The Relative Stability of Personality Measures Compared with Diagnostic Measures

In previous investigations (Foulds and Caine, 1958 and 1959) psychoneurotic subjects were classified in terms of the presenting syndrome (Hysteria or Dysthymia) and of the personality type (hysteroid or obsessive) as rated by psychiatrists. It was found that some psychological test measurements differentiated between Hysterics and Dysthymics regardless of personality type; whilst other measures differentiated between hysteroid and obsessive personalities regardless of diagnosis. The successful measures were not, however, identical for men and women. It was argued that one of the advantages of this double classificatory system should be that we would have one set of measures—the diagnostic—which should vary with the patient's clinical condition and another set—the personality measures—which should remain relatively constant.

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Personality Change in the Treatment of Chronic Neurosis in a Therapeutic Community

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.109.459.267 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 109 (459) ◽

pp. 267-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D. V. Martin ◽

T. M. Caine

Keyword(s):

Attitude Change ◽

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽

Symptom Relief ◽

Diagnostic Category ◽

Personality Type ◽

Personality Change ◽

Personality Measures ◽

Diagnostic Measures ◽

Subsequent Investigation ◽

Attitude Scales

In recent investigations of the neuroses by Foulds and Caine (1958, 1959), certain psychological tests were found to relate to diagnostic category (dysthymia or hysteria) whereas others were related to personality type (hysteroid or obsessoid) as rated by psychiatrists. The diagnostic measures included combinations of the Hypochondriasis (Hs), Depression (D) and Psychasthenia (Pt) scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The measures related to personality type included psychomotor and intellectual speed measures and two specially constructed extra-punitive and intropunitive attitude scales drawn from the MMPI (Foulds, Caine and Creasey, 1960). This distinction between symptoms and traits has been discussed in some detail by Foulds (1961) and no attempt will be made to review his arguments here. In a subsequent investigation, however (Foulds, 1959), he found that following treatment of approximately one month's duration symptom measures changed in psychoneurotic women relatively more than did the personality measures. It was suggested that therapists who were dissatisfied with the mere alleviation of symptoms might try to change some of the personality scores. The implication is that changes in test measures related to symptomatology are more readily accomplished than are changes in tests related to personality traits. This differential suggests a possible parameter for comparative studies of different treatment methods. Therapies directed at personality reorganization and attitude change should produce more profound and enduring changes in the personality measures than should those therapies directed at symptom relief only. These changes should be more systematic and predictable than should those to be expected simply from the passage of time.

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Job Satisfaction: Analysis of Gender Differences (On the Materials of a Sociological Survey of the Vologda Region)

WORLD OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT ◽

10.25205/2542-0429-2020-20-4-232-245 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 232-245

Author(s):

Elena A. Basova

Keyword(s):

Job Satisfaction ◽

Management Practices ◽

Personality Type ◽

Well Being ◽

Quality Of Working Life ◽

Work Activity ◽

Men And Women ◽

Level Of Satisfaction ◽

Subjective Assessments ◽

High Degree

Improving the quality of working life (QWL) is one of the conditions for intensifying economic growth. The key benchmark here is satisfaction with the work of the working population. Knowledge of the specifics of gender distribution in assessments of job satisfaction contributes to a detailed study of motivational mechanisms and directions (methods) of management practices. A limited cross-section of research on this topic justifies research interest in this area of scientific knowledge. The use of methods of statistical analysis made it possible to identify the features of subjective assessments of men and women in well-being and satisfaction with work life. The information base of the study was the survey data conducted by the Vologda Research Center in 2018. The lowest level of satisfaction among men and women with respect to wages and activities of a trade union organization was determined. An equally high degree of subjective assessments was revealed in the two studied groups in terms of the psychological aspects of labor. The typology of personalities among men and women in relation to satisfaction (well-being) with work activity has been substantiated. Among men, the professionally and status-prosperous personality type predominates; among women, a socially prosperous personality type is distinguished (apart from the material and professional components). The directions are proposed that contribute to the growth of job satisfaction in the context of the two studied groups.

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EVALUATION OF EFFICACY OF DARUHARIDRA CHANDANA MALAHARA LEPA AND PANCHAVALKALA MALAHARA LEPA IN PARIKARTIKA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ACUTE FISSURE IN ANO

November 2020 - International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ◽

10.46607/iamj0409082021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1623-1628

Author(s):

Suresh Y. Bhajantri ◽

Gannur P. G. ◽

Gujar R. S.

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Anal Canal ◽

Special Reference ◽

Clinical Condition ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Burning Sensation ◽

Fissure In Ano ◽

Men And Women ◽

Anal Region

Background: Parikartika (Fissure-in-ano) is a clinical condition enrolled with the Laxana’s like Kartanavat (cut- ting type of pain) and Chedanavat Shoola in the anal region and it can be correlated with Anal Fissure associated with Pain, Burning sensation during Defecation and tear in the distal Anal Canal. The Incidence rate of Anal Fis- sure is around 1 in 350 adults they occur equally common in men and women and most often occurs in adults aged 15 to 40. Aims and Objectives: To compare the Efficacy of Daruharidra Chandana Malahara with Pan- chavalkala Malahara in the Management of Parikartika (Acute fissure in ano). Materials and Methods: For the Present study, cases were selected from OPD and IPD of Shalya Tantra with the Classical Clinical Features like Kartanvat and Chedanavat Shoola in the anal region. Intervention: Daruharidra Chandana Malahara Lepa and Panchavalkala Malahara Lepa, applied Locally into Two Groups with each Group having 20 Patients for 7 days along with Triphala Choorna (1tsp) HS. Results: Copesetic Relief was seen in Signs and Symptoms and Im- proved Quality of Life after Treatment. Conclusion: The Study Was Proved that Parikartika was Effectively Managed by Daruharidra Chandana Malahara Lepa comparatively Panchavalkala Malahara Lepa. Keywords: Parikartika, Fissure-in-ano, Daruharidra Chandana Malaharal Lepa, Panchavalkala Malahara Le- pa.

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Forgiveness and Personality Type among Men and Women Suffering from Cardiovascular Diseases

Delta Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/dmcj.v2i2.20523 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 48-52

Author(s):

Elham Foroozandeh

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Personality Type ◽

Type A ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Men And Women ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Type A Personality

Background: Role of personality and some components of behaviors, traits and emotions as effective factors on coronary heart diseases (CHD) were presented nearly 50 years ago with the concept of type A behavior, a compound of hostility, impatience, competitiveness and dominance. Later studies showed crucial role of other traits and behaviors like anger, introversion, depression and forgiveness. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare personality type and forgiveness in the patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases based on gender. Materials and method: The cross sectional study was designed and sample was collected from men and women referred to cardiologists (within the age range of 23-75 years old) from the patients of Shahid Rajaee Heart Hospital of Tehran, Iran from December 2010 to March 2011. Total 87 subjects were selected using random method. The study subjects were given two questionnaires: personality type A (with two factors: TA1, pathologic behaviors of type A personality and TA2, non pathologic behaviors of type A personality) and Interpersonal Forgiveness Inventory (IFI), with three subscales namely reestablishment of relationship, control of revenge and realistic perception. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Mean(±SD) age of men was 50.5±11.6 years (n=33) and 55.7±14.4 years in women (n=54). Mean duration of suffering from cardiovascular diseases in men was 7.8 years and in women was 9.10 years. The study found high mean scores of type A pathologic but not non pathologic type A among women compared to men (p<0.038) and no statistically significant differences in forgiveness subscales. Conclusion: The study revealed significant difference between women and men suffering from cardiovascular disease in pathologic type A (TA1) and negative relationship between pathologic type A and forgiveness. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v2i2.20523 Delta Med Col J. Jul 2014; 2(2): 48-52

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Sex Differences in Moral Judgments? A Test of Gilligan's Theory

Psychology of Women Quarterly ◽

10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00772.x ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 37-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

William J. Friedman ◽

Amy B. Robinson ◽

Britt L. Friedman

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Moral Reasoning ◽

Confidence Intervals ◽

Moral Dilemmas ◽

Moral Judgments ◽

Personality Measures ◽

Men And Women ◽

Rank Orders

This study was designed to test Gilligan's (1982) claim that men and women differ in moral judgments. One hundred and one college students read four traditional moral dilemmas and rated the importance of 12 considerations for deciding how the protagonist should respond. Six of the statements were derived from the description by Kohlberg et al. (1978) of post-conventional moral reasoning, and six were derived from Gilligan's description of women's style of moral reasoning. Subjects also rated themselves on a measure of sex-typed personality attributes. There were no reliable sex differences on either of the types of moral reasoning, and confidence intervals allowed the rejection of all but negligible differences in the directions predicted by Gilligan's model. Furthermore, men and women showed highly similar rank orders of the items for each dilemma. The personality measures also failed to predict individual differences in moral judgments.

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Electron Microscopic Detection and Characterization of Nonhuman Primate Enteric Viruses

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100054145 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 306-307

Author(s):

G. C. Smith ◽

R. L. Heberling ◽

S. S. Kalter

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Animal Model ◽

Nonhuman Primate ◽

Clinical Condition ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Enteric Viruses ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Microscopic Detection

A number of viral agents are recognized as and suspected of causing the clinical condition “gastroenteritis.” In our attempts to establish an animal model for studies of this entity, we have been examining the nonhuman primate to ascertain what viruses may be found in the intestinal tract of “normal” animals as well as animals with diarrhea. Several virus types including coronavirus, adenovirus, herpesvirus, and picornavirus (Table I) were detected in our colony; however, rotavirus, astrovirus, and calicivirus have not yet been observed. Fecal specimens were prepared for electron microscopy by procedures reported previously.

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Ultrastructural comparison of prolactin adenomas of pituitary in men and women

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100103796 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 346-347

Author(s):

R.C. Caughey ◽

U.P. Kalyan-Raman

Keyword(s):

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Phosphate Buffer ◽

Pituitary Adenomas ◽

Osmium Tetroxide ◽

Secretory Granules ◽

Uranyl Acetate ◽

En Bloc ◽

Men And Women ◽

Transmission Electron

Prolactin producing pituitary adenomas are ultrastructurally characterized by secretory granules varying in size (150-300nm), abundance of endoplasmic reticulum, and misplaced exocytosis. They are also subclassified as sparsely or densely granulated according to the amount of granules present. The hormone levels in men and women vary, being higher in men; so also the symptoms vary between both sexes. In order to understand this variation, we studied 21 prolactin producing pituitary adenomas by transmission electron microscope. This was out of a total of 80 pituitary adenomas. There were 6 men and 15 women in this group of 21 prolactinomas.All of the pituitary adenomas were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, rinsed in Millonig's phosphate buffer, and post fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide. They were then en bloc stained with 0.5% uranyl acetate, rinsed with Walpole's non-phosphate buffer, dehydrated with graded series of ethanols and embedded with Epon 812 epoxy resin.

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Race Difference in Auditory Sensitivity

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.0704.389 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 389-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David C. Shepherd ◽

Robert Goldstein ◽

Benjamin Rosenblüt

Keyword(s):

White Women ◽

White Men ◽

Sensitivity Study ◽

Auditory Sensitivity ◽

Race Difference ◽

Men And Women ◽

Auditory Thresholds ◽

Békésy Audiometry ◽

Method Of Adjustment ◽

Better Than

Two separate studies investigated race and sex differences in normal auditory sensitivity. Study I measured thresholds at 500, 1000, and 2000 cps of 23 white men, 26 white women, 21 negro men, and 24 negro women using the method of limits. In Study II thresholds of 10 white men, 10 white women, 10 negro men, and 10 negro women were measured at 1000 cps using four different stimulus conditions and the method of adjustment by means of Bekesy audiometry. Results indicated that the white men and women in Study I heard significantly better than their negro counterparts at 1000 and 2000 cps. There were no significant differences between the average thresholds measured at 1000 cps of the white and negro men in Study II. White women produced better auditory thresholds with three stimulus conditions and significantly more sensitive thresholds with the slow pulsed stimulus than did the negro women in Study II.

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