Effect of sedimentary environment on shale lithofacies in the lower third member of the Shahejie Formation, Zhanhua Sag, eastern China

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. T487-T501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingwei Li ◽  
Zhenxue Jiang ◽  
Chenlu Xu ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Pengfei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Bohai Bay ◽  
Calcareous Shale ◽  
Shahejie Formation ◽  
Scanning Electron

Research on shale lithofacies is important for shale oil and gas production. This study focused on the lower third member of the Shahejie Formation ([Formula: see text]) in the Luo-69 well in the Zhanhua Sag, Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China. Several methods, including thin section observations, total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, quantitative evaluations of minerals by scanning electron microscopy, major and trace-element analyses, and field emission-scanning electron microscopy, are used to investigate the effect of sedimentary environment on the type and distribution of shale lithofacies. Our research indicates that 36 types of shale lithofacies can be classified based on the TOC content, mineral composition, and sedimentary structure, of which five types are identified in the study area. The [Formula: see text] shale has a high calcareous mineral content (average of 49.64%), low clay and siliceous minerals contents (averages of 19.54% and 19.02%, respectively), a high TOC content (average of 3.00 wt%), and well-developed horizontal bedding. The sedimentary environment during the deposition of the [Formula: see text] shale in the Zhanhua Sag had a warm and moist climate, limited provenance, saline water, and strong reducibility. The sedimentary environment in the early stage had a drier climate, more limited provenance, higher salinity, and stronger reducibility than that in the later stage. Shale lithofacies can reflect a certain sedimentary environment and depositional process; similarly, a depositional environment controls the type and distribution of shale lithofacies. Due to the characteristics of the [Formula: see text] sedimentary environment, organic-rich massive mixed shale, organic-rich bedded mixed-calcareous shale, organic-rich laminated calcareous shale, and organic-fair laminated calcareous shale are developed in the [Formula: see text] formation from top to bottom.

scholarly journals Experimental Study On Antibacterial Properties of Iodine-Coated Implant in Acute Osteomyelitis Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiqi Zhuang ◽  
Weibing Yang ◽  
Yongquan Zhang ◽  
Wanming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Acute Osteomyelitis ◽  
Marrow Cavity ◽  
Coated Implant ◽  
K Wires ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Purpose We have developed a iodine-coated implant and evaluated its antibacterial properties against Gram-negative bacteria by constructing an experimental osteomyelitis model.Methods In this study, 16 titanium Kirschner-wires were selected, of which 8 titanium K-wires were treated with iodine on the surface by electrophoretic deposition with PVP-I solution. In our study, the standard strain of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) was selected, and 16 New Zealand rabbits were selected. There were 8 rabbits in the iodine-coated group and 8 rabbits in the non-iodine-coated group. All animals were drilled in the left proximal tibia after successful anesthesia.After that,the iodine-coated group was implanted with iodine-coated titanium K-wires.Then, 25ul of 2×108CFU/ml bacterial suspension was injected into the bone marrow cavity with pipette gun, and the bone hole was sealed with bone wax.They were reared in cages for 1 week after operation, and evaluated and analyzed by microbiology, histopathology, scanning electron microscopy, etc.Results The results of gross wound score and microbiology showed that the wound infection of the iodine-coated group was less severe than that of the non-iodine-coated group, which was confirmed by the histopathological results. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy showed that the amount of bacteria on the surface of iodine-coated K-wires was significantly lower than that non-iodine-coated K-wires. Conclusions In this study, we have verified that the iodine-coated titanium implant could effectively inhibit E. coli infection in the early stage of infection by constructing an acute osteomyelitis model.

Micron-Nanometer Evaporite Mineral Compositions in the Jiangling Depression, Jianghan Basin, China, by Means of Scanning Electron Microscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 310-325
Author(s):  
Chun-Lian Wang ◽  
Li-Hong Liu ◽  
Jiu-Yi Wang ◽  
Xiao-Can Yu ◽  
Kai Yan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Color Analysis ◽  
Salt Minerals ◽  
Water Salt ◽  
Jianghan Basin ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze and study micron-nanometer evaporite samples collected from Paleocene and Eocene drill cores in the Jiangling Depression. Accordingly, seven beds of potassium-bearing solid rocks were accurately identified. Sylvite, carnallite, syngenite, dolomite, thenardite, anhydrite, glauberite, halite, barite, celestite, and other solid salt minerals were found, and carnallite, syngenite, and thenardite were found for the first time in the Jiangling Depression. Sylvite, syngenite, and carnallite indicate that the Paleogene salt lakes in the Jiangling Depression had evolved to the sylvite stage and that prospecting for solid sylvite would be satisfactory. Micron-nanometer celestite is contained in the evaporites, from which we can infer that strontium may have been provided by deep formation water (or oil-field water). This finding is of great significance to studying the genesis of sylvite sediment in the Jiangling Depression. From the extensive development of primary glauberite beds typical of warm salt minerals in the Shashi Formation, it can be inferred that the late Paleogene paleoclimate in the Jiangling Depression of the Jianghan Basin was dry and hot. Based on the extensive distribution of micron-nanometer pyrite, siderite, iron and Fe2O3/FeO ratios in evaporite sediments and color analysis of mudstones, the evaporites in the study area formed in an underwater anoxic, reducing environment during sedimentation. Therefore, the evaporite sediments in the Paleocene–Eocene interval of the Jiangling Depression are proposed to have formed in a saltwater lake sedimentary environment, and the ancient lake was characterized by a deep-water salt lake sedimentary model.

Processibility and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Epoxy as Reactive Plasticizer of Polyetherimide

2017 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
pp. 228-231
Author(s):  
Nasuha Marzuki ◽  
Muhamad Amirul Ashraf Mohd Alias ◽  
Arjulizan Rusli ◽  
Zulkifli Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Dispersed Particles ◽  
Epoxy Blends ◽  
Scanning Electron

A relatively new way to improve processibility thermoplastics is via the use of crosslinkable monomers which can act as reactive plasticizers and reduce the viscosity in the early stage of processing. The monomers can polymerize and phase separate during final stage of processing thus recovering the original thermoplastics properties. In this work, the applicability of epoxy as reactive plasticizer for polyetherimide (PEI) was investigated. The properties of PEI/epoxy blends without and with curative were studied in order to determine the effect of the monomer on the processibility of the PEI and the thermo-mechanical properties of cured blends. Differential Scanning Calorimetry on blends without curative indicated single glass transition temperature (Tg) at high PEI content suggesting miscibility of the system and plasticization of PEI in the presence of epoxy while cured blends indicated two Tg due to phase separation. Scanning electron microscopy of the cured blends indicated two phase morphology with PEI dispersed particles size increased in continuous epoxy matrix with increasing PEI (up to 30wt% PEI). In blends with 40wt% PEI and more, phase inverted morphology was observed where increasing PEI content caused reduction of epoxy particle size in continuous PEI matrix.

Petrological Characteristics Research of Denglouku Formation Reservoir in Changling Fault Depression, Southern Part of Songliao Basin

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Hui Ming Xue ◽  
Yun Feng Zhang ◽  
Wan Ji Yu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Songliao Basin ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Strong Energy ◽  
Scanning Electron

We analyzed the petrology characteristics of Denglouku formation reservoir in Changling fault depression, by 47 ordinary thin sections, 42 thin casting sections, 30 scanning electron microscopy samples and 19 cathodoluminescent samples. The results show that: the main rock types are feldspar debris sandstone and debris feldspar sandstone. The reservoir consists of low compositional maturity, relatively poor psephicity, well graded, high rock debris content. It suggests that the sedimentary environment has strong energy, the moving distance is short, the study area is near the mother rock zone. From north to south, granularity gets coarse. The main cement types are carbonate and argillaceous.

Examining Protein Crystallization Using Scanning Electron Microscopy

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Gomery ◽  
Elaine C. Humphrey ◽  
Rodney Herring
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Protein Crystallization ◽  
Crystal Nucleation ◽  
Protein Crystal ◽  
Microscopy Imaging ◽  
Protein Crystal Growth ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractElucidation of protein structure using X-ray crystallography relies on the quality of the crystal. Crystals suffer from many different types of disorder, some of which occur during crystal nucleation and early crystal growth. To date, there are few studies surrounding the quality and nucleation of protein crystals partly due to difficulties surrounding viewing biological samples at high resolution. Recent research has led our current understanding of nucleation to be a two-step mechanism involving the formation of nuclei from dense liquid clusters; it is still unclear whether nuclei first start as amorphous aggregate or as crystalline lattices. Our research examines this mechanism through the use of electron microscopy. Using scanning electron microscopy imaging of the protein crystal growth process, a stacking, spiraling manner of growth is observed. The tops of the pyramid-like tetragonal protein crystal structures measure ~0.2 μm across and contain ~125,000 lysozyme units. This noncrystalline area experiences strain due to growth of the protein crystal. Our work shows that it is possible to view detailed early stage protein crystal growth using a wet scanning electron microscopy technique, thereby overcoming the problem of viewing liquids in a vacuum.

Production of SO2 and Lime from Phosphogypsum Reduced with Lignite in a Nitrogen Atmosphere

2013 ◽  
Vol 803 ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
Shao Cong Zheng ◽  
Fei Xiang Cheng ◽  
Zhi Juan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Desulfurization Rate ◽  
Reaction Characteristic ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study, using lignite as a reducer, the reaction characteristic of the reduction decomposition of phosphogypsum to SO2 and lime was investigated in a nitrogen atmosphere at different conditions. Scanning electron microscopy and XRD-ray diffraction were used to analyze the solid production. The gas production of SO2 was analyzed by the Gas Analyzers. The experiment results showed that the optimal conditions for production of SO2 are founded to be a molar proportion of C:CaSO4=0.8:1 and a decomposition temperature of over 1000°C.Under these conditions the maximum concentration of SO2 reached to 8.23% (vol. %). The CaO content of solid production increased to 62.57%. The desulfurization rate of phosphogypsum reached to 95.16%.

Effect of laminae development on pore structure in the lower third member of the Shahejie Shale, Zhanhua Sag, Eastern China

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. T103-T114
Author(s):  
Tingwei Li ◽  
Zhenxue Jiang ◽  
Pibo Su ◽  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Weitao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Pore Structure ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Spontaneous Imbibition ◽  
Reservoir Property ◽  
Shale Reservoirs ◽  
Interconnected Pores ◽  
Scanning Electron

Similar to mineral composition and organic geochemical features, laminae development significantly influences pore structure. Taking the lower third member of the Shahejie Shale (Es3l), Zhanhua Sag, Eastern China as the research object, we introduced various methods to analyze the influence of laminae development on pore structure, including thin section observations, field emission scanning electron microscopy, gas adsorption, high-pressure mercury injection, nano-computed tomography (CT), quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy, and spontaneous imbibition. We draw the conclusions that various minerals present a mixed distribution in nonlaminated shale, whereas laminated shale is characterized by alternating bright and dark laminae. Dark laminae comprise clay and quartz, whereas bright laminae consist of calcite. Microfractures are abundant at the edges of the bright and dark laminae. Nonlaminated shale possesses a pore volume (PV) of [Formula: see text] and a specific surface area (SSA) of [Formula: see text]. In contrast, laminated shale has a PV of [Formula: see text] and an SSA of [Formula: see text] with good reservoir property. Pores, especially macropores and micropores, are much more developed in laminated shale than in nonlaminated shale. Interconnected pores in sheet form are extremely developed in laminated shale, whereas most of the interconnected pores in nonlaminated shale are distributed in isolated spherical and tubular forms. Because of the abundant interconnected pores and throats, laminated shale presents good connectivity. The slopes of the spontaneous imbibition curves in the first and second stages for laminated shale are greater than those for nonlaminated shale. Laminae development could provide microfractures as dominant pathways for fluid migration as well as promote the interconnection of pores, greatly increasing the connectivity of shale reservoirs.

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