Outcome in schizophrenia and related disorders compared between developing and developed countries

1997 ◽  
Vol 170 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Craig ◽  
Carole Siegel ◽  
Kim Hopper ◽  
Shang Lin ◽  
Norman Sartorius
Keyword(s):  
Recursive Partitioning ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Course Of Illness ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

BackgroundData on the two-year pattern of course of illness have been collected in the WHO study of the Determinants of Outcomes of Severe Mental Disorder (DOSMD). These data are reanalysed using recursive partitioning, a method not yet applied to psychiatric data to test the hypothesis that subjects from participating centres in developing countries had better outcomes than those in developed countries.MethodSubjects were those from the DOSMD study for whom two-year follow-up data were available (n = 1056). The classification and regression trees recursive partitioning technique was used to examine the predictor variables associated with the outcome variable two year pattern of course.ResultsPattern of course was best predicted by centre, but two developed centres (Prague and Nottingham) grouped with the developing country centres excluding Cali, having better outcomes than in the remaining developed country centres and Cali. Type of onset (insidious v. non-insidious) was the next strongest predictor, but its effect differed across these two centre groupings. Effects for some groups were modified by other predictor variables, including age, child and/or adolescent problems, and gender.ConclusionsThe predominant predictor effects on two-year pattern of course continued to be centre and type of onset, but complex interactions between these variables and other predictor variables are seen in specific centre groupings not strictly defined by ‘developing’ and ‘developed’.

Performance evaluations and junior auditors’ attitude to audit behavior: a gender and culture comparative study

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Khalil ◽  
Rabih Nehme
Keyword(s):  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Internship Programs ◽  
Educational Path ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to shed light on factors leading to unethical acts committed by auditors from a cultural and gender perspectives. It investigates differences in junior auditors’ attitudes towards audit behavior when a performance evaluation (PE) is anticipated. The objective of this study is to aid academicians and audit executives in developing new models of PE and internship programs that should mitigate dysfunctional behavior. Design/methodology/approach A survey adapted from Big Four companies’ performance appraisal templates was administered to junior accountants who have completed their internship programs and their external audit course at accredited universities in Lebanon and the USA. Several statistical tests were conducted to analyze the relationship between the different variables. Findings This paper shows how PE affects junior auditors’ attitudes to dysfunctional audit behavior (DAB). From a cultural standpoint, American auditors express more negative views towards DAB than their Lebanese counterparts. This paper also demonstrates that female auditors are less inclined towards DAB than male auditors. Originality/value Previous studies on the topic have been mostly conducted in developed countries with a scarcity of studies examining multiple countries. This study focuses on two different cultural contexts, a developed country, the USA and an emerging country, poorly represented in the literature, Lebanon. This paper also observes variances between male and female auditors in DAB when expecting a PE. The originality of this paper stems from its concurrent examination of the impact of gender and culture on DAB by using a sample of less-experienced auditors at the end of their educational path.

Developing an understanding of the determinants, disclosures, and outcomes of CSR practices – a focus on developed and developing countries: a past review of 10 years

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanzeela Aqif ◽  
Abdul Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Purpose The increased awareness among consumers and strong competition have forced companies to put extra efforts and fulfill their social responsibility along with earning profits. The research aims to review corporate social responsibility (CSR)-related literature specifically determinants, outcomes and disclosure of CSR while adapting a comparative approach for developing and developed countries. Design/methodology/approach Based on theoretical frameworks of CSR, the authors have reviewed past studies conducted in past 10 years. While using keywords and synonyms, the databases such as JSTOR, Emerald, SpringerLink and ScienceDirect were used for searching impact factor and Scopus journals. Thematic analysis has been used as a method in the paper while identifying the key themes in study and presented them separately. Only those articles have been included which have key words in abstract. The review has been done while using logical process to improve inter-rater reliability. The key databased have been used to cover articles from multiple and diverse domains. The authors studied the key themes of literature found and identified the gaps. The paper has also incorporated the comments of authors who conducted credible studies. Findings It has been found that there are different determinants which lead the companies to involve in CSR practices in developing and developed countries. It has also been found that consumers are more aware about CSR in developed countries which effects the CSR decisions by firms. There is lack of literature available in developing states and researchers have been focused to conduct studies mainly developed countries such as in Europe and USA. Mostly the CSR behavior of companies has been linked with their financial and reputational benefits in empirical studies. There is large gap in literature on CSR involvement in small companies. The authors have developed and presented model which provides comparison of determinants leading toward CSR involvement by companies in developed and developing countries. Another framework has been developed which summarized all the factors which force the company to take part in CSR activities. Practical implications The study has made significant contribution toward research field and summarized the determinants based on social and economic factors of countries. The study also presented the comparison between CSR in developing and developed country which is valuable contribution by the authors. The study has also found lack of progress in theory development in this area which needs further attention by researchers. The authors have developed a model and framework which will contribute in field of CSR. Originality/value This is the review paper which provides integrated view of literature regarding determinants, outcomes and disclosure of CSR in developing countries while using a comparative approach.

Factors Associated With Crestal Bone Loss Following Dental Implant Placement in a Longitudinal Follow-up Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Y. Kim ◽  
Thomas B. Dodson ◽  
Duy T. Do ◽  
Gary Wadhwa ◽  
Sung-Kiang Chuang
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Dental Implant ◽  
Multivariate Model ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Implant Placement ◽  
Crestal Bone Loss ◽  
Bone Height

The purpose of this study is to estimate the magnitude of crestal bone loss and to identify factors associated with changes in crestal bone height following placement of dental implants. This was a retrospective cohort study, consisting of a sample derived from the population of patients who had at least 1 dental implant placed in a community practice over a 10-year period. A total of 11 predictor variables were grouped into demographic, related health status, anatomic, implant-specific, and operative categories. The primary outcome variable was a change in crestal bone height (mm) over the course of follow-up. The secondary outcome variable was crestal bone loss at 1 year grouped into 2 categories (bone loss >1.5 mm and ≤1.5 mm). Univariate and multivariate regression mixed-effects models were developed to identify variables associated with crestal bone level changes over time. P values ≤.05 were considered statistically significant. The study sample was composed of 85 subjects who received 148 implants. The mean change of the crestal bone was −2.1 ± 1.5 mm (range = −12.5 to 0.5 mm; median = −1.77 mm). In the multivariate model, none of the variables studied were statistically associated with mean crestal bone loss. Among 84 (66.1%) implants with bone loss >1.5 mm within 1 year, no variables were associated with bone loss in the multivariate model. Of the 11 predictor variables evaluated in this study, none were statistically significant with regard to an increased risk for crestal bone loss or for excessive bone loss within the first year after implant placement.

Human and Gender Development: Global comparison

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Panchali Singh
Keyword(s):  
Human Resource ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gender Development ◽  
Global Comparison ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Globalization is playing an important role in the development of human resource, equally in developing and developed countries. It is important to know the impact of globalization on the human resource of India in comparison to other countries of the world. This paper tries to compare the impact of globalization on HR development in India.

Housing Inflation: Policy Guidelines from Shariah Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
Azrul Azlan Iskandar Mirza ◽  
Asmaddy Haris ◽  
Ainulashikin Marzuki ◽  
Ummi Salwa Ahmad Bustamam ◽  
Hamdi Hakiem Mudasir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Housing Price ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Control Element ◽  
Recent Issue ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
The Government ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

The soaring housing prices in Malaysia is not a recent issue. It is a global phenomenon especially in developing and developed countries, driven by factors including land price, location, construction materials cost, demand, and speculation. This issue demands immediate attention as it affects the younger generation, most of whom could not afford to buy their own house. The government has taken many initiatives and introduced regulations to ensure that housing prices are within the affordable range. This article aims to introduce a housing price control element from the Shariah perspective, as an alternative solution for all parties involved in this issue. It adopts content analysis methodology on policy from Shariah approved sources.

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