The Borah Peak, Idaho Earthquake of October 28, 1983—Landslides

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Keefer ◽  
Raymond C. Wilson ◽  
Edwin L. Harp ◽  
Elliott W. Lips
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
Soil Liquefaction ◽  
Open Fractures ◽  
Rock Falls ◽  
Landslide Damage ◽  
Rock Slides ◽  
Mud Flow

The Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake caused several hundred landslides throughout an area of about 4,200 km2. The most numerous landslides were rock falls and rock slides, which occurred where slopes contained conspicuous, through-going, open fractures or were composed of weakly cemented rocks. The earthquake also produced several slumps and cracks in man-made fill, several soil liquefaction phenomena, a large debris flow, a large mud flow, and a few ground failures of other types. The most significant landslide damage was in Challis, where rock falls damaged at least 3 houses and 2 automobiles.

Magnitude and frequency of rock falls and rock slides along the main transportation corridors of southwestern British Columbia

1999 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Hungr ◽  
S G Evans ◽  
J Hazzard
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Rock Slope ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Rock Fall ◽  
Rock Falls ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Transportation Corridors ◽  
Risk Magnitude ◽  
Frequency Relationship ◽  
Rock Slides

The two main transportation corridors of southwestern British Columbia are subject to a range of rock slope movements (rock falls, rock slides, and rock avalanches) that pose significant risks to road and rail traffic travelling through the region. Volumes of these landslides range from less than 1 m3 to over 4.0 × 107 m3. A database of rock falls and slides was compiled for rail and highway routes in each transportation corridor using maintenance records spanning four decades. The records number approximately 3500, of which about one half includes information on volume. Magnitude - cumulative frequency (MCF) relationships were derived for each corridor. A scaled sampling procedure was used in part to reduce the effects of censoring. Both corridors yield MCF curves with significant linear segments on log-log plots at magnitudes greater than 1 m3. The form of both railway and road plots for each corridor shows similarity over several orders of magnitude. The slope of the linear segments of the curves depends on geological conditions in the corridors. Temporal histograms of the data show a trend towards reduction of rock fall frequency as a result of rock slope stabilization measures, implemented during the 1980s and 1990s. A risk analysis methodology using the slope of the magnitude-frequency relationship is outlined. The major part of the risk to life in the case examined results from rock falls in the intermediate-magnitude range (1-10 m3).Key words: rock fall, rock slide, landslide hazard, risk, magnitude-frequency, British Columbia.

scholarly journals Debris flows in the central sector of the northern slopes of the Main Caucasus Ridge: peculiarities of the current situation

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Zaporozhchenko
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Debris Flows ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Modern Trend ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Single Model ◽  
Rock Falls ◽  
Flow Processes

This paper provides examples of real events of debris flows in the 21st century. The analysis of the debris flows reveals that there is a variety of manifestation of debris flow processes and triggering factors. It also demonstrates the lack of prospects for the modern trend of creating a single model for forecasting the occurrence, development, impacts and parameters of debris flows that would be equally suitable for other phenomena of gravitational nature such as avalanches, landslides or rock falls. Moreover, it shows that the monitoring is unrepresentative, which is unacceptable, and demonstrates the often lack of hydro-meteorological data on mountainous areas.

A UNIFIED VIEW OF THE FLOWS FROM DEBRIS FLOW TO MUD FLOW

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. I_1123-I_1128
Author(s):  
Shinij EGASHIRA ◽  
Hiroshi TAKEBAYASHI ◽  
Atsuhiro YOROZUYA ◽  
Daisuke HARADA
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
Unified View ◽  
Mud Flow

scholarly journals Sandstone Geomorphology of South-West Jordan, Middle East

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Migoń ◽  
Andrew Goudie
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Rock Slopes ◽  
Desert Environment ◽  
Rock Falls ◽  
Danxia Landform ◽  
South West ◽  
Central Sahara ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Rock Slides

AbstractIn the desert environment of south-west Jordan thick sequences of continental sandstones of Cambrian-Ordovician age support spectacular scenery, comparable with that of the Colorado Plateau of south-west USA or the central Sahara and similar in many aspects to the Danxia landform of southern China. Dissection of a sandstone tableland has given rise to numerous inselbergs and large mesas, rising from the sand-covered desert floor. The height of the hills varies from a few tens to 500-700 m in the Wadi Rum area, whereas their slope shapes are controlled by lithological properties of particular sandstone units. Rock walls of the sandstone inselbergs are subject to frequent rock falls and rock slides and host an impressive array of tafoni and honeycombs due to selective weathering, as well as a number of rock arches. Lithological differences within the sandstone sequence are crucial controls on the shape and evolution of rock slopes, exerting the influence via contrasting patterns of weathering and slope failures. The presence of ferruginous layers in the Umm ‘Ishrin Sandstone is of major importance and explains the fundamental morphological differences between the otherwise similar Umm ‘Ishrin and Disi sandstone units

scholarly journals Avaliação das Construções Danificadas por Corridas de Detritos e Inundações Bruscas no Vale do Ribeira (SP) em 2014

2018 ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
Luzia De Jesus Matos ◽  
Claudio José Ferreira ◽  
Carlos Valdir de Meneses Bateira ◽  
Bianca Carvalho Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Mud Flow

O presente estudo quantifica o número de construções atingidas por eventos de escoamentos como as corridas de detritos (debris flow), de lama (mud flow) e as consequentes inundações rápidas (flash flood) ocorridas nos municípios de Itaoca e Apiaí, Vale do Ribeira, em janeiro de 2014. O percurso dos eventos de 2014 foi cartografado por meio da distribuição dos depósitos inconsolidados sobre as áreas construídas. Ferramentas como as imagens históricas do Google Earth (agosto de 2014), ortofotos, fotografias do mesmo ano e trabalhos de campo possibilitaram a visualização dos eventos e das construções conforme as seguintes etapas metodológicas: 1) Mapeamento das construções em anos anteriores aos eventos; 2) Mapeamento das corridas e inundações rápidas deflagradas em 2014; 3) Sistematização de dados e quantificação das construções atingidas. Ao todo, foram mapeadas 1.221 construções das quais 565 foram diretamente atingidas pelas corridas ou inundações rápidas. Resultados preliminares destacam que a densidade de construções na área de deflagração dos eventos aumenta a quantidade dos elementos atingidos; os impactos, entretanto, são condicionados pela variação dos tipos dos processos perigosos

scholarly journals Geo-hydrological hazards induced by Gorkha Earthquake 2015: A Case of Pharak area, Everest Region, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 91-106
Author(s):  
Buddhi Raj Shrestha ◽  
Narendra Raj Khanal ◽  
Joëlle Smadja ◽  
Monique Fort
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Landslide Dam ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Rock Falls ◽  
Rescue Operation ◽  
Hydrological Hazards ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Future Risk

Nepal experienced disastrous earthquake events in 2015. The first one (magnitude of 7.8) with epicenter in Barpak, Gorkha district, occurred on 25th April 2015, followed by another event (7.3 magnitude) on 12thMay 2015, with epicenter in 19 km south east of Kodari, Sindhupalchok district. Those earthquake events induced different types of geo-hazard and they are widely distributed and caused serious damages and losses. This paper discusses the types of geo-hazards induced by these Gorkha and Sindhupalchok earthquake events and the losses and damages from those events; and the future risk from those geo-hazards in Pharak area covering 305 km2 in Solukhumbu district, Nepal. Satellite images of before and after the events were used to map landslide, debris flow, landslide dam and other geomorphic changes after earthquake. Information on the losses, damages and future risk were collected through focus group discussion, key informants’ interview, observation, and measurement. A total of 79 landslides, 13 rock falls, 5 debris flow and one site of river damming were identified and mapped. The losses and damages included private and public buildings, cultivated land, crops and other infrastructure such as trails, canals for hydropower plant. The losses and damages associated with landslide and debris flow induced by earthquake is comparatively higher than the losses and damages from other geomorphic hazards such as rock fall and landslide dam and landslide dam outburst flood. The risk from those geo-hazards induced by earthquake is also high. Community mobilization with activities of regular monitoring of those hazards, skill development for rescue operation, design and implementation of mitigation measures are some of the efforts necessary for better management of disaster risk.

scholarly journals Rockfall hazard and risk assessment in the Yosemite Valley, California, USA

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 491-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Guzzetti ◽  
P. Reichenbach ◽  
G. F. Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Rolling Friction ◽  
Rock Fall ◽  
Flying Height ◽  
Rock Falls ◽  
Slope Movements ◽  
Yosemite Valley ◽  
Rolling Friction Coefficient ◽  
Rock Slides

Abstract. Rock slides and rock falls are the most frequent types of slope movements in Yosemite National Park, California. In historical time (1857–2002) 392 rock falls and rock slides have been documented in the valley, and some of them have been mapped in detail. We present the results of an attempt to assess rock fall hazards in the Yosemite Valley. Spatial and temporal aspects of rock falls hazard are considered. A detailed inventory of slope movements covering the 145-year period from 1857 to 2002 is used to determine the frequency-volume statistics of rock falls and to estimate the annual frequency of rock falls, providing the temporal component of rock fall hazard. The extent of the areas potentially subject to rock fall hazards in the Yosemite Valley were obtained using STONE, a physically-based rock fall simulation computer program. The software computes 3-dimensional rock fall trajectories starting from a digital elevation model (DEM), the location of rock fall release points, and maps of the dynamic rolling friction coefficient and of the coefficients of normal and tangential energy restitution. For each DEM cell the software calculates the number of rock falls passing through the cell, the maximum rock fall velocity and the maximum flying height. For the Yosemite Valley, a DEM with a ground resolution of 10 × 10 m was prepared using topographic contour lines from the U.S. Geological Survey 1:24 000-scale maps. Rock fall release points were identified as DEM cells having a slope steeper than 60°, an assumption based on the location of historical rock falls. Maps of the normal and tangential energy restitution coefficients and of the rolling friction coefficient were produced from a surficial geologic map. The availability of historical rock falls mapped in detail allowed us to check the computer program performance and to calibrate the model parameters. Visual and statistical comparison of the model results with the mapped rock falls confirmed the accuracy of the model. The model results are compared with a previous map of rockfall talus and with a geomorphic assessment of rock fall hazard based on potential energy referred to as a shadow angle approach, recently completed for the Yosemite Valley. The model results are then used to identify the roads and trails more subject to rock fall hazard. Of the 166.5 km of roads and trails in the Yosemite Valley 31.2% were found to be potentially subject to rock fall hazard, of which 14% are subject to very high hazard.

Late Miocene marine fossil-rich, rock-fall, avalanche, mud-flow and debris-flow deposits adjoining and near the western margin of the Tawhero Basin, outer forearc North Island, New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-201
Author(s):  
G. Neef
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Debris Flow ◽  
Fault Zone ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Pacific Plate ◽  
Rock Fall ◽  
Forearc Basin ◽  
Western Margin ◽  
Mud Flow

AbstractA late Miocene marine, massive fossil-rich, rock-fall/avalanche deposit, >42 m thick (base unexposed) and mud-flow and debris-flow deposits, commonly 0.2–4 m thick, are present adjoining and near to either margin of a 12 km long segment of the NE-trending Waihoki Fault/fault zone, near Pongaroa, North Wairarapa, North Island, New Zealand. The Waihoki Fault/fault zone lies in the outboard part of the onland part of the forearc. It forms the western margin of the Tawhero Basin, a forearc basin overlying a subducting Pacific plate, during 6.6–25 Ma. The basin had a partly dextral transpression history (especially in the Late Miocene) but the amount of dextral displacement along the Waihoki Fault/fault zone is unknown. It is likely that lightly indurated fossil-rich, rock-fall, mud-flow and debris-flow deposits were derived from the tops of fault slivers that were pushed upwards along the Waihoki Fault/fault zone during dextral faulting to reach the neritic zone.

scholarly journals Development of smart boulders to monitor mass movements via the Internet of Things: A pilot study in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedetta Dini ◽  
Georgina L. Bennett ◽  
Aldina M. A. Franco ◽  
Michael R. Z. Whitworth ◽  
Kristen L. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
2015 Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Landslide Mass ◽  
Landslide Body ◽  
Rock Slides

Abstract. Boulder movement can be observed not only in rock fall activity, but also in association with other landslide types such as rock slides, soil slides in colluvium originated from previous rock slides and debris flows. Large boulders pose a direct threat to life and key infrastructure, amplifying landslide and flood hazards, as they move from the slopes to the river network. Despite the hazard they pose, boulders have not been directly targeted as a mean to detect landslide movement or used in dedicated early warning systems. We use an innovative monitoring system to observe boulder movement occurring in different geomorphological settings, before reaching the river system. Our study focuses on an area in the upper Bhote Koshi catchment northeast of Kathmandu, where the Araniko highway is subjected to periodic landsliding and floods during the monsoons and was heavily affected by coseismic landslides during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. In the area, damage by boulders to properties, roads and other key infrastructure, such as hydropower plants, is observed every year. We embedded trackers in 23 boulders spread between a landslide body and two debris flow channels, before the monsoon season of 2019. The trackers, equipped with accelerometers, can detect small angular changes in boulders orientation and large forces acting on them. The data can be transmitted in real time, via a long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN®) gateway to a server. Nine of the tagged boulders registered patterns in the accelerometer data compatible with downslope movements. Of these, six lying within the landslide body show small angular changes, indicating a reactivation during the rainfall period and a movement consistent with the landslide mass. Three boulders, located in a debris flow channel, show sharp changes in orientation, likely corresponding to larger free movements and sudden rotations. This study highlights that this innovative, cost-effective technology can be used to monitor boulders in hazard prone sites, identifying in real time the onset of movement, and may thus set the basis for early warning systems, particularly in developing countries, where expensive hazard mitigation strategies may be unfeasible.

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