scholarly journals Effect of interface-active proteins on the salt crystal size in waterborne hybrid materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephani Stamboroski ◽  
Kwasi Boateng ◽  
Welchy Leite Cavalcanti ◽  
Michael Noeske ◽  
Vinicius Carrillo Beber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Material Transport ◽  
Salt Crystal ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Droplet Drying ◽  
Material Exchange

AbstractAqueous processes yielding hybrid or composite materials are widespread in natural environments and their control is fundamental for a multiplicity of living organisms. Their design and in vitro engineering require knowledge about the spatiotemporal evolution of the interactions between the involved liquid and solid phases and, especially, the interphases governing the development of adhesion during solidification. The present study illustrates the effects of distinct proteins on the precipitation of sodium chloride encompassing the size, shape and distribution of halite crystals formed during the drying of droplets containing equally concentrated saline protein solutions. The precipitates obtained from aqueous sodium chloride formulations buffered with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) contained either bovine serum albumin (BSA), fibrinogen or collagen and were characterized with respect to their structure and composition using optical and electron microscopy as well as x-ray analysis. The acquired findings highlight that depending on the protein type present during droplet drying the halite deposits predominantly exhibit cubic or polycrystalline dendritic structures. Based on the phenomenological findings, it is suggested that the formation of the interphase between the growing salt phase and the highly viscous saline aqueous jelly phase containing protein governs not only the material transport in the liquid but also the material exchange between the solid and liquid phases.

Current Challenges in the Development of Vaccines and Drugs Against Emerging Vector-borne Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 2974-2986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang-sun Kim
Keyword(s):  
New Host ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Living Organisms

Vectors are living organisms that transmit infectious diseases from an infected animal to humans or another animal. Biological vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sand flies carry pathogens that multiply within their bodies prior to delivery to a new host. The increased prevalence of Vector-Borne Diseases (VBDs) such as Aedes-borne dengue, Chikungunya (CHIKV), Zika (ZIKV), malaria, Tick-Borne Disease (TBD), and scrub typhus has a huge impact on the health of both humans and livestock worldwide. In particular, zoonotic diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks place a considerable burden on public health. Vaccines, drugs, and vector control methods have been developed to prevent and treat VBDs and have prevented millions of deaths. However, development of such strategies is falling behind the rapid emergence of VBDs. Therefore, a comprehensive approach to fighting VBDs must be considered immediately. In this review, I focus on the challenges posed by emerging outbreaks of VBDs and discuss available drugs and vaccines designed to overcome this burden. Research into promising drugs needs to be upgraded and fast-tracked, and novel drugs or vaccines being tested in in vitro and in vivo models need to be moved into human clinical trials. Active preventive tactics, as well as new and upgraded diagnostics, surveillance, treatments, and vaccination strategies, need to be monitored constantly if we are to manage VBDs of medical importance.

scholarly journals In vivo transcriptome analysis provides insights into host-dependent expression of virulence factors by Yersinia entomophaga MH96, during infection of Galleria mellonella

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber R Paulson ◽  
Maureen O’Callaghan ◽  
Xue-Xian Zhang ◽  
Paul B Rainey ◽  
Mark R H Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Insecticidal Toxin ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Cell Densities

Abstract The function of microbes can be inferred from knowledge of genes specifically expressed in natural environments. Here, we report the in vivo transcriptome of the entomopathogenic bacterium Yersinia entomophaga MH96, captured during initial, septicemic, and pre-cadaveric stages of intrahemocoelic infection in Galleria mellonella. A total of 1285 genes were significantly upregulated by MH96 during infection; 829 genes responded to in vivo conditions during at least one stage of infection, 289 responded during two stages of infection, and 167 transcripts responded throughout all three stages of infection compared to in vitro conditions at equivalent cell densities. Genes upregulated during the earliest infection stage included components of the insecticidal toxin complex Yen-TC (chi1, chi2, and yenC1), genes for rearrangement hotspot element containing protein yenC3, cytolethal distending toxin cdtAB, and vegetative insecticidal toxin vip2. Genes more highly expressed throughout the infection cycle included the putative heat-stable enterotoxin yenT and three adhesins (usher-chaperone fimbria, filamentous hemagglutinin, and an AidA-like secreted adhesin). Clustering and functional enrichment of gene expression data also revealed expression of genes encoding type III and VI secretion system-associated effectors. Together these data provide insight into the pathobiology of MH96 and serve as an important resource supporting efforts to identify novel insecticidal agents.

Some effects of sodium chloride on cells of rice cultured in vitro

Plant Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Flowers ◽  
D.R. Lachno ◽  
S.A. Flowers ◽  
A.R. Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride

Effect of linoleic acid infusion on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. H611-H617 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Reddy ◽  
R. Talwalkar ◽  
J. Downs ◽  
T. A. Kotchen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Acid Infusion ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Hypotensive Response

High dietary intake of linoleic acid lowers arterial pressure, and, in vitro, linoleic acid inhibits the enzymatic activity of renin. The purpose of the present study was 1) to evaluate the effect of intravenous infusion of linoleic acid on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive Sprague-Dawley rats and 2) to determine whether the hypotensive response to linoleic acid infusion is caused by inhibition of circulating renin. Blood pressure was decreased (P less than 0.01) by linoleic acid infusion in normotensive sodium chloride-deprived animals and in animals with two-kidney, one-clip hypertension. In contrast, linoleic acid infusion did not affect blood pressure in normotensive rats on a "normal" or high sodium chloride intake, in rats with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension, and in anephric rats. In sodium chloride-deprived rats, the reduction of blood pressure by linoleic acid infusion was associated with increased plasma renin activity (P less than 0.05); serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity was unchanged. The in vitro enzymatic activity of exogenous renin in plasma of anephric rats was not affected by linoleic acid infusion. In two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive animals, pretreatment with indomethacin did not alter the hypotensive response to linoleic acid. Thus, although linoleic acid infusion lowered blood pressure in high renin but not in low renin states, the reduction of blood pressure was not related to inhibition of circulating renin or to alterations of endogenous prostaglandin biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Daily Indexes for Predation and Growth of Nematophagous Mushrooms Species of Hohenbuehelia (Pleurotaceae) on Panagrellus redividus

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Cleonice Lubian ◽  
Danielle Dutra Martinha ◽  
Roberto Luis Portz ◽  
Alexandre Gonçalves dos Santos e Silva Filho ◽  
Vagner Gularte Cortez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Growth Speed ◽  
Test Evaluation ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Panagrellus Redivivus ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Living Organisms

Biological control is a method of controlling pests through the use of other living organisms. The purposes of this study were to test Hohenbuehelia species as biological control agents against Panagrellus redivivus in vitro, evaluating nematodes influence on mycelia growth; establishing daily indexes for predation and growth and setting predation percentage. Five species previously identified as 436-Hohenbuehelia mastrucata (Nematoctonus hamatus), 528-H. bullulifera (not described so far), 581-H. paraguayensis (N. sp.), 582-H. sp. (N. sp.) and 631-H. portegna (N. campylosporus) were submitted to anamorphic purification directly from basidioma. Afterwards, 100 nematodes were added to each pure colony for predation test. Evaluation started right after 24 hours of nematode-fungus interaction. Immobilized and/or penetrated nematodes were counted and mycelia growth was measured. Results were subjected to variance analyses. Hohenbuehelia mastrucata had the best performance in growth speed, followed by H. portegna and H. paraguayensis; Nematodes multiplyied much but none specie grew more as an influence of their movement under mycelium, however all species formed trap devices and some of them produced adhesive or repelent substances. Trap devices were formed in control plates also. The plates of H. paraguayensis without nematodes grew more than treatments. Cumulative predation of H. portegna was the highest at 24 (195.5%) and 48 hours (235%). At the last evaluation day, H. paraguayensis preyed the same amount (185.75%) than H. portegna, followed by H. mastrucata (109.51%). Resulst of predation daily indexes displayed chronological activity for each isolate, where H. portegna was very reactive at first 24 hours, H. mastrucata raised its predacious activity in 48 hours being constant from this time on and H. paraguayensis pointed out itself at 72 hours. Other species presented low predation and growth indexes throughout experiment.

scholarly journals Reversible neutralization by congo red of the anthracidal power of serum

1937 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gordon ◽  
N. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
Serum Complement ◽  
Destructive Effect

In earlier papers (Gordon, 1930) it was shown that congo red has an inactivating effect on serum complement, both haemolytic and bactericidal, and that this effect can be reversed by treating the serum and congo red mixture with charcoal, the charcoal removing the congo red and leaving the complement active again. A similar reversal of inactivation is obtained by using instead of the charcoal, heated serum (55° C. for 30 min.) or protein solutions. Later (Gordon, 1931), it was shown that congo red had an inactivating effect on the haemolysins of Streptococcus haemolyticus and B. welchii. The reversibility of this effect was not so easy to demonstrate as with complement. Charcoal had a destructive effect on the haemolysins and so could not be used. It was found, however, that when the concentration of congo red was just sufficient to neutralize the streptococcal haemolysin, the addition of cuprammonium artificial silk adsorbed the congo red and liberated the haemolysin. In the case of B. welchii this method of reversal was not suitable, as the artificial silk had a destructive effect on the haemolysin. Instead, reversibility was demonstrated by adding ox serum to the mixture of congo red and haemolysin. This brought about a redistribution of the congo red between the ox serum and the haemolysin and if the amount of congo red used had been only just sufficient to neutralize the haemolysin of B. welchii, then the haemolytic activity could again be demonstrated. Gordon and Robson (1933) showed that congo red interfered with the anaphylactic reaction tested both in vivo and in vitro, the guinea-pig uterus being used in the in vitro experiments, in which the inhibitory action of the dye was shown to be reversible. It was suggested that the congo red interfered with the entrance of antigen into the cell.

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