scholarly journals Interventions for challenging behaviour in intellectual disability

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afia Ali ◽  
Jessica Blickwedel ◽  
Angela Hassiotis
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
List Type ◽  
Challenging Behaviour ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
The Individual

SummaryChallenging behaviour is common in intellectual disability but it is difficult to diagnose and manage. It can adversely affect the quality of life of the individual and cause the breakdown of community placements, resulting in hospital admission. This article discusses the aetiology of challenging behaviour (including the complex relationship with mental illness), diagnostic problems, the current evidence base in relation to psychosocial and pharmacological treatments, and service delivery.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Understand the aetiological basis of challenging behaviour.•Understand the role of functional analysis.•Appreciate the evidence base in relation to the psychological and pharmacological treatment of challenging behaviour.

Dementia friendly initiatives: A state of the science review

Dementia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1858-1895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A Hebert ◽  
Kezia Scales
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
State Of The Science

Background Dementia friendly initiatives share similarities with the age-friendly movement in a focus on active engagement and creating a good quality of life for older adults. Dementia friendly initiatives offer a welcoming optimistic narrative in dementia studies by embracing dignity, empowerment, and autonomy to enable well-being throughout the dementia trajectory. Purpose The purpose of this review is to explore the current science of dementia friendly initiatives, identify gaps, and inform future research. Method Quantitative, qualitative, and conceptual/theoretical peer-reviewed dementia friendly research literature were evaluated for their current evidence base and theoretical underpinnings. Results The dementia friendly initiatives research base is primarily qualitative and descriptive focused on environmental design, dementia awareness and education, and the development of dementia friendly communities. Person-centered care principles appear in dementia friendly initiatives centered in care settings. Strong interdisciplinary collaboration is present. Research is needed to determine the effect of dementia friendly initiatives on stakeholder-driven and community-based outcomes. Due to the contextual nature of dementia, the perspective of persons with dementia should be included as dementia friendly initiatives are implemented. Theory-based studies are needed to confirm dementia friendly initiative components and support rigorous evaluation. Dementia friendly initiatives broaden the lens from which dementia is viewed.

The Effect of Gender on Women-led Small Enterprises: The Case of India

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-75
Author(s):  
Debasree Das Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
State Level ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

The importance of women-led enterprises for any country’s economic growth and competitiveness is well established. According to a 2009 study, in India female-run enterprises in recent years have performed significantly better than other enterprises in terms of productivity and export percentages. However, gender gap in entrepreneurial initiatives in India is among the highest in the world. Although accepted as crucial, the role of public policy towards addressing these barriers is under-researched in the entrepreneurship literature. Further, the current evidence base on state-level predictors of female enterprises is scant. The aim of this study is to highlight these gaps. In doing so, the focus is on interpreting the role of gender correlates—fertility, female educational attainment and female economic activities—in facilitating or hindering women-led enterprises. Indeed, previous studies have identified gender-related factors to have the greatest impact on women’s choice in not taking up entrepreneurial activities. An empirical regression analysis and a qualitative review of the institutional environment are conducted. The findings presented in this study indicate the need for a realignment of policy focus towards addressing gender barriers and developing managerial skills, in addition to technical skills, of women entrepreneurs.

‘I don’t feel like I’m in this on my own’: Peer support for mothers of children with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Dew ◽  
Susan Collings ◽  
Leanne Dowse ◽  
Ariella Meltzer ◽  
Louisa Smith
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Peer Support ◽  
Family Quality Of Life ◽  
Challenging Behaviour ◽  
Engagement Strategies ◽  
Individual Self ◽  
Process Elements ◽  
Parent Peer Support

This article reports on the peer support experiences of mothers with a son or daughter with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour. Engagement in parent peer support programs can improve family quality of life and may have multifaceted benefits at the interpersonal, intra-individual self-change and sociopolitical levels. Thirteen mothers were interviewed about their experiences of participating in a parent peer support program. Thematic analysis focused on the process elements of the program that contributed to its effectiveness in providing support to parents. There were three process-related themes: the role of a paid coordinator, diversity of engagement strategies and matching of peer support partners. Mothers appreciated the opportunities provided to engage in a range of strategies tailored to individual preferences, time and capacity constraints, supported by the paid coordinator. One-to-one peer support proved difficult to sustain given the challenges mothers faced in their day-to-day lives.

scholarly journals Cognitive analytic therapy at 30

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Ryle ◽  
Stephen Kellett ◽  
Jason Hepple ◽  
Rachel Calvert
Keyword(s):  
Public Mental Health ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Personal Construct ◽  
List Type ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Analytic Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Analytic Therapy

SummaryCognitive analytic therapy (CAT) was formalised in 1984 by Anthony Ryle. It facilitated the clinical integration of psychodynamic therapy and personal construct/cognitive psychology. It is a brief, user-friendly relational therapy, applicable to the wide range of psychological problems typically seen in public mental health settings. It has recently been included in national guidelines for the treatment of personality disorder in the National Health Service. CAT provides a coherent model of development and psychopathology, which centrally views the self as both socially formed and embedded. Owing to its core relational grounding, CAT is being increasingly applied to team contexts/systems, enabling a ‘common language’ for team formulation/practice. It is also being successfully delivered as a group therapy. This article describes the development and unique features of the CAT model, analyses the current evidence base and identifies potential future directions for the model.LEARNING OBJECTIVESBe able to describe the core principles of the CAT approach.Appreciate the evidence base for CAT.Understand CAT's place today among talking therapies.

The Treatment of Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Hematology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Philadelphia Chromosome ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Disease Biology ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Treat All

Abstract Despite the relatively low incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults, large national and international collaborations have recently improved our understanding of how to treat ALL in adults. This article documents and examines the current evidence base for a “state of the art” therapy in both Philadelphia chromosome–negative and –positive adult ALL. The article comments upon areas of therapeutic debate, such as the role of bone marrow transplantation. In particular, the controversial subject of whether the superior outcome seen in younger patients is predicated on disease biology or therapeutic strategy is examined closely. Promising approaches under development are also discussed.

scholarly journals IAPT and the internet: the current and future role of therapist-guided internet interventions within routine care settings

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham R. Thew
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Base ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
List Type ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Internet Interventions ◽  
Psychological Therapies ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Online Format ◽  
The Right

Abstract Compared with the traditional face-to-face format, therapist-guided internet interventions offer a different approach to supporting clients in learning skills to manage and overcome mental health difficulties. Such interventions are already in use within IAPT (Improving Access to Psychological Therapies) and other routine care settings, but given their potential to deliver treatment more efficiently and therefore increase availability and access to evidence-based interventions, their use is likely to increase significantly over the coming years. This article outlines what is meant by therapist-guided internet interventions and why an online format is thought to be advantageous for clients, therapists, services, and communities more broadly. It reviews the current evidence in the context of common therapist beliefs about internet-based treatment. It aims to identify gaps where further research is required, particularly in relation to the broader implementation of these treatments in IAPT and other routine clinical services. Specifically, it emphasises the importance of choosing the right programmes, providing adequate therapist training in their use, and considering practical and organisational issues, all of which are likely to determine the success of implementation efforts. Key learning aims (1) To understand what therapist-guided internet interventions are and their potential advantages. (2) To understand the current evidence base for these interventions. (3) To learn where further research is needed with regard to both the interventions themselves, and to their broader implementation in IAPT.

scholarly journals Unpacking the Relationship between Parenting and Poverty: Theory, Evidence and Policy

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent La Placa ◽  
Judy Corlyon
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Parental Stress ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
The Relationship

Policy discourses around child poverty and its causes and effects on families emerged in the 1990s, culminating in the Coalition government's emphasis on the quality of couple relations in improving child outcomes and in reducing child poverty. This article reviews and updates the current evidence base around the relationship between parenting and poverty. Evidence suggests an intricate relationship between complex and mediating processes of, for instance, income, parental stress, disrupted parenting practices and neighbourhoods and environments, as opposed to a simplistic causal relationship between poverty, parenting and child outcomes. The article then proceeds to suggest responses to enhance the evidence and research. Lastly, it considers the implications for child poverty policy, arguing that current responses are too simplistic and do not sufficiently reflect the evidence base.

scholarly journals THE IMPACTS OF CORRUPTION ON FIRM PERFORMANCE: SOME LESSONS FROM 40 AFRICAN COUNTRIES

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650022 ◽  
Author(s):  
COLIN C. WILLIAMS ◽  
ABBI M. KEDIR
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
The Individual

The current evidence-base regarding the impacts of corruption on firm performance is based largely on studies of individual countries and contains mixed results. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to achieve a better insight into this relationship by reporting the results of a firm-level analysis of the impacts of corruption on firm performance using World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) data across 40 African countries. The clear result is that corruption significantly enhances rather than harms annual sales, employment and productivity growth rates. The outcome is to re-theorize participation in acts of corruption as beneficial for the individual firms engaged in such activity, while recognizing the wider evidence that this is not an optimal strategy at the aggregate country level. The outcome will be to advance knowledge about how corruption needs to be tackled. To eliminate corruption, it is shown here to be necessary for public authorities to recognize that corruption is an efficient strategy at the firm level and to adopt measures to alter the cost/benefit ratio confronting individual enterprises, and at the same time, to address the country-level formal institutional deficiencies that characterize many developing countries and result in the prevalence of corruption.

scholarly journals Is Deqi an Indicator of Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture? A Systematic Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Zhang ◽  
Wei Mu ◽  
Lu Xiao ◽  
Wen-Ke Zheng ◽  
Chun-Xiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Current Evidence Base

Objective. Despite the systematic literature review of the current evidence, we aim to answer the question “ is Deqi an indicator of clinical effects in acupuncture treatment?”Methods. We systematically searched CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Data, PubMed, Embase, and the CENTRAL for three types of study: (1) empirical research probing into the role of Deqi in acupuncture; (2) mechanism studies examining the effect of Deqi on physiological parameters in animal models and human subjects; (3) clinical studies that compared the outcome of acupuncture with Deqi with that of acupuncture without Deqi. Two reviewers independently extracted data, undertook qualitative or quantitative analysis, and summarized findings.Results. The ancient Chinese acupuncturists valued the role of Deqi as a diagnostic tool, a prognosis predictor, and a necessary part of the therapeutic procedure. Findings from modern experimental research provided preliminary evidence for the physiological mechanism that produced Deqi. Few clinical studies generated conflicting evidence of the comparative effectiveness of acupuncture with Deqi versus acupuncture without Deqi for a variety of conditions.Conclusion. The current evidence base is not solid enough to draw any conclusion regarding the predicative value of natural Deqi for clinical efficacy or the therapeutic value of manipulation-facilitated Deqi.

scholarly journals Translational and Implementation Research to Bridge Evidence and Implementation

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Kraemer ◽  
Kesso Gabrielle van Zutphen
Keyword(s):  
Implementation Research ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
The Right

Background: The role of science in guiding interventions and programs and contributing to progress in achieving global targets is undeniable. In public health nutrition, biological research in the past century focused largely on single nutrients and provided the basis for addressing nutritional deficiencies. This focus has now expanded to consider evidence including, but not limited, to knowledge about food, diet, behavior, context, and culture. The complex double burden of malnutrition will need to be addressed through a wider lens that appreciates the multiple and interrelated facets that underpin it. Summary: Despite the acknowledged importance of translational research in improving nutritional outcomes, significant gaps remain in the process leading from science to practice. This article sheds light on 2 examples that demonstrate this, namely, anemia and stunting. Further, much work is still required to translate the current evidence base into effective actions that result in impact at scale, pointing toward the need for more implementation research in nutrition. Key Messages: While discoveries may take time to surface and implementers are impatient to address the challenge at hand, it is essential to identify and deploy the best available evidence while continuously advancing the evidence base, and to seek the right balance between action and inaction.

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