Exploitation of sweet lemon residues in the production of essential oils

Abstract Background and objective The constituents of sweet lemon essential oil (EO) have different biological and medical properties. The exploitation of sweet lemon residues in the production of EO is an important means of increasing natural products and disposing of those residues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the EO extracted from various sweet lemon residues such as leaves, flowers, and peels of fruits to find out their content of active substances. Materials and methods The EO of different residues of sweet lemon was isolated by hydrodistillation (HD) method, then they were analyzed by GC/MS. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA-1. Results The content of EO (%) was higher in peels than in flowers or leaves. Citronellal, nerol, and limonene were the major constituents of EO extracted from leaves, flowers, and peels, respectively. All detected components of various oils belonged to four chemical fractions (monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH), oxygenated monoterpenes (OM), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SH), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (OS)). The MH was the major faction of peel EO while the OM was the major fraction of leaf and flower EOs. The SH and OS were formed as the minor fractions in all EOs. Conclusion Different variations were observed in sweet lemon EO extracted from various residues which lead to diversity in natural sources of EO production.

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Volatiles of Tanacetum macrophyllum Obtained by Different Extraction Methods

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1801300727 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1934578X1801300

Author(s):

Biljana Nikolić ◽

Milić Matović ◽

Marina Todosijević ◽

Jovana Stanković ◽

Mirjana Cvetković ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Static Headspace ◽

Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons ◽

Germacrene D ◽

Headspace Gc

Terpene compounds of Tanacetum macrophyllum as 1) essential oils, obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), 2) essential oil extracts, obtained by simultaneous hydrodistillation and extraction (SDE) and 3) volatiles, obtained by Static Headspace GC-MS analysis (HS) were processed. Monoterpenes were the most dominant (49.2%, 49.5% and 90.4%, respectively). Profiles of essential oils obtained by HD and SD were quite similar, with oxygenated monoterpenes (39.3% and 39.4%) being the most abundant. In HS volatiles oxygenated monoterpenes also dominated (57.4%). Total sesquiterpenes were abundant in HD and SDE volatiles (38.2% and 39.2%, resp.), where sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were prevalent (27.3% and 28.7%, resp.). Germacrene D was dominant in HD and SDE oils (22.0% and 23.3%, resp.) and 1,8-cineole in HS volatiles (34.3%). To our knowledge, this is the first use of Headspace technique on T. macrophyllum. Furthermore, this is the first comparison of different techniques of volatile extraction in T. macrophyllum.

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Inflorescence and leaves essential oil composition of hydroponically grown Ocimum basilicum L.

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc100311113h ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 75 (10) ◽

pp. 1361-1368 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M.B. Hassanpouraghdam ◽

G.R. Gohari ◽

S.J. Tabatabaei ◽

M.R. Dadpour

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Ocimum Basilicum ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Food Industries ◽

Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons ◽

Germacrene D ◽

Potential Applicability ◽

Hydroponically Grown

In order to characterize the essential oils of leaves and inflorescences, water distilled volatile oils of hydroponically grown Ocimum basilicum L. were analyzed by GC/EI-MS. Fifty components were identified in the inflorescence and leaf essential oils of the basil plants, accounting for 98.8 % and 99.9 % of the total quantified components respectively. Phenylpropanoids (37.7 % for the inflorescence vs. 58.3 % for the leaves) were the predominant class of oil constituents, followed by sesquiterpenes (33.3 % vs. 19.4 %) and monoterpenes (27.7 % vs. 22.1 %). Of the monoterpenoid compounds, oxygenated monoterpenes (25.2 % vs. 18.9 %) were the main subclass. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (25 % vs. 15.9 %) possessed the main subclass of sesquiterpenoidal compounds as well. Methyl chavicol, a phenylpropane derivative, (37.2 % vs. 56.7 %) was the principle component of both organ oils, with up to 38 % and 57 % of the total identified components of the inflorescence and leaf essential oils, respectively. Linalool (21.1 % vs. 13.1 %) was the second common major component followed by ?-cadinol (6.1 % vs. 3 %), germacrene D (6.1 % vs. 2.7 %) and 1,8-cineole (2.4 % vs. 3.5 %). There were significant quantitative but very small qualitative differences between the two oils. In total, considering the previous reports, it seems that essential oil composition of hydroponically grown O. basilicum L. had volatile constituents comparable with field grown counterparts, probably with potential applicability in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

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The Essential Oils of Rhaponticum carthamoides Hairy Roots and Roots of Soil-Grown Plants: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2016/8505384 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ewa Skała ◽

Patrícia Rijo ◽

Catarina Garcia ◽

Przemysław Sitarek ◽

Danuta Kalemba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Hairy Roots ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Rhaponticum Carthamoides ◽

Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons ◽

Lps Treatment

The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation from the hairy roots (HR) and roots of soil-grown plants (SGR) of Rhaponticum carthamoides and were analyzed by GC-MS method. In the both essential oils 62 compounds were identified. The root essential oils showed the differences in the qualitative and quantitative composition. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (55–62%) dominated in both essential oils. The major compounds of HR essential oil were cyperene, 13-norcypera-1(5),11(12)-diene, and cadalene while aplotaxene, nardosina-1(10),11-diene, and dauca-4(11),8-diene dominated in SGR essential oil. Both essential oils showed antibacterial activity especially against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) (MIC value = 125 µg/mL). HR and SGR essential oils also decreased the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and the ROS level in LPS-treatment astrocytes. This is the first report to describe the chemical composition of R. carthamoides essential oil from hairy roots, its protective effect against LPS-induced inflammation and ROS production in astrocytes, and its antimicrobial potential. The results show that R. carthamoides hairy roots may be a valuable source of the essential oil and may be an alternative to the roots of soil-grown plants.

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Essential Oils from Two Endemic Species of Apiaceae from Iran

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2003-7-802 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 58 (7-8) ◽

pp. 459-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Narguss Yassa ◽

Hossein Akhani ◽

Majid Aqaahmadi ◽

Mojtaba Salimian

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Endemic Species ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽

Monoterpene Hydrocarbons ◽

Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons

Abstract The composition of essential oils of Leutea glaucopruinosa (Rech.f.) Akhani & Salimian comb, nov., and Zeravschania (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Salimian & Akhani comb. nov. were analysed by GC-MS. 49 compounds are identified in the former and 33 compounds in the latter, comprising a total of 76 compounds in both species. Both species were originally described under Peucedanum, which are transferred in this paper into Leutea and Zeravschania, respectively. The chemical compounds of the essential oils show that there are only seven common compounds between two species. The major compounds of L. glaucopruinosa are mostly monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes, in which α-pinene (31.5%), sabinene (9.7%), β-pinene (9.2%), exo-fenchyl acetate (4.5%) are dominant. In Z. pastinacifolia sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and phenylpropanoids dominate with β-bisabolene (37.3%), 3,1-butyl-1.2-dimethoxy benzene (14.9%), 10,11-dimethylbicyclo[6.3.0]undec-(8)-en-9-one (12.9%), 4-t-butyl-1,2-dimethoxy benzene (6.8%), (E)-asarone (5.1%) and elemicine (4.1%) as major compounds.

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Yield and Chemical Composition of Raw Material from Meadow Arnica (Arnica chamissonis Less.) Depending on Soil Conditions and Nitrogen Fertilization

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11090810 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 810

Author(s):

Katarzyna Olesińska ◽

Danuta Sugier ◽

Zdzisław Kaczmarski

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽

Flower Head ◽

Raw Material ◽

Loamy Soil ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

Active Substances

Considering the global tendency towards using valuable secondary metabolites of plant origin, there is a need to optimize the cultivation of herbal plants, e.g., the meadow arnica (A. chamissonis Less.). The inflorescences of this species (Arnicae anthodium) have a similar chemical composition and pharmacological activity to that in the mountain arnica (Arnica montana L.), and can be cultivated more easily than the mountain arnica. Therefore this study assesses soil and fertilization effects on the flower head yield and concentrations of active substances (sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, and essential oil) with great importance for application in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. A field experiment was carried out during 2017–2019 on two types of soil (sandy and loamy soils) differing in the pH values, organic matter content, and the P, K, and Mg levels. Five levels of nitrogen fertilization were applied in both soil variants: 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg N∙ha−1. The study showed that both the soil type and the nitrogen fertilization had a positive impact on the raw material yield and the content and yield of the main active substances. The cultivation of arnica in the loamy soil was more favorable—it provided a higher flower head yield, higher levels of sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, and essential oils, and consequently, a higher yield of these metabolites. High flower head yields were achieved at doses of 60 and 90 kg N∙ha−1. The content of sesquiterpene lactones and essential oils increased in the consecutive study years along with the increase in nitrogen doses. The highest content of flavonoids was detected in flower heads obtained from three-year-old plants fertilized with 60 kg N∙ha−1. High yields of sesquiterpene lactones and essential oils were obtained at doses of 90–120 kg N∙ha−1, whereas the fertilization with 60–90 N∙ha−1 ensured a high yield of flavonoids. The yields of sesquiterpene lactones and essential oil did not depend on their concentration but correlated with the increase in the yield of flower heads of plants cultivated in both sandy and loamy soil variants. In turn, the yield of flavonoids was influenced by both their concentration and the flower head yield. The flower head yield, the content of sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, and essential oils, and the yields of metabolites presented in this study indicate favorable climatic conditions for the cultivation of A. chamissonis in Central and Eastern Poland. This proves that a wide range of pharmacologically active substances can be produced in this region of Europe.

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Composition of Essential Oils from Seeds of Abies koreana

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1300800225 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 1934578X1300800

Author(s):

Anna Wajs-Bonikowska ◽

Karol Olejnik ◽

RadosJaw Bonikowski ◽

Piotr Banaszczak

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Enantiomeric Excess ◽

Rich Source ◽

Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽

Abies Koreana ◽

Korean Fir ◽

Nmr Methods

The essential oils from seeds of nine Abies koreana specimens have been studied using GC-MS-FID and NMR methods, leading to the determination of 96 volatiles, which constituted over 99% of the oils. The hydrodistilled oils of fresh, resinous scent were isolated with yields in the range of 3.8-8.5%. The results showed that the essential oil of Korean fir seeds contained 70-95% monoterpenes and 1-20% oxygenated monoterpenes as the dominant groups. The numerous sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and their oxygenated derivatives constituted only 2-8% of the oil. The major component of the seed essential oil was limonene (4172 g/100g); the laevorotary form of this terpene predominated. A. koreana seeds seem to be a rich source of both essential oil and (-)-limonene, whose average enantiomeric excess was above 95%.

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Preparation and Characterization of Naturally Scented Candles Using the Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essential Oil

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.977.212 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 977 ◽

pp. 212-217

Author(s):

Hoang Danh Pham ◽

Tri Nhut Pham ◽

Do Thi Kim Nga ◽

Ngan Thi Thu Nhung ◽

Tri Duc Lam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Health Effects ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Natural Sources ◽

The Common ◽

Lemongrass Essential Oil

At present, there are many different forms of relaxation and aromatic candles are one of the common forms. Scented candles not only provide background lighting but also help promoting a feeling of wellness. This study attempts to produce scented candles from natural sources such as soy wax, beeswax, and natural essential oils to bring the most practical benefits to the users. The produced candle should be long lasting, low cost and causes no health effects. The composition of scented candles included 60% beeswax, 30% soy wax, 8% lemongrass essential oil, 1% citric acid, and 1% ethanol.

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In vitro efficacy of essential oils and extracts of Schinus molle L. against Ctenocephalides felis felis.

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182016000081 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 143 (5) ◽

pp. 627-638 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

LILIAN C. DE S. O. BATISTA ◽

YARA P. CID ◽

ANA PAULA DE ALMEIDA ◽

EDLENE R. PRUDÊNCIO ◽

CRISTIANO J. RIGER ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Ctenocephalides Felis ◽

The Other ◽

Natural Sources ◽

Ctenocephalides Felis Felis ◽

Schinus Molle ◽

Veterinary Importance ◽

High Level

SUMMARYExtracts and essential oils from plants are important natural sources of pesticides. These compounds are considered an alternative to control ectoparasites of veterinary importance. Schinus molle, an endemic species of Brazil, produces a high level of essential oil and several other compounds. The aim of this work was to determinate the chemical composition of extracts and essential oils of S. molle and further to evaluate the activity against eggs and adults of Ctenocephalides felis felis, a predominant flea that infests dogs and cats in Brazil. In an in vitro assay, the non-polar (n-hexane) extract showed 100% efficacy (800 µg cm−2; LD50 = 524·80 µg cm−2) at 24 and 48 h. Its major compound was lupenone (50·25%). Essential oils from fruits and leaves were evaluated, and had 100% efficacy against adult fleas at 800 µg cm−2 (LD50 = 353·95 µg cm−2) and at 50 µg cm−2 (LD50 = 12·02 µg cm−2), respectively. On the other hand, the essential oil from fruits and leaves was not active against flea eggs. This is the first study that reports the insecticidal effects of essential oils and extracts obtained from Schinus molle against Ctenocephalides felis felis.

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Essential Oil Composition, Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Activities of Five Etlingera Species from Borneo

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1200700233 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Charles Santhanaraju Vairappan ◽

Thilahgavani Nagappan ◽

Kishneth Palaniveloo

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Strong Inhibition ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽

Mcf 7

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the rhizomes of Etlingera pyramidosphaera (K. Schum.) R. M. Sm, E. megalocheilos (Griff.) A.D. Poulsen, comb. nov., E. coccnea (Blume) S. Sakai & Nagam, E. elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm, and E. brevilabrum (Valeton) R. M. Sm were analyzed by GCMS. The highest oil yield was obtained from E. pyramidosphaera (0.45%), followed by E. elatior (0.38%), E. coccnea (0.30%), E. brevilabrum (0.28%) and E. megalocheilos (0.25%). The major constituents of the essential oils were oxygenated monoterpenes, followed by sesquiterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, oxygenated diterpenes and diterpenes. The essential oils from E. pyramidosphaera and E. brevilabrum exhibited the best cytotoxicity against MCF 7 (LC50: 7.5±0.5 mg mL−1) and HL 60 (LC50: 5.0 mg mL−1), respectively. Strong inhibition was also observed for the essential oils of E. coccnea and E. megalocheilos against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 8.0±0.5 mg mL−1 and 5.0±0.5 mg mL−1) and Streptococcus pyrogenes (MIC: 6.0±0.5 mg mL−1 8.0±0.5 mg mL−1).

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Premna Species in Vietnam: Essential Oil Compositions and Mosquito Larvicidal Activities

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9091130 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1130

Author(s):

Nguyen Huy Hung ◽

Le Thi Huong ◽

Nguyen Thanh Chung ◽

Nguyen Cong Truong ◽

Do Ngoc Dai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

National Park ◽

Nature Reserve ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Central Vietnam ◽

Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons ◽

Larvicidal Activities ◽

First Time

Essential oils have emerged as viable alternatives to synthetic insecticides for control of mosquito-borne pathogens. The leaf essential oils of eight species of Premna (Lamiaceae) growing in central Vietnam have been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons dominated most of the Premna essential oils, with the notable exception of Premnamekongensis from Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve, which had α-pinene as the major component. Larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti have been determined and all of the Premna essential oils showed larvicidal activity with 24-h LC50 < 65 μg/mL. The leaf essential oils of Premnacambodiana from Chu Mom Ray National Park and Premnamekongensis from Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve showed the best larvicidal activities with 24-h LC50 of 16.8 and 18.0 μg/mL, respectively. The essential oil compositions and larvicidal activities of P. cambodiana, Premna flavescens, Premnamaclurei, P. mekongensis, and Premnapuberula are reported for the first time. Although the larvicidal activities of Premna leaf essential oils are promising, the essential oil yields are relatively low (0.10–0.25%).

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