scholarly journals Yield loss of ginger (Zingiber officinale) due to bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) in different wilt management systems in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Merga Jibat Guji ◽  
Habtamu Terefe Yetayew ◽  
Eshetu Derso Kidanu
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Management Systems

scholarly journals Unravelling the Differential Expression of Potential microRNAs in Bacterial Wilt-resistant and Susceptible Ginger Species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Snigdha ◽  
D Prasath
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Mango Ginger ◽  
Mirna Targets ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNA) have been shown to regulate plant pathogen interaction, by silencing genes, destructing or blocking of the translation of mRNA. However, their role in bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in ginger, has not been studied. In the present study, we utilized the transcriptome data from ginger-Ralstonia solanacearum interactions to characterize miRNAs from bacterial wilt-susceptible ginger (Zingiber officinale) and resistant mango ginger (Curcuma amada). The assembled mRNAs were utilized to generate miRNA targets and miRNAs. Considering the alignment results, we located a total of 2926 potential miRNA targets out of which 1551 were upregulated and 1419 were downregulated in ginger. In case of mango ginger, out of 2145 potential miRNA targets, 1506 were upregulated and 1594 were downregulated. In the resistance interactions with mango ginger, 1068 unique target genes were upregulated when compared to control. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed target genes showed highest enrichment in response to cold, chloroplast and ATP binding in biological, cellular and molecular functions respectively. Nine target genes and their corresponding miRNAs were experimentally validated, which shows significant difference in expression with ginger-Ralstonia solanacearum interactions. The results will be very useful to disease resistant varieties of ginger.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PERLAKUAN BIBIT TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN PENYAKIT LAYU BAKTERI PADA JAHE (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE)

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
Titik Nur Aeny ◽  
Feriansyah Feriansyah ◽  
Subli Mujim
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacterial Wilt Disease ◽  
Two Factors

Effect of seedling treatments on development of bacterial wilt disease of ginger (Zingiber officinale).   This experiment was aimed to study the effect of  seedling treatment with bactericide on incubation period and disease intensity of bacterial wilt caused by  Ralstonia solanacearum on ginger (Zingiber officinale).  The experiment was conducted from May to November 2001, and the treatments were set as factorial experiment in completely randomised design.  The first factor was the level of bactericide concentrations and the second factor was the length of soaking periods.  Each treatment consisted of  five plants and  was replicated three times.  Data were analysed with ANOVA and the means were compared with Duncan test.  The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction of  bactericide concentrations with soaking periods was not significantly affected the incubation period and the intensity of bacterial wilt disease of ginger. However,  those two factors significantly (P < 0.01) affected  the incubation period and the intensity of ginger bacterial wilt disease.   Separation of the means by Duncan test indicated that the higher the bactericide concentration, the longer the incubation period. On the other hand, the disease intensity was lowered by the higher concentration.  The effect of  bactericide concentration 4 g/l was not significantly different from that of 6 g/l.   The analysis of variance was also showed that the length of soaking period of ginger seedling in bactericide did not affect the incubation period  nor the disease intensity.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic analysis to reveal the differentially expressed miRNA targets and their miRNAs in response to Ralstonia solanacearum in ginger species

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohandas Snigdha ◽  
Duraisamy Prasath
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Mango Ginger ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction

Abstract Background Bacterial wilt is the most devastating disease in ginger caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Even though ginger (Zingiber officinale) and mango ginger (Curcuma amada) are from the same family Zingiberaceae, the latter is resistant to R. solanacearum infection. MicroRNAs have been identified in many crops which regulates plant-pathogen interaction, either through silencing genes or by blocking mRNA translation. However, miRNA’s vital role and its targets in mango ginger in protecting bacterial wilt is not yet studied extensively. In the present study, using the “psRNATarget” server, we analyzed available ginger (susceptible) and mango ginger (resistant) transcriptome to delineate and compare the microRNAs (miRNA) and their target genes (miRTGs). Results A total of 4736 and 4485 differential expressed miRTGs (DEmiRTGs) were identified in ginger and mango ginger, respectively, in response to R. solanacearum. Functional annotation results showed that mango ginger had higher enrichment than ginger in top enriched GO terms. Among the DEmiRTGs, 2105 were common in ginger and mango ginger. However, 2337 miRTGs were expressed only in mango ginger which includes 62 defence related and upregulated miRTGs. We also identified 213 miRTGs upregulated in mango ginger but downregulated in ginger, out of which 23 DEmiRTGS were defence response related. We selected nine miRNA/miRTGs pairs from the data set of common miRTGs of ginger and mango ginger and validated using qPCR. Conclusions Our data covered the expression information of 9221 miRTGs. We identified nine miRNA/miRTGs key candidate pairs in response to R. solanacearum infection in ginger. This is the first report of the integrated analysis of miRTGs and miRNAs in response to R. solanacearum infection among ginger species. This study is expected to deliver several insights in understanding the miRNA regulatory network in ginger and mango ginger response to bacterial wilt.

scholarly journals Bacterial Wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in Ethiopia: StatusaAnd Management Approaches: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henok Kurabachew ◽  
Getachew Ayana
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Seed Tuber ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Potato Seed ◽  
Management Options

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most devastating plant diseases of economically important crops mainly Solanaceous family such as tomato, potato, pepper and eggplant. These crops play a significant role primarily as sources of income and food security for the small scale farming community in Ethiopia. The occurrence of bacterial wilt disease in Ethiopia was reported in 1956 and is known to cause significant yield loss on different Solanaceous crops in different parts of the country. On the basis of conventional characterization and classification, the strains of R. solanacearum found in Ethiopia have been identified as biovar 1 and 2. Recent characterization of R. solanacearum strains based on phylotype grouping using multiplex PCR and partial endoglucanase gene sequencing identified the occurrences of phylotype II and III. The association of biovar and phylotyping schemes indicated that phylotype II comprises only biovar 2, and phylotype III comprises strains of biovar 1 and biovar 2. The importance of the disease on Solanaceous crop is increasing from time to time specially in potato producing areas of the country. Apart from Solanaceous crops, the disease has also been posing a catastrophic damage to ginger production. Latently infected ginger rhizomes and potato seed tuber and decreasing of land holdings that limit crop rotation have contributed to the wider spread of the disease. In this review attempt has been made to summarize relevant scientific studies on this economically important disease in Ethiopia as well as its different disease management options, challenges and future considerations. Because, there is no single effective control measure against the target pathogen so far, a well-coordinated effort is required to develop an integrated disease management program that will help to minimize the damage and yield loss caused by the disease.

scholarly journals PENGGUNAAN FILTRAT Ralstonia solanacearum DALAM SELEKSI KALUS IN VITRO UNTUK KETAHANAN JAHE TERHADAP PENYAKIT LAYU BAKTERI

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
MEYNARTI SARI DEWI IBRAHIM ◽  
OTIH ROSTIANA ◽  
NURUL KHUMAIDA ◽  
SUPRIADI SUPRIADI
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
In Vitro Selection ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Meristem Culture ◽  
Embryogenic Calli ◽  
Bacterial Wilt Disease

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Penyakit layu bakteri yang disebabkan oleh Ralstonia solanacearummerupakan kendala utama budidaya jahe, yang menyebabkan kehilanganhasil lebih dari 90%. Upaya pengendalian yang dilakukan belum optimal,karena tidak tersedianya varietas jahe tahan patogen tersebut. Kendalautama untuk memperoleh varietas jahe yang tahan adalah terbatasnyasumber gen ketahanan dan adanya hambatan fisiologis pada prosespersilangan jahe karena sifat inkompatibilitas sendiri, serta rendahnyafertilitas polen menyebabkan persilangan jahe secara konvensional sulitdilakukan. Seleksi in vitro menggunakan medium selektif yangmengandung filtrat patogen merupakan salah satu metode inkonvensionaluntuk meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman. Penelitian ini dilakukan diLaboratorium Kultur Jaringan dan Laboratorium Penyakit Balai PenelitianTanaman Obat dan Aromatik (Balittro) dari bulan April 2008 sa,mpaiOktober 2008 dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat ketahanan jahepada stadia kalus terhadap filtrat R. solanacearum dan memperolehkonsentrasi filtrat yang tepat sehingga diperoleh varian kalus baru tahanterhadap filtrat patogen tersebut. Kalus embriogenik jahe putih besar asaleksplan meristem berumur 8 minggu, diseleksi selama 3 minggu di dalammedium proliferasi (MS + 3% manitol tanpa zat pengatur tumbuh),mengandung filtrat R. solanacearum. Seleksi bertingkat dilakukan denganmengaplikasikan filtrat R. solanacearum pada konsentrasi berbeda, yaitu:0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5; 1; 2; 3; 4; dan 5%, pada tahap pertama. Padaseleksi tahap kedua, kalus disubkultur ke dalam media yang sama dengankonsentrasi filtrat dinaikkan 10 kali dari konsentrasi awal. Penelitianmenggunakan rancangan acak lengkap, diulang 10 kali. Hasil penelitianmemperlihatkan penggunaan filtrat R. solanacearum di dalam mediumkultur in vitro jahe pada seleksi tahap pertama dan kedua menyebabkanterjadinya perubahan warna kalus dari putih kekuningan menjadi kuningkecoklatan dan coklat kehitaman. Berat dan diameter kalus, jumlahembrio globular serta embrio torpedo berkurang secara nyata setelahperlakuan filtrat, pada seleksi tahap pertama maupun kedua seiring denganbertambah  tingginya  konsentrasi  filtrat.  Konsentrasi  filtrat  R.solanacearum  yang  mampu  menginduksi  dan  menyeleksi  kalusembriogenik berkisar antara 0,3 - 2% dari volume medium seleksi kaluspada seleksi tahap 1 dan 3 - 20% pada seleksi tahap 2.</p><p>Kata kunci : Zingiber officinale Rosc., kalus, seleksi in vitro,ketahanan, filtrat R. solanacearum</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The use of R. solanacearum filtrate in callus selection ofin vitro for ginger resistance to bacterial wilt disease</p><p>Bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is the mainconstraint in ginger cultivation. It often causes significant yield loss ofmore than 90%. Various controlling techniques are not able to overcomethe disease, due to unavailability of resistant ginger cultivar. Limitation inobtaining resistant ginger variety is caused by several factors includingthe lack of resistant gene, physiological barrier due to the selfincompatibility, and low pollen fertility, these cause difficulty inconventional cross breeding. Therefore, genetic variability enhancementhas to be carried out unconventionally, to obtain ginger variety resistant tothe disease. In vitro selection using a selective medium containing filtrateof the pathogen is one of the potential unconventional method to improveginger plant resistance. The study was conducted at Meristem Culture andPlant Disease Laboratories of IMACRI from April to October 2008 aimingat determining the level of resistant ginger on stage of calli to the filtrateof R. solanacearum and to obtain an appropriate concentration of thefiltrate which induced calli variants resistant to the filtrate. Large whiteginger embryogenic calli meristems of 8 weeks old were selected for 3weeks in proliferation medium (MS + 3% mannitol without growthregulators), containing filtrate of R. solanacearum. For that purpose, twostages of in vitro selection were performed by applying differentconcentrations of R. solanacearum filtrate e.g; 0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 1;2; 3; 4; and 5% at the first stage selection. Those concentrations were thenmultiplied 10 times at the second stage selection. Experiments werearranged in completely randomized design with 10 replicates. Resultsshowed that the use of R. solanacearum filtrate as selection agent in gingerin vitro culture medium has caused changes in calli color from theyellowish white into the blackish brown. In addition, increase of R.solanacearum filtrate concentration at the 1 st and 2 nd selection stages wasin line with the decreased of the calli weight and diameter, as well asnumber of globular and torpedo embryo. The concentration of R.solanacearum filtrate applied at 0.3 to 2% in the 1 st selection followed by3 to 20% in the 2 nd  selection induced resistant embryogenic calli of ginger.</p><p>Key words : Zingiber officinale Rosc., calli, in vitro selection,resistance, R. solanacearum filtrate</p>

scholarly journals Effect of Plant Essential Oils on Ralstonia solanacearum Race 4 and Bacterial Wilt of Edible Ginger

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathews L. Paret ◽  
Roxana Cabos ◽  
B. A. Kratky ◽  
Anne M. Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Bacterial Wilt Disease ◽  
Potting Medium ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Race 4

Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini), lemongrass (C. citratus), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) oils were investigated for their effects on Ralstonia solanacearum race 4 and their potential use as biofumigants for reducing bacterial wilt disease of edible ginger (Zingiber officinale). Three concentrations of the oils (0.04, 0.07, and 0.14% vol/vol) were evaluated by culture amendment assays, epifluorescence microscopy, and studies in potting medium. In culture amendment assays with palmarosa and lemongrass oils at 0.04%, both oils significantly reduced the growth of the bacterium compared with the control, and at 0.07 and 0.14% they showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth. Epifluorescence microscopic observations showed cell deterioration in 95 to 100% of the cells at all concentrations of palmarosa and lemongrass oils, indicating its bactericidal properties. Eucalyptus oil treatments at 0.04 and 0.07% had bacteriostatic effects on the cells. The pathogen was not detected in R. solanacearum–infested potting medium after treatment with palmarosa and lemongrass oils at 0.07 and 0.14% in any of the experiments. Bacterial wilt incidence on edible ginger was significantly reduced when planted in essential oil–treated potting medium. None of the essential oil treatments reduced the growth or yield of edible ginger grown for 180 days in 5-liter pots.

scholarly journals Ralstonia solanacearum Needs Motility for Invasive Virulence on Tomato

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (12) ◽  
pp. 3597-3605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Tans-Kersten ◽  
Huayu Huang ◽  
Caitilyn Allen
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Soft Agar ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Bacterial Wilt Disease ◽  
Virulence Assay ◽  
Flagellar Filament

ABSTRACT Ralstonia solanacearum, a widely distributed and economically important plant pathogen, invades the roots of diverse plant hosts from the soil and aggressively colonizes the xylem vessels, causing a lethal wilting known as bacterial wilt disease. By examining bacteria from the xylem vessels of infected plants, we found thatR. solanacearum is essentially nonmotile in planta, although it can be highly motile in culture. To determine the role of pathogen motility in this disease, we cloned, characterized, and mutated two genes in the R. solanacearum flagellar biosynthetic pathway. The genes for flagellin, the subunit of the flagellar filament (fliC), and for the flagellar motor switch protein (fliM) were isolated based on their resemblance to these proteins in other bacteria. As is typical for flagellins, the predicted FliC protein had well-conserved N- and C-terminal regions, separated by a divergent central domain. The predicted R. solanacearum FliM closely resembled motor switch proteins from other proteobacteria. Chromosomal mutants lackingfliC or fliM were created by replacing the genes with marked interrupted constructs. Since fliM is embedded in the fliLMNOPQR operon, the aphAcassette was used to make a nonpolar fliM mutation. Both mutants were completely nonmotile on soft agar plates, in minimal broth, and in tomato plants. The fliC mutant lacked flagella altogether; moreover, sheared-cell protein preparations from the fliC mutant lacked a 30-kDa band corresponding to flagellin. The fliM mutant was usually aflagellate, but about 10% of cells had abnormal truncated flagella. In a biologically representative soil-soak inoculation virulence assay, both nonmotile mutants were significantly reduced in the ability to cause disease on tomato plants. However, the fliC mutant had wild-type virulence when it was inoculated directly onto cut tomato petioles, an inoculation method that did not require bacteria to enter the intact host from the soil. These results suggest that swimming motility makes its most important contribution to bacterial wilt virulence in the early stages of host plant invasion and colonization.

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