Distant time, distant gesture: speech and gesture correlate to express temporal distance

Semiotica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Alcaraz Carrión ◽  
Javier Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Television News ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Axis Direction ◽  
Spatial Properties ◽  
Multimodal Corpus ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Near Future

Abstract This study investigates whether there is a relation between the semantics of linguistic expressions that indicate temporal distance and the spatial properties of their co-speech gestures. To this date, research on time gestures has focused on features such as gesture axis, direction, and shape. Here we focus on a gesture property that has been overlooked so far: the distance of the gesture in relation to the body. To achieve this, we investigate two types of temporal linguistic expressions are addressed: proximal (e.g., near future, near past) and distal (e.g., distant past, distant future). Data was obtained through the NewsScape library, a multimodal corpus of television news. A total of 121 co-speech gestures were collected and divided into the two categories. The gestures were later annotated in terms of gesture space and classified in three categories: (i) center, (ii) periphery, and (iii) extreme periphery. Our results suggest that gesture and language are coherent in the expression of temporal distance: when speakers locate an event far from them, they tend to gesture further from their body; similarly, when locating an event close to them, they gesture closer to their body. These results thus reveal how co-speech gestures also reflect a space-time mapping in the dimension of distance.

Divergent theories, converging evidence: The constructional semantics of competing future constructions

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-114
Author(s):  
Stefan Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The One ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Abstract This paper investigates the alternation between two competing German future constructions, the werden + Infinitive construction and the futurate present, from a usage-based perspective. Two lines of evidence are combined: On the one hand, a pilot corpus study indicates that werden + Infinitive is more likely to be used for referring to distant-future events than to near-future events. However, syntactic factors seem to be at least as decisive as semantic ones for speakers’ choice between the two constructions. On the other hand, an experimental study taps into language users’ interpretation of sentences framed in one of the two constructions. It can be shown that the grammatical framing does not significantly affect participants’ estimates of the temporal distance of the events to which the stimuli sentences refer. This suggests that the meaning differences between the two constructions be more nuanced, e.g. pertaining to discourse-pragmatic functions.

Let's play with emojis! How to make emojis more effective in social media advertising using promocodes and temporal orientation

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Huang ◽  
Mohammad Shahidul Kader ◽  
Seeun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Temporal Orientation ◽  
Construal Level ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Media Advertising ◽  
Near Future

PurposeThe authors aim to examine how the construal level, either as an individual temporal orientation or temporal distance of promotion, moderates the effects of emojis' emotional intensity on consumers' purchase intentions in social media advertising.Design/methodology/approachTwo experiments are used to test four hypotheses.FindingsThe results of two experimental studies show that present-oriented participants reveal greater purchase intentions when low (vs high) emotionally intense emojis are embedded in a social media ad; but future-oriented consumers showed no difference when viewing ads with the two different emojis. In Study 2, participants indicate greater purchase intentions when a social media ad includes a distant-future promocode and high (vs low) emotionally intense emojis and an ad with a near-future promocode and low (vs high) emotionally intense emojis.Originality/valueThe current study advances our understanding how emojis with different emotional intensities can be effectively used in social media ads. This study also provides theoretical implications to construal level theory (CLT) by examining how emojis interact with construal level, either as a chronic tendency or simulated by psychological distance, can influence consumer response.

The Effect of Temporal Distance on Chinese Undergraduates' Entrepreneurial Decision Making

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1125-1132
Author(s):  
YingHua Ye
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Construal Level ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Entrepreneurial Decision ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chinese Undergraduates

Previous researchers have shown that the entrepreneurial intentions and choices of freshmen and sophomores are higher than those of juniors and seniors in China. In order to explore the reasons for this phenomenon, I conducted an experiment with 126 undergraduates from 3 universities in Zhejiang Province in China to study the relationship between temporal distance and undergraduates' entrepreneurial decision-making process. The results showed that: 1) temporal distance significantly influences undergraduates' entrepreneurial decision making, and 2) entrepreneurial decision tasks in the distant future motivate the undergraduates' cognition of desire for results (high construal level), resulting in a more positive decision, while the tasks in the near future motivate the cognition of feasibility for process (low construal level), resulting in a more negative decision.

Budget overestimation when dealing with an uncertainty goal

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Yulang Guo ◽  
Fang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Internal Mechanism ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Shed Light

We conducted 2 studies (N = 86 and 248) to examine people's tendency to overestimate their personal budget. The findings support 3 hypotheses. First, about 35% of participants in our first study tended to overestimate their budget when dealing with an uncertainty goal. Second, we found that focalism played a mediating role in this relationship. Third, in our second study we found that temporal distance positively moderated this relationship: The distant future strengthened the effect of dealing with an uncertainty goal on budget overestimation, whereas the near future attenuated it. These findings shed light on the cause and internal mechanism of consumer budget overestimation. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

Pay Now or Pay Later: The Impact of Time on Payment Preference in Hotel Booking

2021 ◽  
pp. 135676672110663
Author(s):  
Yisak Jang ◽  
Li Miao ◽  
Chih-Chien Chen
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Incentive ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Price Discount ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Perceived Risks ◽  
Hotel Booking ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Near Future

The “book now, pay later” phenomenon is one form of payment which has flow-on effects such as increasing last-minute cancelations. To encourage prepayment, some hotels have been offering a price discount or free upgrade for choosing the “pay now” option, but little is known about which incentives can generate better outcomes. This study aims to examine what types of payment options are preferable based on the time between booking and check-in (i.e. temporal distance), and to investigate how the payment options and temporal distance jointly influence perceived risks. The findings demonstrate that while people prefer the pay now with monetary incentive option when traveling time is in the near future, they mostly prefer the pay later option when traveling time is distant. In addition, people planning a trip in the distant future perceive significantly higher risks from the pay now with non-monetary and monetary incentive options than from the pay later option.

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

Development of specialized carriers capable of delivering effective RNAi and siRNA gene therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moataz Dowaidar
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sequential Treatment ◽  
Sufficient Stability ◽  
Near Future

New cationic carriers must be molecularly designed to enable selective RNAi and siRNA transport and administration. Because at some time, the carriers will have to be removed from the cells and perfused out of the body, sophisticated, temporarily controllable biodegradable carriers are necessary. This indicates that the degradation process must be well regulated and possibly in several steps to destroy the carrier in a controlled manner.Moreover, multifunctional cationic carriers must be molecularly designed to carry and steer two independent kinds of siRNAs delivered at two very different rates. This allows sequential treatment of some diseases. Nanosized carriers must be enhanced to provide sufficient stability for the therapeutic duration of the system. In addition, there is the recurring issue of cationic carrier toxicity to be addressed in the near future. Despite the courageous and robust field efforts, a lot of difficulties still need to be resolved.

scholarly journals Recent advances in managing systemic sclerosis

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Martin Aringer ◽  
Anne Erler
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Near Future

How the main components in systemic sclerosis—namely autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and fibrosis—fit together is still not sufficiently clear. However, vascular treatment options are well established, the body of evidence for the efficacy of immunomodulatory approaches is increasing, and now at least one hopeful substance that may directly interfere with fibrosis is being tested. Although we still wait for important breakthroughs, there is grounds for hope that better therapeutic options will be available in the near future.

Welterleben/Weiterleben

Daphnis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 343-388
Author(s):  
Ottmar Ette
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Experiential Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Alexander Von Humboldt ◽  
The World

Welterleben and Weiterleben are what determine the second globalization (of four previously explored) whose constantly accelerating dynamic, vectorization, this essay explores. On the basis of selected writings of Georg Forster, Alexander von Humboldt, and Adelbert von Chamisso, the author highlights the increasing speed with which knowledge, especially in the experiential sciences, is produced and disseminated following the routes of ever-widening trade speeded along by globalization. The notion of ‘vectopia’ stands for the connection of utopia and uchronia in space and time in such a way that the experience of the world, expanded worldwide, contains within it a Weiter-Leben, a ‘living-further’ that is to be understood first in a spatial, and not yet temporal, sense, of what Forster called Erfahrungswissen, or ‘experiential knowledge.’ Vectopia, as elaborated here, has a material dimension that relates to the physical person, the body, the experience of the world that cannot occur without the constant changing of place, without a journeying that is again and again recommenced. Vectopia develops the projection of a life not from space or from time alone, but by their combination. Vectopia is more than a concept, it is a thought-figure: it is vitally connected to life, and thus a life-figure. It opens itself to a type of knowledge that stands almost at the threshold of a further life, indeed, of a Weiterleben that, opening itself to a ‘living-onward,’ resides beyond space, time, and movement.

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