Proportion of patients without mental disorders being treated in
                        mental health services worldwide

BackgroundPrevious research suggests that many people receiving mental health treatment do not meet criteria for a mental disorder but are rather ‘the worried well’.AimsTo examine the association of past-year mental health treatment with DSM-IV disorders.MethodThe World Health Organization's World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys interviewed community samples of adults in 23 countries (n = 62 305) about DSM-IV disorders and treatment in the past 12 months for problems with emotions, alcohol or drugs.ResultsRoughly half (52%) of people who received treatment met criteria for a past-year DSM-IV disorder, an additional 18% for a lifetime disorder and an additional 13% for other indicators of need (multiple subthreshold disorders, recent stressors or suicidal behaviours). Dose–response associations were found between number of indicators of need and treatment.ConclusionsThe vast majority of treatment in the WMH countries goes to patients with mental disorders or other problems expected to benefit from treatment.

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Suicidality and Treatment Experience Among Young People Who Inject Drugs

10.31234/osf.io/yxwqd ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mary Ellen Mackesy-Amiti ◽

Lawrence J. Ouellet

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Substance Use ◽

Young People ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Health Treatment ◽

People Who Inject Drugs ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Psychiatric Research ◽

Health Treatment ◽

The Past

Background. We examined correlates of past year suicidal thoughts and behavior (STB) and described past year treatment experiences among young people who inject drugs (PWID). Methods. Participants were 570 adults (18-25 years) who injected primarily heroin. Interviews were conducted at field stations operated by Community Outreach Intervention Projects in Chicago, Illinois (USA). Interviewers administered the Psychiatric Research Instrument for Substance and Mental Disorders. Substance use and mental disorders were based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Past year STB was based on multiple questions. Results. Sixteen percent of men and 25% of women reported STB in the past year. In multivariable analysis, STB was associated with non-heterosexual orientation, foster care, and being raised by two parents. Primary major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, and borderline personality disorder had independent effects on suicidality. Among those reporting past year STB (n=111), 83% ever received mental health treatment, while 44% did so in the past year. While 24% of respondents indicated that at least one treatment matched their needs very well, 30% reported treatment that did not match their needs at all. The most common reason for ending treatment was program completion (about 50%) while getting better was endorsed by about 25%. Nearly half reported ending treatment due to a bad experience, logistical issues, or expense. Conclusions. Young PWID are at high risk for suicidal behavior and their mental health treatment experiences often do not meet their needs. There is a pressing need for more integrated substance use and mental health treatment.

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Economic burden of silent mental disorders: a case study of agnosia in schizophrenia

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20175821 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 401

Author(s):

Vijay Kumar Chattu ◽

Paula Mahon

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Action Plan ◽

Developed Countries ◽

World Health ◽

Economic Output ◽

The World

Mental health problems affect society as a whole, and not just a small, isolated segment. In developed countries with well-organized healthcare systems, between 44% and 70% of patients with mental disorders do not receive treatment whereas in developing countries the treatment gap being close to 90%. Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder affecting more than 21 million people worldwide. People with schizophrenia are 2-2.5 times more likely to die early than the general population. The case study highlights about agnosia in a schizophrenic patient in a primary care setting and how to address the management at a broader perspective using the appropriate antipsychotic medication and ensuring the support from a family without violating the human rights of the patient. The World Economic Forum estimated that the cumulative global impact of mental disorders in terms of lost economic output will amount to US$ 16 trillion over the next 20 years, equivalent to more than 1% of the global gross domestic product. Mental health should be a concern for all of us, rather than only for those who suffer from a mental disorder. The mental health action plan 2013-2020, endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2013, highlights the steps required to provide appropriate services for people with mental disorders including schizophrenia. A key recommendation of the action plan is to shift services from institutions to the community. Mental health must be considered a focus of renewed investment not just in terms of human development and dignity but also in terms of social and economic development.

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Lifetime and 12-month prevalence, severity and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders in Japan: results from the final dataset of World Mental Health Japan Survey

Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences ◽

10.1017/s2045796015000566 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 217-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

H. Ishikawa ◽

N. Kawakami ◽

R. C. Kessler ◽

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Unmet Need ◽

Diagnostic Interview ◽

Need For Treatment ◽

World Mental Health ◽

The World ◽

Dsm Iv

Background.The aim of this study is to estimate the lifetime and 12-month prevalence, severity and treatment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM-IV) mental disorders in Japan based on the final data set of the World Mental Health Japan Survey conducted in 2002–2006.Methods.Face-to-face household interviews of 4130 respondents who were randomly selected from Japanese-speaking residents aged 20 years or older were conducted from 2002 to 2006 in 11 community populations in Japan (overall response rate, 56%). The World Mental Health version of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI), a fully structured, lay administered psychiatric diagnostic interview, was used for diagnostic assessment.Results.Lifetime/12-month prevalence of any DSM-IV common mental disorders in Japan was estimated to be 20.3/7.6%. Rank-order of four classes of mental disorders was anxiety disorders (8.1/4.9%), substance disorders (7.4/1.0%), mood disorders (6.5/2.3%) and impulse control disorders (2.0/0.7%). The most common individual disorders were alcohol abuse/dependence (7.3/0.9%), major depressive disorder (6.1/2.2%), specific phobia (3.4/2.3%) and generalized anxiety disorder (2.6/1.3%). While the lifetime prevalence of any mental disorder was greater for males and the middle-aged, the persistence (proportion of 12-month cases among lifetime cases) of any mental disorder was greater for females and younger respondents. Among those with any 12-month disorder, 15.3% were classified as severe, 44.1% moderate and 40.6% mild. Although a strong association between severity and service use was found, only 21.9% of respondents with any 12-month disorder sought treatment within the last 12 months; only 37.0% of severe cases received medical care. The mental health specialty sector was the most common resource used in Japan. Although the prevalence of mental disorders were quite low, mental disorders were the second most prevalent cause of severe role impairment among chronic physical and mental disorders.Conclusions.These results suggest lower prevalence of mental disorders in Japan than that in Western countries, although the general pattern of disorders, risk factors and unmet need for treatment were similar to those in other countries. Greater lifetime prevalence for males and greater persistence for females seems a unique feature of Japan, suggesting a cultural difference in gender-related etiology and course of disorders. The treatment rate in Japan was lower than that in most other high-income countries in WMH surveys.

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Perceived Need for Mental Health Treatment in a Nationally Representative Canadian Sample

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/070674370505001011 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 50 (10) ◽

pp. 643-651 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Jitender Sareen ◽

Brian J Cox ◽

Tracie O Afifi ◽

Ian Clara ◽

Bo Nancy Yu

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Health Services ◽

Health Services ◽

Mental Health Treatment ◽

Help Seeking ◽

Social Supports ◽

Health Treatment ◽

Perceived Need ◽

The Past ◽

Dsm Iv

Objective: The optimal method of determining how many people in the general population need help for emotional problems remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of self-perceived need for mental health services (that is, help seeking and perceived need) in a large, population-based sample. Methods: Data came from the Canadian Community Health Survey 1.2 ( n = 36 816, respondent age 15 years and over, and response rate 77%). Respondents were asked whether they had sought help in the past year from any professional for emotional problems and whether they felt they needed help for emotional symptoms but had not sought treatment. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to make DSM-IV mental disorder diagnoses. Results: The past-year prevalences of help seeking and perceived need were 8.7% and 2.9%, respectively. After adjusting for the presence of DSM-IV disorders assessed in the survey, sociodemographic factors, illness severity, social supports, and the presence of physical health conditions were associated with help seeking and perceived need. Independent of DSM diagnoses, sociodemographics, and social supports, perceived need and help seeking were associated with increased levels of distress, disability, and suicidal ideation and attempts. Conclusions: This study illustrates that, in addition to the presence of a DSM diagnosis, the respondent's self-perceived need for mental health treatment is important in the assessment of need for mental health services in the community.

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Components of the Economic Burden of Serious Mental Illness in the US

US Neurology ◽

10.17925/usn.2009.05.01.10 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 05 (01) ◽

pp. 10 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Thomas R Insel ◽

Michael Schoenbaum ◽

Philip S Wang ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Illness ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Health Treatment ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Health Treatment ◽

Effective Strategies ◽

The Past ◽

The Us

Mental disorders impose considerable socioeconomic costs due to their episodic/chronic nature, their relatively early ages at onset, and the highly disabling nature of inadequately treated mental illness. Despite substantial increases in the volume of mental health treatment for disorders in the past two decades, particularly pharmacotherapies, the level of morbidity and mortality from these disorders does not appear to have changed substantially over this period. Improving outcomes will require the development and use of more efficacious treatments for mental disorders. Likewise, implementation of cost-effective strategies to improve the quality of existing care for these disabling conditions is required.

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Reforming Undergraduate Psychiatry Training in Ukraine

Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development ◽

10.1177/2382120520924000 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 238212052092400

Author(s):

Oksana Kopchak ◽

Irina Pinchuk ◽

Boris Ivnev ◽

Norbert Skokauskas

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Health Treatment ◽

World Health ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Psychiatry Training ◽

Treatment Gap ◽

Health Treatment ◽

The World ◽

Mental Health Treatment Gap ◽

Medical University

In Ukraine, mental health problems are common yet the mental health services available are still old fashioned and based on healthcare approaches used in the Soviet Union, providing mainly inpatient services and rudimentary community services. The World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) to reduce the mental health treatment gap all over the world and 2 years later introduced the WHO mhGAP-Intervention Guide (mhGAP-IG), version 2.0 (2016) as not only an educational tool, but also an evidence based guideline to scale up services for mental, neurological and substance use (MNS) conditions with an objective to reduce gap between available health systems capacity and resources for mental health. The main aim of this paper is to describe reforms of undergraduate psychiatry training in Ukraine using Kyiv Medical University as a case example. Kyiv Medical University (KMU) is the first university in Ukraine to introduce the mhGAP-IG in Ukraine. The revised psychiatry curricula in KMU aims to strengthens the evidence based teaching practices, to put emphasis on community orientated mental health care, and to use interactive teaching methods that the university hopes will attract more future doctors to psychiatry and ideally contribute towards the reduction of the mental health treatment-gap in Ukraine.

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Drop out from out-patient mental healthcare in the World Health Organization's World Menta Health Survey initiative

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113134 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 202 (1) ◽

pp. 42-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

J. Elisabeth Wells ◽

Mark Oakley Browne ◽

Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola ◽

Ali Al-Hamzawi ◽

Jordi Alonso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Health Treatment ◽

Mental Healthcare ◽

Income Group ◽

Drop Out ◽

World Health ◽

Health Treatment ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The World

BackgroundPrevious community surveys of the drop out from mental health treatment have been carried out only in the USA and Canada.AimsTo explore mental health treatment drop out in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys.MethodRepresentative face-to-face household surveys were conducted among adults in 24 countries. People who reported mental health treatment in the 12 months before interview (n = 8482) were asked about drop out, defined as stopping treatment before the provider wanted.ResultsOverall, drop out was 31.7%: 26.3% in high-income countries, 45.1% in upper-middle-income countries, and 37.6% in low/ lower/middle-income countries. Drop out from psychiatrists was 21.3% overall and similar across country income groups (high 20.3%, upper-middle 23.6%, low/lower-middle 23.8%) but the pattern of drop out across other sectors differed by country income group. Drop out was more likely early in treatment, particularly after the second visit.ConclusionsDrop out needs to be reduced to ensure effective treatment.

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Spirituality

Advances in Psychology, Mental Health, and Behavioral Studies - Identifying, Treating, and Preventing Childhood Trauma in Rural Communities ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0228-9.ch010 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 149-163

Author(s):

Sandra D. Barnes ◽

Tosin O. Alabi

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Mental Health Treatment ◽

Religion And Spirituality ◽

Health Treatment ◽

Daily Lives ◽

Spirituality And Religion ◽

The World ◽

Role Of Religion

Religion appears to shape the daily lives of most children in America; the influence of religion often serves as a template for making decisions, establishing relationships, comprehending the world, and finding meaning in confusing and/or traumatic situations that children may encounter. To ignore the role of religion and spirituality in behavioral and mental health treatment is to dismiss a central domain of child and adolescent development as well as a potential path to healing. In this chapter, we discuss the role of spirituality and religion in children in rural communities and how they can be integrated into counseling and therapy as a path to healing.

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The scale of the problem

Psychiatry ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198754008.003.0006 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Rebecca McKnight ◽

Jonathan Price ◽

John Geddes

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Well Being ◽

World Health ◽

The Social ◽

Definition Of ◽

Health Organization

One in four individuals suffer from a psychiatric disorder at some point in their life, with 15– 20 per cent fitting criteria for a mental disorder at any given time. The latter corresponds to around 450 million people worldwide, placing mental disorders as one of the leading causes of global morbidity. Mental health problems represent five of the ten leading causes of disability worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in mid 2016 that ‘the global cost of mental illness is £651 billion per year’, stating that the equivalent of 50 million working years was being lost annually due to mental disorders. The financial global impact is clearly vast, but on a smaller scale, the social and psychological impacts of having a mental disorder on yourself or your family are greater still. It is often difficult for the general public and clinicians outside psychiatry to think of mental health disorders as ‘diseases’ because it is harder to pinpoint a specific pathological cause for them. When confronted with this view, it is helpful to consider that most of medicine was actually founded on this basis. For example, although medicine has been a profession for the past 2500 years, it was only in the late 1980s that Helicobacter pylori was linked to gastric/ duodenal ulcers and gastric carcinoma, or more recently still that the BRCA genes were found to be a cause of breast cancer. Still much of clinical medicine treats a patient’s symptoms rather than objective abnormalities. The WHO has given the following definition of mental health:… Mental health is defined as a state of well- being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community.… This is a helpful definition, because it clearly defines a mental disorder as a condition that disrupts this state in any way, and sets clear goals of treatment for the clinician. It identifies the fact that a disruption of an individual’s mental health impacts negatively not only upon their enjoyment and ability to cope with life, but also upon that of the wider community.

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