scholarly journals Tuberculosis infection among youths in overcrowded university hostels in Kenya: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresia Maina ◽  
Annie Willetts ◽  
Moses Ngari ◽  
Abdullahi Osman
Keyword(s):  
Index Case ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Sputum Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
County Hospital ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
The University

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains a top global health problem and its transmission rate among contacts is higher when they are cohabiting with a person who is sputum smear-positive. Our study aimed to describe the prevalence of TB among student contacts in the university and determine factors associated with TB transmission. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study with an active contact case finding approach among students receiving treatment at Kilifi County Hospital from January 2016 to December 2017. The study was conducted in a public university in Kilifi County, a rural area within the resource-limited context of Kenya. The study population included students attending the university and identified as sharing accommodation or off-campus hostels, or a close social contact to an index case. The index case was defined as a fellow university student diagnosed with TB at the Kilifi County Hospital during the study period. Contacts were traced and tested for TB using GeneXpert. Results Among the 57 eligible index students identified, 51 (89%) agreed to participate. A total of 156 student contacts were recruited, screened and provided a sputum sample. The prevalence of TB (GeneXpert test positive/clinical diagnosis) among all contacts was 8.3% (95% CI 4.5–14%). Among the 8.3% testing positive 3.2% (95% CI 1.0–7.3%) were positive for GeneXpert only. Sharing a bed with an index case was the only factor significantly associated with TB infection. No other demographic or clinical factor was associated with TB infection. Conclusion Our study identified a high level of TB transmission among university students who had contact with the index cases. The study justifies further research to explore the genetic sequence and magnitude of TB transmission among students in overcrowded university in resource limited contexts.

Chlamydial infection in males and conseqences for their female sexual partners, an example from rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-237
Author(s):  
Elise Klouman ◽  
Elisante J Masenga ◽  
Noel E Sam ◽  
Knut-Inge Klepp
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydial Infection ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cervical Sample ◽  
Rural Tanzania ◽  
Asymptomatic Men

The aim of this paper is to examine the reproductive health status for the wives of chlamydia-infected, but largely asymptomatic men. In a cross-sectional study in rural Tanzania 447 men and 393 women, aged 15–44 years, were screened for chlamydial infection. The prevalence was 9.6% and 6.9%, respectively. Among 43 chlamydia-positive men, 17 were married. Data from both spouses, independently examined, could be matched for 12 couples. None of the 12 husbands had discharge, one had dysuria and 3 had pyuria. Three wives tested positive for chlamydial infection, two others had pelvic inflammatory disease, four others had pyuria. Men reported more sexual partners than women and were considered being the index case for the chlamydial infection. While three of 11 wives (27%) tested chlamydia-positive from a cervical sample, transmission might have occurred in 5–8 cases (transmission rate (42–67%), indicating that these 12 largely asymptomatic chlamydia-positive men were highly infectious to their sexual partners.

Evaluation of GeneXpert MTB/RIF as a diagnostic tool in patients with sputum smear-negative TB in a high HIV burden region in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (9) ◽  
pp. 697-699
Author(s):  
Abdulwasiu Bolaji Tiamiyu ◽  
Garba Iliyasu ◽  
Farouq Muhammad Dayyab ◽  
Zaiyad Garba Habib ◽  
Sirajo Haliru Tambuwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Resource Limited Settings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Lowenstein Jensen ◽  
Diagnostic Usefulness ◽  
Smear Negative

Abstract Background There are challenges in the diagnosis of TB in people with smear-negative pulmonary TB (SNPTB) in resource-limited settings. We evaluated the diagnostic usefulness of Xpert MTB/RIF compared with TB culture among SNPTB. Methods The study was a cross-sectional study among patients with SNPTB. The Xpert MTB/RIF tests and sputum culture (using Lowenstein-Jensen medium) were performed. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results Of 150 patients studied, the sensitivity and specificity of GeneXpert MTB/RIF were 81.8 and 97.4%, respectively. Conclusion The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay was comparative with culture in SNPTB patients.

scholarly journals Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and associated factors among prisoners in Western Oromia, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keneni Ephrem Dibissa ◽  
Zelalem Desalegn Waktole ◽  
Belachew Etana Tolessa
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Sputum Sample ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dynamic Communities

AbstractBackgroundPrisoners are a disproportionately at high risk for tuberculosis. This is because; prisons represent dynamic communities where at-risk groups congregate. It increases the transmission rate because of overcrowding and living together with infected individuals. This study was done to determine the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and associated factors among prisoners of Western Oromia, Ethiopia in 2017.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among prisoners who have a history of cough for two weeks or more. Data were collected from 270 participants and sputum sample was collected from 249 prisoners and analyzed in GeneXpert for having pulmonary tuberculosis. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with the development of pulmonary tuberculosis among prisoners.ResultsThe overall prevalence among suspected cases was (15.6%; 95% CI (11.5, 20)) which makes the point prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis were 744 per 100,000 of prisoners. Prisoners who had history of cigarette smoking before imprisonment (AOR=3.55; 95% CI (1.29, 9.78)), contacted with known TB patient (AOR=5.63; 95% CI (2.19, 14.41)), share prison cell with TB patients (AOR=3.51; 95% CI (1.34, 9.19)) and Body Mass Index <18.5kg/m2 (AOR=8.87; 95% CI (3.23, 24.37)) were more likely to have pulmonary tuberculosis.ConclusionA higher prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was observed among prisoners in the three prisons of Wollega Zones. To avert this problem, screening of prisoners should be done at the entry and separation of inmates with symptoms of tuberculosis should be done.

What Determines The Migration Intentions Of University Students?

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
Heiko Haase ◽  
Arndt Lautenschläger
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Career Choice ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Migration Decision ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Intention To Stay ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The University

AbstractThe paper aims at exploring determinants of the university students' intentions to stay within their university region. At this, we presume that students' career choice motivations are related to their professional intentions, which again, along with demographic characteristics, affect their migration decision. Our analysis is based on a cross-sectional study of 2,353 students from three different higher education institutions, two of them located in Germany and one in Namibia. Results indicate that in Germany migration matters because a considerable proportion of students intend to leave the university region after graduation. At this, we found that the students' geographical provenance exerts the most significant effect on the intention to stay. Moreover, certain professional intentions were directly and some career choice motivations were indirectly linked with the intention to remain at the university location. We present several conclusions and implications.

scholarly journals A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study of the Utility of Cartridge-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test in Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in People Living with HIV in Second Highest HIV Prevalent State in India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tade Bagbi ◽  
Ningthoukhongjam Reema ◽  
S. Bhagyabati Devi ◽  
Thangjam Gautam Singh ◽  
Mohammad Jaleel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification Test ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Rifampicin Resistance ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Smear Negative

Abstract Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) is difficult to diagnose due to fewer organisms in sputum and extrapulmonary samples. Sputum culture takes 4 to 8 weeks for growth of the mycobacteria. Delayed treatment for TB in PLHIV leads to increased mortality. This study evaluated cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) as a diagnostic tool for diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) in PLHIV in the second most HIV prevalent state in India and for comparing its efficacy between Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) staining sputum smear–positive and sputum smear–negative TB. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in RIMS, Imphal, with 167 PLHIV patients, age 15 years or older, having signs and symptoms of TB. Appropriate samples for sputum microscopy and CBNAAT were sent. Conclusion The overall sensitivity of sputum smear for acid-fast bacillus (AFB) was found to be 30.71% and that of CBNAAT was 38.57%. Sensitivity of CBNAAT for sputum smear–positive and sputum smear–negative TB was 100 and 11.3%, respectively. Sensitivity of ZN smear for AFB of EPTB sample was 48.1% and that of CBNAAT was 59.25%. In both PTB and EPTB, CBNAAT showed an increase in diagnosis of microbiologically confirmed PTB cases by 7.8 and 11.1%, respectively, over and above the cases diagnosed by ZN smear microscopy. Rifampicin resistance was detected in five patients. We conclude that CBNAAT is a rapid test with better sensitivity in diagnosis of PTB and EPTB in PLHIV, compared with ZN smear microscopy. It detects rifampicin resistance for multidrug-resistant TB and helps in early treatment intervention.

scholarly journals Insights into the Predictors of Attitude toward Entomophagy: The Potential Role of Health Literacy: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in a Sample of Students of the University of Florence

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5306
Author(s):  
Chiara Lorini ◽  
Laura Ricotta ◽  
Virginia Vettori ◽  
Marco Del Riccio ◽  
Massimiliano Alberto Biamonte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
University Of Florence ◽  
The University ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

In Western countries, one of the main barriers to entomophagy is repulsion toward insects. Few studies have investigated the factors that influence attitudes toward entomophagy. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study involving a sample of 248 university students, focusing on disgust and other potential attributes that can influence insect consumption, including health literacy. We used a 17-item self-administered questionnaire. Consistent with the literature, two items were chosen as outcome variables to evaluate the predictors of the propensity to consume insects: “Have you ever eaten insects or insect-based products?” and “How disgusting do you find eating insects?” The data analysis shows that having already eaten insects is inversely associated with the level of disgust (OR: 0.1, p < 0.01); and it is positively associated with higher levels of health literacy (OR: 3.66, p > 0.01). Additionally, having some knowledge and information about entomophagy is inversely associated with a higher level of disgust (OR: 0.44, p = 0.03 and OR: 0.25, p = 0.03, respectively), while being female is positively associated with disgust (OR: 3.26, p < 0.01). Our results suggest the potential role of health literacy, in addition to other factors, in influencing the willingness to taste insects. However, further studies involving larger and non-convenience samples are needed to confirm our hypothesis.

A cross sectional study: The association between sleeping quality and stress among second and third medical students at the University of Jordan

2021 ◽  
pp. 009121742110112
Author(s):  
AA Toubasi ◽  
BR Khraisat ◽  
RB AbuAnzeh ◽  
HM Kalbouneh
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
University Of Jordan ◽  
The University

Objective Medicine is considered one if not the most stressful educational field. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of stress and poor sleeping quality among medical students and the association between them. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Jordan on second- and third-year medical students. The questionnaire consisted of: 1) Demographics; 2) The assessment tools which were Pittsburgh Quality of Sleep Index (PSQI) and Kessler Psychological Distress Status (K10). Binary logistic regression, chi-square and linear regression were used to investigate the association between PSQI, K10, and their determinants. Results The mean for PSQI score was 6.76 ± 3.32. PSQI scores interpretation revealed that 61.7% of the 282 participants of this study were poor sleepers. Logistic regression results showed that only the category of not napping at all from the napping hours variable was significantly associated with sleeping quality. Furthermore, the mean of K10 scores was 24.5 ± 8.5. K10 scores revealed that 66.3% of the participants were stressed. Logistic regression results showed that gender and regular exercise were significantly associated with psychological distress. Additionally, chi-square test, logistic regression and linear regression showed that PSQI was significantly associated with K10 (P <0.01). Conclusions Stress and poor sleeping quality in medical students at the University of Jordan were highly prevalent and strongly associated. What determined PSQI was daytime napping, and for K10 were regular exercise and gender. Further investigations into stress and sleep quality in the Arabian region are needed.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude and practices on cervical cancer screening among undergraduate female students in University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: an institution based cross sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alem Getaneh ◽  
Birhanemeskel Tegene ◽  
Teshome Belachew
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Favorable Attitude ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Undergraduate Female ◽  
The University

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is a major public health problem. In the world, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women and it is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in females. It is the second most common women cancer in Ethiopia with almost 6300 new cases and 4884 deaths annually. Despite the high burden of new cases and deaths, there is a scarcity of data on knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards cervical cancer screening among female university students in Ethiopia particularly in the study area. Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the KAP of undergraduate female students towards cervical cancer screening. Methods An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2018 at the University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences undergraduate female students. Pretested, self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Four hundred and three female students were recruited by a simple random sampling method and the data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical packages. Descriptive data analysis was used to report the results. Results More than half of the respondents (59.3.3%) had good knowledge, whereas nearly 67.7% of the respondents had favorable attitude towards cervical cancer. However, less than 1% of the respondents had been screened for cervical cancer. Conclusion Although undergraduate female students had apparently good knowledge and favorable attitude, their practices on cervical cancer screening were quite low. Therefore, the health sectors and the gender streaming office of the university mobilize students to strengthen the uptake the cervical cancer screening practice.

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