely controlled by the operator of a forest machine, for example, T-winch. In this case, the machine does not receive additional weight from the winch integrated into it; however, the negative impact of forest machines on soils does not disappear, but has its own significant specifics. The article shows that when performing logging operations on slopes, primarily steep ones with slope angles exceeding 20–25°, it is necessary to make adjustments to the assessment of the destruction nature of the soil array and the patterns of the track depth formation under the influence of the skidding system. For citation: Rudov S.E., Shapiro V.Ya., Grigorev I.V., Kunitskaya O.A., Grigoreva O.I. Modeling the Interaction of Forest Machines with Soil when Working on Slopes. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 121–134. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-121-134

scholarly journals Effects of Static Heat and Dynamic Current on Al/Zn∙Cu/Sn Solder/Ag Interfaces of Sn Photovoltaic Al-Ribbon Modules

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuan-Jen Chen ◽  
Fei-Yi Hung ◽  
Truan-Sheng Lui ◽  
Wen-Yu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Intermetallic Compounds ◽  
Thermal Diffusion ◽  
Growth Mechanism ◽  
Ag Electrode ◽  
Si Solar Cell ◽  
Growth Reaction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Ag3sn Imcs

This present study applied Cu∙Zn/Al ribbon in place of a traditional Cu ribbon to a photovoltaic (PV) ribbon. A hot-dipped and an electroplated Sn PV ribbon reflowed onto an Ag electrode on a Si solar cell and estimated the feasibility of the tested module (Ag/Solder/Cu∙Zn/Al). After bias-aging, a bias-induced thermal diffusion and an electromigration promoted the growth of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) (Cu6Sn5, Ag3Sn). To simulate a photo-generated current in the series connection of solar cells, an electron with Ag-direction (electron flows from Ag to Al) and Al-direction (electron flows from Al to Ag) was passed through the Al/Zn∙Cu/Solder/Ag structure to clarify the growth mechanism of IMCs. An increase in resistance of the Ag-direction-biased module was higher than that of the Al-direction biased one due to the intense growth of Cu6Sn5 and Ag3Sn IMCs. The coated solder of the electroplated PV ribbon was less than that of the hot-dipped one, and thus decreased the growth reaction of IMCs and the cost of PV ribbon.

Investigations on “Sickness” in Soil: II. “Sickness” in Glasshouse Soils

1912 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Russell ◽  
F. R. Petherbridge
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Alternative Plan ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Do So

Previous investigations in this laboratory have shown that partial sterilisation of soil leads to increased productiveness. In attempting to apply this method on the large scale two courses were open. The more obvious was to seek for methods cheap enough for use in the field, and then to conduct a number of field trials to determine which was the best; this was almost certain to prove a tedious and expensive business and would not necessarily lead to a successful issue. The alternative plan, and the one we adopted, was to find classes of growers who could afford to use our present methods of partial sterilisation and who would be willing to do so. However restricted their number of crops might be we knew that the cost of the process must fall once it was applied in commercial growing, so that the range over which it was applicable would soon begin to widen; a further advantage was that from the outset we should be gaining experience of the working of partial sterilisation in practice. Fortunately we met with a large tomato and cucumber grower in the Waltham Cross district who put us in touch with the class of growers we wanted: in this way we came across the problem of sickness in glasshouse soils which forms the subject of the present communication.

scholarly journals Study of efficiency of simplication of customs formalities on the digitalization basis

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4(57)) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Lebid ◽  
Tetyana Anufriyeva ◽  
Hanna Savenko ◽  
Viktoriia Skrypnyk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Transit System ◽  
International Transport ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Eu

The object of research is the processes of data exchange between subjects of foreign economic activity when performing customs procedures, namely, the introduction of a new computerized transit system NCTS within the framework of improving and harmonizing customs procedures. One of the most problematic areas is the lack of knowledge and awareness in the implementation of reforms on trade facilitation measures, and therefore there is a need to be able to reduce costs at the border, and costs associated with foreign trade transactions. The perspective is considered and the assessment of the state of modern customs policy is carried out on the example of Ukraine, the mechanisms of application of customs instruments for regulating foreign trade during the digitalization of customs are determined. The dynamics of export-import operations of Ukraine with other countries is analyzed. In 2020, exporting companies estimate the work of customs significantly better by 15 % compared to 2019. Among enterprises of various sizes, micro-enterprises often report problems at customs, and the greatest problems are considered to be overstatement of customs value of goods and outdated equipment of customs control zones. It is shown that one of the ways to improve the efficiency of customs procedures is to minimize personal contacts between the customs officer and the client, transfer most of the transactions online, use electronic services and mobile applications. Also, in the near future, a large-scale reconstruction of checkpoints is planned to reduce queues. It is found that the customs clearance procedures are not sufficiently automated, and the customs authorities are entrusted with many obligations. Thus, the customs authorities of Ukraine are forced to control goods during customs clearance more carefully than in the EU countries. The average duration of customs clearance of imported goods by the customs authorities of Ukraine is from 1 to 4 hours, depending on the region, while in developed countries such clearance takes only a few minutes. The conducted research is interesting for the participants of the international transport market. Since for business enterprises the use of one transit declaration for the delivery of goods from one country to another (from the customs office of departure to the customs office of destination), according to the general transit procedure, reduces the cost of customs procedures and the time required for their passage. Consequently, it reduces queues at the border, which means a faster flow of goods.

MANAGEMENT OF THE SUCCESS OF STUDENT’S LEARNING BASED ON THE MARKOV MODEL

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
M. V. Noskov ◽  
M. V. Somova ◽  
I. M. Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Markov Process ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Automated Information System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University ◽  
Independent Work ◽  
Near Future

The article proposes a model for forecasting the success of student’s learning. The model is a Markov process with continuous time, such as the process of “death and reproduction”. As the parameters of the process, the intensities of the processes of obtaining and assimilating information are offered, and the intensity of the process of assimilating information takes into account the attitude of the student to the subject being studied. As a result of applying the model, it is possible for each student to determine the probability of a given formation of ownership of the material being studied in the near future. Thus, in the presence of an automated information system of the university, the implementation of the model is an element of the decision support system by all participants in the educational process. The examples given in the article are the results of an experiment conducted at the Institute of Space and Information Technologies of Siberian Federal University under conditions of blended learning, that is, under conditions when classroom work is accompanied by independent work with electronic resources.

The Impact of Quantitative Easing on Emerging Markets – Literature Review

e-Finanse ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Piotr Bartkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Quantitative Easing ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sufficient Precision

AbstractThe article presents the results of the review of the empirical literature regarding the impact of quantitative easing (QE) on emerging markets (EMs). The subject is of interest to policymakers and researchers due to the increasingly larger role of EMs in the world economy and the large-scale capital flows occurring after 2009. The review is conducted in a systematic manner and takes into consideration different methodological choices, samples and measurement issues. The paper puts the summarized results in the context of transmission channels identified in the literature. There are few distinct methodological approaches present in the literature. While there is a consensus regarding the direction of the impact of QE on EMs, its size and durability have not yet been assessed with sufficient precision. In addition, there are clear gaps in the empirical findings, not least related to relative underrepresentation of the CEE region (in particular, Poland).

Developing the adaptive process-based budgeting through TD-ABC and TD-ABB as part of strategic management accounting

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1182-1194
Author(s):  
A.A. Akhmetzyanov ◽  
A.Yu. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Management ◽  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Management Accounting ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Common Time ◽  
Strategic Management Accounting ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Cost

Subject. The article focuses on the advanced time-driven tools for allocating overhead expenses, which are based on process-based budgeting. Objectives. We articulate a technique for cost allocation so as to assess the cost of each process with reference to the common time driver. Methods. The study relies upon methods of systematization, classification, analogy and comparison, and summarizes the scientific literature on the subject. Results. The article presents our own suggestions on implementing TD-ABC and TD-ABB into the strategic management accounting process of developer companies. The principles were proved to help more effectively allocate overhead expenses and assess the capacity load of each process performed by functions, departments and employees. Carrying out a comparative analysis, we found certain reserves for utilizing resources more effectively. Conclusions and Relevance. The findings are of scientific and practical significance and can be used by developer and construction businesses. The conclusions can prove helpful for scientific papers, student books, and further research.

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