scholarly journals The impact of pest risk management measures on trade: the case of apples from France and Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
DeMaria Federica ◽  
Drogue Sophie ◽  
Lubello Pasquale
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Export Strategy ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pest Risk

AbstractIn this article, we investigate how pest risk management protocols may affect trade flows of fresh apples. We apply our analysis to two major players in the international trade of fresh apples: France and Chile. These two countries have been chosen because they are among the world’s leading apple exporters and although they have similar market shares, they differ in terms of destination markets, seasonality, local conditions and export strategy. In order to assess the impact of pest risk management protocols on international trade of apples from France and Chile, we introduce in a gravity equation beside the traditional variables, a score able to measure their complexity. The results are interesting in the sense that even if the score for France and Chile by main trading partners are rather close, we found that French apples exporters would be more impacted by pest risk management protocols than their Chilean counterparts.

scholarly journals Revising Emission Responsibilities through Consumption-Based Accounting: A European and Post-Brexit Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Fezzigna ◽  
Simone Borghesi ◽  
Dario Caro
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
The World ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

International trade shifts production of a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions embodied in traded goods from the importing country to the exporting country. The European Union (EU) plays a prominent role in the flow of international-related emissions as it accounts for the second largest share of global exports and imports of goods. Consumption-based accountings (CBA) emerged as alternative to the traditional emission inventories based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. According to the IPCC criteria, countries where products are consumed take no responsibility for the emissions produced by exporter countries, thus neglecting the emissions embodied in trade. By taking this aspect into account, CBA are considered of great importance in revealing emissions attributed to the final consumer. Using a CBA approach, this paper evaluates the impact of international trade in the EU in terms of CO2 emissions, looking both at the internal trade flows within the EU-28 and at the external trade flows between the EU and the rest of the world during the period 2012–2015. We find that the EU is a net importer of emissions as its emissions due to consumption exceed those due to production. In particular, in 2015 the ratio between import- and export-embodied emissions was more than 3:1 for the EU-28 that imported 1317 Mt CO2 from the rest of the world (mainly from China and Russia) while exporting only 424 Mt CO2. Concerning emissions flows among EU countries, Germany represents the largest importer, followed by the UK. To get a deeper understanding on possible environmental implications of Brexit on UK emission responsibilities, the paper also advances a few hypotheses on how trade flows could change based on the existing trade patterns of the UK. Data analysis shows that a 10% shift of UK imports from EU partners to its main non-EU trading partners (India, China, and US) would increase its emission responsibility by 5%. The increase in UK emission responsibility would more than double (+11%) in case of a 30% shift of UK imports. Similar results would apply if UK replaced its current EU partners with its main Commonwealth trading partners as a result of Brexit.

scholarly journals Social Development and International Trade in Central Europe

Equilibrium ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Andrzej Cieślik ◽  
Jan Jakub Michałek ◽  
Jerzy Mycielski
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
Standard Set ◽  
The Impact

In this paper we study the impact of social development on international trade in Central and Eastern Europe using the generalized gravity model. Many previous empirical studies which explored the determinants of trade flows, concentrated only on traditional gravity variables, such as the size of trading partners, factor abundance, technology differences or distance. In our study, in addition to the standard set of gravity variables, we examine the role of aggregate social development indicators such as Human Development Index and its components. Our results show that both aggregate and disaggregate measures of social development affect the volume of international trade flows. In particular, the education indexes seem to be positively related to bilateral trade flows.

scholarly journals When Britain Turned Inward: The Impact of Interwar British Protection

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan de Bromhead ◽  
Alan Fernihough ◽  
Markus Lampe ◽  
Kevin Hjortshøj O’Rourke
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
The Impact

International trade collapsed, and also became much less multilateral, during the 1930s. Previous studies, looking at aggregate trade flows, have argued that trade policies had relatively little to do with either phenomenon. Using a new dataset incorporating highly disaggregated information on the United Kingdom’s imports and trade policies, we find that while conventional wisdom is correct regarding the impact of trade policy on the total value of British imports, discriminatory trade policies can explain the majority of Britain’s shift toward Imperial imports in the 1930s. (JEL F13, F14, F54, N74)

How Free Trade Agreements Affect Exports and Imports in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (5E) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Hoang Oanh
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Hub And Spoke ◽  
The Impact

The important year of 1995 marked Vietnam’s first integration as a member of ASEAN. By 2016, Vietnam had negotiated, signed, and implemented sixteen free trade agreements. They include both multilateral and bilateral free trade agreements such as the China-ASEAN, Vietnam-Chile, and Vietnam-Japan agreements. By signing free trade agreements Vietnam can increase trade flows in bilateral and multilateral developed-country FTA scenarios. Trade creation and diversion can be found in multilateral developing-country FTA scenarios and the author finds the impacts of each free trade agreement is different if analyzed for each 2-digit commodity. Keywords Free trade agreement, trade, import, export.t commodity References [1] Baier, S.L., Bergstrand, J.H., “Do free trade agreements actually increase members’ international trade?”, Journal of International Economics, 71 (2007), 72-95.[2] Chong, Soo Yuen & Hur, Jung, “Small Hubs, Large Spokes and Overlapping Free Trade Agreements”, The World Economy, 10.1111/j (2008), 1467-9701.[3] Hur, J., Alba, J. D., & Park, D., “Effects of hub-and-spoke free trade agreements on trade: A panel data analysis”, World Development, 38 (2010) 8, 1105-111.[4] McDonald, S. & Walmsley, Terrie, “Bilateral Free Trade Agreements and Customs Unions: The Impact of the EU Republic of South Africa Free Trade Agreement on Botswana”, The World Economy, 10.1111/j (2008),1467-9701.[5] Pan, S., Welch, M., Mohanty, S., Fadiga, M., & Ethridge, D., “Welfare analysis of the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States free trade agreement: The cotton textile and apparel industries”, The International Trade Journal, Vol. XXII (2008) 2, 1521-0545.[6] Benedictis, L., Santis, R., Vicarelli, C., “Hub-and-Spoke or else? Free trade agreements in the “enlarged” European Union”, The European Journal of Comparative Economics, 2 (2005) 2, 245-260.[7] Nguyen, Q.H., & Nguyen, T.H., “The impact of free trade agreement on trade flow of goods in Vietnam”, Vietnam Economist Annual Meeting, 2015[8] Das, R.U., Rishi, M., Dubey, J.D., “Asean plus six and successful FTAS: Can India propel intra-industry trade flows?”, The Journal of Developing Areas, 50 (2016) 2.[9] Hayakawa, K., “Impact of diagonal accumulation rule on FTA utilization: Evidence from bilateral and multilateral FTAs between Japan and Thailand”, J. Japanese Int. Economies, 32 (2014), 1-16.[10] Jennifer Y. Leung, “Bilateral vertical specialization between the U.S. and its trade partners - before and after the free trade agreements”, International Review of Economics and Finance, 45 (2016), 177-196.[11] Jongwanich, J., & Kohpaiboon, A., “Exporter responses to FTA tariff preferences: evidence from Thailand”, Asian Pacific Economic Literature (2017).[12] Lakatos, C., & Walmsley, T., “Investment creation and diversion effects of the ASEAN-China free trade agreement”, Economic Modelling, 29 (2012), 766-779.[13] Vanhnalat, B. at el., “Assessment the Effect of Free Trade Agreements on Exports of Lao PDR”, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5 (2015) 2, 365-376.[14] Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI), “Freedom of international trade in Vietnam”, Research report, Vietnam, 2015.

Economic Crisis and Its Effects on International Trade

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
Miloš Parežanin ◽  
Dragana Kragulj ◽  
Sandra Jednak
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this chapter is to analyse the effects of the economic crisis on the trade among the Southeastern European (SEE) countries. The countries were divided into two groups: the EU countries and non-EU countries. Macroeconomic performances and international trade indicators of the 11 observed countries were analysed for the period 2007-2019, and the effects of the economic crisis were present in all the observed countries, particularly the effects on the export performances. The crisis also affected the entire import of the non-EU countries. The EU countries recovered from the crisis faster than the non-EU countries. However, the non-EU countries achieved a more significant inflow of foreign direct investment in the post-crisis period, which significantly improved the position of the balance of payments in these countries. The observed countries had managed to stabilise their trade flows all until the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis. The impact of the current crisis on these countries remains to be estimated in the future.

scholarly journals Global Firms

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Bernard ◽  
J. Bradford Jensen ◽  
Stephen J. Redding ◽  
Peter K. Schott
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Monopolistic Competition ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
International Participation ◽  
Heterogeneous Firm ◽  
Heterogeneous Firm Model ◽  
Firm Model ◽  
The Impact

Research in international trade has changed dramatically over the last twenty years, as attention has shifted from countries and industries towards the firms actually engaged in international trade. The now-standard heterogeneous firm model posits measure-zero firms that compete under monopolistic competition and decide whether to export to foreign markets. However, much of international trade is dominated by a few “global firms,” which participate in the international economy along multiple margins and account for substantial shares of aggregate trade. We develop a new theoretical framework that allows firms to have large market shares and decide simultaneously on the set of production locations, export markets, input sources, products to export, and inputs to import. Using US firm and trade transactions data, we provide strong evidence in support of this framework's main predictions of interdependencies and complementarities between these margins of firm international participation. Global firms participate more intensively along each margin, magnifying the impact of underlying differences in firm characteristics and increasing their shares of aggregate trade. (JEL D22, F14, F23, L60, R32)

scholarly journals With Whom Do Nations Trade? – The Fading Distance

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Michaely ◽  
David Wajnryt
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Large Distance ◽  
Intensity Ratio ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
Minor Determinant ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Impact

Distance has conventionally been considered a major determinant of the direction of international trade. This contrasts, intuitively, with the generally-acknowledged fact that transportation costs are only a minor component of prices in international trade. The present study estimates the impact of distance on mutual trade flows in alternative, more direct methods than those employed traditionally in the literature. In particular, it looks at the “intensity ratio” in mutual trade; and asks to what extent its deviation from the size expected under an assumption of “neutrality” may be explained by mutual distances. It is found that, by and large, distance is a minor determinant of the trade of nations with each other. It is of some significance when trade flows within quite short ranges are concerned; but beyond these, the impact of distance on trade largely fades away.

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