The Context of Childhood Depression

1991 ◽  
Vol 159 (S11) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Berney ◽  
S. R. Bhate ◽  
I. Kolvin ◽  
O. O. Famuyiwa ◽  
M. L. Barrett ◽  
...  

This paper examines the family background, premorbid personality traits and adverse life events preceding childhood depression. The non-depressed group proved more likely to have experienced pre-school bereavement and familial disturbance, and to come from the more deprived background; there was also an excess of premorbid anxiety and hysterical personality traits in this group. School phobia and premorbid obsessional traits were associated with the depressed group. Although there was an association between depression and the total number of adverse life events, this was more substantial when the perceived impact of the events was taken into account. Of the individual classes of life event, only illness and a change in social relationships were associated specifically with depression.

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Tisher ◽  
Bruce J. Tonge ◽  
David J. L. de Horne

The relationship between depression and stressors and the relationship between depression in children and depression in their parents were investigated. Depressed children aged 7–11 years (n=20) were compared with clinical non-depressed children (n=88) and normal children (n=55). Children, mothers and fathers in the three groups were tested. Measures included the Children's Depression Inventory, Recent Life Events Scale, Stressor Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. The findings showed that children and mothers in the depressed group reported more stressors than other children and other mothers while fathers of children in the depressed group did not report more stressors. The findings also showed that mothers of depressed children were more depressed than mothers of normal children while there were no differences between the scores of fathers in the three groups.


1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. A. Howe ◽  
John A. Sloboda

This article reports qualitative findings of an interview study in which 42 students (aged 10–18) from a specialist music school were encouraged to talk about various experiences in their lives which the individual children perceived as having been potentially significant influences on their progress in learning musical instruments. The parents of half the children were also interviewed. Observations concerning the following sources of influence are reported: the family background; sibling influences; listening to music. The insights of children and their parents, which complement and add depth to quantitative findings concerning the biographical precursors of musical excellence, help to provide a rich source of descriptive information about the circumstances in which children become competent young musicians.


2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (25) ◽  
pp. 6527-6532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Jokela ◽  
Tuomas Pekkarinen ◽  
Matti Sarvimäki ◽  
Marko Terviö ◽  
Roope Uusitalo

Although trends in many physical characteristics and cognitive capabilities of modern humans are well-documented, less is known about how personality traits have evolved over time. We analyze data from a standardized personality test administered to 79% of Finnish men born between 1962 and 1976 (n = 419,523) and find steady increases in personality traits that predict higher income in later life. The magnitudes of these trends are similar to the simultaneous increase in cognitive abilities, at 0.2–0.6 SD during the 15-y window. When anchored to earnings, the change in personality traits amounts to a 12% increase. Both personality and cognitive ability have consistent associations with family background, but the trends are similar across groups defined by parental income, parental education, number of siblings, and rural/urban status. Nevertheless, much of the trends in test scores can be attributed to changes in the family background composition, namely 33% for personality and 64% for cognitive ability. These composition effects are mostly due to improvements in parents’ education. We conclude that there is a “Flynn effect” for personality that mirrors the original Flynn effect for cognitive ability in magnitude and practical significance but is less driven by compositional changes in family background.


1994 ◽  
Vol 01 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 473-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
AZLAN GHAZALI ◽  
SOON BENG CHEW ◽  
B C GHOSH ◽  
RICHARD S T TAY

This study empirically analyses the determinants of Singapore’s university graduates’ employment decision between self-employment and salaried-employment. The binary probit model is used to estimate the effect of three main groups of variables on the employment decision. The thee main groups of variables are the personal characteristics, experience and education, and family background of the graduate. A mailed questionaire survey was carried out on 7300 university graduates in Singapore. A final number of 2486 (34.1%) usable questionaire was obtained. The findings of this study suggest that the personal characteristics and the education and experience of the graduates are significant determinants of the employment decision. However, the family background of the individual was found to be insignificant.


2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna E. Löckenhoff ◽  
Antonio Terracciano ◽  
Nicholas S. Patriciu ◽  
William W. Eaton ◽  
Paul T. Costa

1962 ◽  
Vol 108 (456) ◽  
pp. 675-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Howells

In the introduction to his Chairman's address in 1959, Warren (24) reminded us that both Cameron (6) from this country and Kanner (17) from the United States, had, in recent years, surveyed the historical background of child psychiatry. Chairmen of this Section may thus deem themselves exempted from repeating that task for some years to come. Warren took as his theme some relationships between the psychiatry of childhood and that of adulthood. It seemed to me appropriate to follow his lead and to carry our thoughts a step further by considering the child and adult as members of the family group, and to study how far it would be useful to accept the nuclear family, rather than the individual patient, as the functional unit in psychiatry.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Fassbender ◽  
Peter Haehner ◽  
Susanne Buecker ◽  
Maike Luhmann

Post-traumatic growth can be understood as positive change in desirable personality traits after adverse life events. However, recent research questioned whether adversity is a relevant, necessary, and sufficient condition for change in desirable personality traits. Using five-wave longitudinal data, this study explored changes in the desirable personality traits prosociality and empathy before and after life events. We included all life events participants had experienced between the second and third assessment, that is, adverse, ambiguous, and positive events. Participants rated their life events on the Event Characteristics Questionnaire which assesses the individual perception of life events on nine continuous dimensions: challenge, emotional significance, extraordinariness, external control, impact, valence, social status change, predictability and change in world views. We used multilevel growth curve models to explore changes in prosociality and empathy as a function of these event characteristics. Prosociality and empathy remained stable in the assessment period of six to nine months after the reported life event, independently of whether the event had been perceived as adverse or not. We discuss our findings with respect to the inclusion of positive and ambiguous events as predictors of personality change and with respect to its theoretical implications for post-traumatic growth and personality development more broadly.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Norman Rudhumbu ◽  
Clever Gumbo ◽  
Samuel Gumbe

The purpose of the study was to investigate factors that have an explanatory or predictive power on the intentions of students to start their own business. Studies show that the propensity of a person to start a new venture is moderated by a number of factors within the individual and also external to the individual hence the purpose of the study to identify those factors and how much predictive power they have. A population of 250 from a population of 540 final year students at Botho University participated in the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the students. A questionnaire that used a 4-point Likert scale was used for data collection. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. A criterion mean was used as part of descriptive statics for analysing the data. Results of the study showed that personality traits, family background, return on investment, entrepreneurship education, environmental factors and competition had a high predictive power on the entrepreneurship intentions of final year students at Botho University. Family background according to results had the highest predictive power followed by personality traits and level of education.  


1987 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 211-233 ◽  

John Franklin Enders came from a family background marked by strong characters and remarkable achievements. His maternal grandfather was a close associate and financial adviser of Mark Twain, and his paternal grandfather walked from town to town selling insurance, later becoming President of the Aetna Insurance Company. His parents were active and of strong character and lived to a ripe old age. His father was President of the principal bank of Hartford and at his death he left a fortune of $19 million. The family is said to have been one with close ties and mutual respect and to have appreciated the needs of the individual. John had one brother, also President of the Hartford National Bank, and two sisters— all charming and accomplished people.


2017 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 313-323
Author(s):  
Beata Waligórska-Olejniczak

On the experience of old age in the context of contemporary existential dilemmas. Film Elena by Andrei ZvyagintsevThe article constitutes the attempt of looking at the problem of the old age from the point of view of Vladimir, the main male character of Andrei Zvyagintsev’s film Elena. His retired existence can be treated as the model example of the golden autumn of life. This vision can be associated with the images promoted by today’s media as the period of so called “third age”, i.e. old age full of new opportunities, with health good enough to take advantage of newly marketed products guaranteeing comfortable and worry-free life. The publication examines the quality of the family relationships, built up by the selected film character, on the basis of the interpretation of space in which he is meant to function. The analysis allows the author to come to the conclusion that the old age and life experience does not protect the characters from impulsive behavior, which is the consequence of spiritual crisis of the contemporary society and disintegration of the harmony between the individual and the community. The old age in Zvyagintsev film turns out to be the time when the opportunity of improving interpersonal relationships is wasted.Проблема старости в контексте современных экзистенциальных дилемм. Фильм Елена Андрея Звягинцева Статья представляет собой попытку взглянуть на проблему старости с точки зрения Владимира, главного мужского героя фильма Андрея Звягинцева Елена. Его пенсионное существование можем рассматривать в качестве примера модели золотой осени жизни. Такой подход связан с изображениями сегодняшних СМИ, представляющих старость как „третий возраст”, то есть период полный новых возможностей, в достаточно хорошем здоровье, чтобы воспользоваться новыми вещами, гарантирующими комфортную беззаботную жизнь. Автор рассматривает качество семейных отношений, созданных Владимиром, анализируя аспекты пространства, в котором он функционирует. Интерпретация позволяет прийти к выводу, что старость и жизненный опыт не защищают героев перед импульсивным по поведением, которое является следствием духовного кризиса современного общества и распада гармонии между индивидом и обществом. Старость в фильме Звягинцевa оказывается периодом, когда возможность повышения межличностных отношений не осуществляется.


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