Micro-Behavioral Accidental Click Detection System for Preventing Slip-Based Human Error

Accidentally clicking on a link is a type of human error known as a slip in which a user unintentionally performs an unintended task. The risk magnitude is the probability of occurrences of such error with a possible substantial effect to which even experienced individuals are susceptible. Phishing attacks take advantage of slip-based human error by attacking psychological aspects of the users that lead to unintentionally clicking on phishing links. Such actions may lead to installing tracking software, downloading malware or viruses, or stealing private, sensitive information, to list a few. Therefore, a system is needed that detects whether a click on a link is intentional or unintentional and, if unintentional, can then prevent it. This paper proposes a micro-behavioral accidental click detection system (ACDS) to prevent slip-based human error. A within-subject-based experiment was conducted with 20 participants to test the potential of the proposed system. The results reveal the statistical significance between the two cases of intentional vs. unintentional clicks using a smartphone. Random tree, random forest, and support vector machine classifiers were used, exhibiting 82.6%, 87.2%, and 91.6% accuracy in detecting unintentional clicks, respectively.

Impact of Spirulina corn soy blend on Iron deficient children aged 6–23 months in Ndhiwa Sub-County Kenya: a randomized controlled trial

Background Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains high in Kenya despite interventions. Twenty-seven percent of children aged 6 months-14 years are anemic, with low iron intake (7%) among children aged 6–23 months. Standard food interventions involve a corn soy blend (CSB), which is limited in micronutrients, and fortifiers are not accessible locally. Moreover, the use of spirulina as a strategy for mitigating IDA has not been adequately documented. This study compared the impact of a spirulina corn soy blend (SCSB) on IDA among children aged 6–23 months. Methods A total of 240 children with IDA were randomly assigned to study groups at a ratio of 1:1:1 through lotteries, and caregivers and research assistants were blinded to group assignment. Dry-take-home SCSB, CSB and placebo flour (1.7 kg) was given to caregivers to prepare porridges using a flour water ratio of 1:4, producing 600 ml–700 ml of porridge to feed children 200 ml of porridge three times a day for 6 months. Impact was assessed as plasma hematocrit at baseline and after the study. Blood drawing, preparation and analysis were performed in accordance with approved procedures by the EthicsResearchCommittee. Monthly follow-up and data collection on dietary intake, anthropometry, morbidity and infant feeding practices were performed using questionnaires. Relative risk, magnitude of change and log-rank tests were used to compare the impact of the intervention, and significant differences were determined at P < 0.05. Results The survival probabilities for children consuming SCSB were significantly higher than those consuming CSB (log-rank-X2 = 0.978; CI: 0.954–1.033, P = 0.001) and the placebo (log-rankX2 = 0.971; CI: 0.943–0.984, P = 0.0001). Children consuming SCSB had a mean recovery time of 8 days (CI: 7–12 days) compared to those consuming CSB (19 days; CI: 20–23 days) and placebo (33 days; CI: 3 1–35 days). The recovery rate was 15.4 per 100 persons per day for children who consumed SCSB as opposed to 4.6 and 1.8 per 100 persons per day for those who consumed CSB and the placebo, respectively. Conclusion Management of IDA with SCSB compared to CSB and the placebo led to faster reversal and large numbers of recoveries from IDA. The recovery rates were above the World Health Organizations (WHO) minimums standards for food interventions. Efforts to realize high and faster recoveries from IDA should be heightened by fortifying CSB with spirulina powder.

637 Patients' Perceptions of Complications Following Thyroidectomy

Aim The aim of this study was to assess patients' understanding of the risks of thyroid surgery and to assess whether their understanding of risks improved following the implementation of a pre-operative risk-tool. Method Single centre prospective cohort study between June 2019-August 2019. All patients that underwent thyroid surgery were recruited. Patients had either the standard process of consent or were provided with a pre-operative risk-tool and information leaflet. Post-operatively all patients were provided with a questionnaire to determine their understanding of the risks involved in having thyroid surgery. Data was analysed using GraphPad Prism v6. Results 51 thyroidectomy patients were recruited; 28 patients had a standard process of consent and 23 patients were provided with the risk-tool. Patients undergoing standard consent processes had a poor understanding of the magnitude of post-operative risk; their median score for risk magnitude was 4.5/10 (2-7) versus 8/10 (4-10) in the cohort receiving the risk-tool. The proportion of intervention to non-intervention participants giving the correct answer reached a statistically significant difference in 50% of questions asked (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions It is imperative thyroidectomy patients are made aware of both rare events but also the frequency of which events occur so that they are properly informed prior to consenting. We have demonstrated that standard processes of consent in thyroidectomy patients leads to poor perception of risks; providing a surgical risk-tool can counteract this. These results warrant development of clear guidelines on the use of pre-operative surgical risk-tools in thyroidectomy patients.

Fracking bad language – hydraulic fracturing and earthquake risks

Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a borehole stimulation technique used to enhance permeability in geological resource management, including the extraction of shale gas. The process of hydraulic fracturing can induce seismicity. The potential to induce seismicity is a topic of widespread interest and public concern, particularly in the UK where seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing has halted shale gas operations and triggered moratoria. Prior to 2018, there seemed to be a disconnect between the conclusions of expert groups about the risk of adverse impacts from hydraulic-fracturing-induced seismicity and the reported level of public concern about hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity. Furthermore, a range of terminology was used to describe the induced seismicity (including tremors, earthquakes, seismic events, and micro-earthquakes) which could indicate the level of perceived risk. Using the UK as a case study, we examine the conclusions of expert-led public-facing reports on the risk (likelihood and impact) of seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing for shale gas published between 2012 and 2018 and the terminology used in these reports. We compare these to results from studies conducted in the same time period that explored views of the UK public on hydraulic fracturing and seismicity. Furthermore, we surveyed participants at professional and public events on shale gas held throughout 2014 asking the same question that was used in a series of surveys of the UK public in the period 2012–2016, i.e. “do you associate shale gas with earthquakes?”. We asked our participants to provide the reasoning for the answer they gave. By examining the rationale provided for their answers, we find that an apparent polarisation of views amongst experts was actually the result of different interpretations of the language used to describe seismicity. Responses are confounded by the ambiguity of the language around earthquake risk, magnitude, and scale. We find that different terms are used in the survey responses to describe earthquakes, often in an attempt to express the risk (magnitude, shaking, and potential for adverse impact) presented by the earthquake, but that these terms are poorly defined and ambiguous and do not translate into everyday language usage. Such “bad language” around fracking has led to challenges in understanding, perceiving, and communicating risks around hydraulic-fracturing-induced seismicity. We call for multi-method approaches to understand the perceived risks around geoenergy resources and suggest that developing and adopting a shared language framework to describe earthquakes would alleviate miscommunication and misperceptions. Our findings are relevant to any applications that present – or are perceived to present – the risk of induced seismicity. More broadly, our work is relevant to any topics of public interest where language ambiguities muddle risk communication.

What Does Violence Have to Do with History?

Historians’ treatment of violence has been dominated by a binary theoretical orientation. A critique of this outlook leads to articulating a new, three-part model of violence as a cultural history problem. Neither functionalist readings in terms of power nor interpretations in terms of signification sufficiently explain violence: it is proposed that risk operates as a bridging category, bringing out the unique features violence introduces to the general social contest over domination and meaning. This chapter details the insights drawn from three key risk analysis theories—prospect theory, edgework, and the calculus of jeopardy—to model risk as a dimension of violence. It defines key concepts used throughout the book: violence (‘forceful physical action apt to cause harm’), power, signification, and risk, as well as risk magnitude, likelihood, realms, and domains

Fracking bad language: Hydraulic fracturing and earthquake risks

Hydraulic fracturing, fracking, is a well stimulation technique used to enhance permeability to aid geological resource management, including the extraction of shale gas. The process of hydraulic fracturing can induce seismicity and the risk of seismicity is a topic of widespread interest and is often reported to be an issue of public concern regarding hydraulic fracturing. This is particularly the case in the UK, where seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing has halted shale gas operations, and triggered moratoria. However, there seems a disconnect between the level of risk and concern around seismicity caused by shale gas operations as perceived by publics and that reported by expert groups (from industry, policy, and academia), which could manifest in the terminology used to describe the seismic events (tremors, earthquakes, micro-earthquakes). In this paper, we examine the conclusions on induced seismicity and hydraulic fracturing from expert-led public facing reports on shale gas published between 2012 and 2018 and the terminology used in these reports. We compare these to results from studies conducted in the same time period that explore public views on hydraulic fracturing and seismicity. Further, we surveyed participants at professional and public events on shale gas held throughout 2014 to elicit whether they associate shale gas with earthquakes. We use the same question that was used in a series of surveys of the UK publics in the period 2012–2016, but we asked our participants to provide the reasoning for the answer they gave. By examining the rationale provided for their answers we find that an apparent polarisation of views amongst experts is an artefact and in fact responses are confounded by ambiguity of language around earthquake risk, magnitude, and scale. We find that different terms are used to describe earthquakes, often in an attempt to express the magnitude, shaking, or risk presented by the earthquake, but that these terms are poorly defined and ambiguous and do not translate into everyday language usage. Such “fracking bad language” has led to challenges in the perception and communication of risks around earthquakes and hydraulic fracturing, and leaves language susceptible to emotional loading and misinterpretation. We call for multi-method approaches to understand perceived risks around geoenergy resources, and suggest that adopting a shared language framework to describe earthquakes would alleviate miscommunication and misperceptions. This work is relevant for a range of applications where risks are challenging to conceptualise and poorly constrained; particularly those of public interest where language inconsistency can exacerbate communication challenges and can have widespread consequence.

Understanding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) risk perceptions among the public to enhance risk communication efforts: a practical approach for outbreaks, Finland, February 2020

Understanding risk perceptions of the public is critical for risk communication. In February 2020, the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare started collecting weekly qualitative data on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) risk perception that informs risk communication efforts. The process is based on thematic analysis of emails and social media messages from the public and identifies factors linked to appraisal of risk magnitude, which are developed into risk communication recommendations together with health and communication experts.

Hubungan Obesitas Sentral dengan Gangguan Mental Emosional pada Kelompok Usia Produktif

Obesity is the buildup of fats in the body that makes body weight outside the ideal limit and is associated with several risks of morbidity and mortality. Central obesity is considered better for assessing the level of obesity compared to obesity using the Body Mass Index (BMI). Many studies show high levels of fat in the body are known to be related to poor mental health functions. The purpose of the study was to look at the relationship between central obesity with an emotional mental disorder in the 15–65-year productive age group using Riskesdas’s 2013 data. In this study, emotional mental disorder (GME) was obtained with the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) instrument. The results show a very significant relationship between central obesity with emotional mental disorder with risk magnitude OR 1.13 (P-value 0.00; 95%CI 1.09-1.19) after being controlled age variable, the region of residence, socioeconomic status, marital status, job status. Socioeconomic status is the most effective it has on the emotional mental disorder with OR 1.56 (P-value 0.00; 95%CI 1.49-1.65). The risk range of emotional mental disorders is affected not only by individual factors but also by other factors especially the social determinants in which individuals reside Abstrak Obesitas adalah penumpukan lemak dalam tubuh yang menyebabkan berat badan di luar batas ideal dan dikaitkan dengan beberapa risiko morbiditas dan mortalitas. Obesitas sentral dianggap lebih baik untuk menilai tingkat obesitas dibandingkan dengan obesitas menggunakan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT). Banyak penelitian menunjukkan kadar lemak yang tinggi dalam tubuh diketahui terkait dengan fungsi kesehatan mental yang buruk. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat hubungan antara obesitas sentral dengan gangguan mental emosional pada kelompok usia produktif 15-65 tahun menggunakan data Riskesdas 2013. Dalam penelitian ini, gangguan mental emosional (GME) diperoleh dengan instrumen Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan yang sangat signifikan antara obesitas sentral dengan gangguan mental emosional dengan besarnya risiko OR 1,13 (nilai-P 0,00; 95% CI 1,09-1,19) setelah dikendalikan variabel umur, wilayah tempat tinggal, status sosial ekonomi, status perkawinan, dan pekerjaan status. Status sosial ekonomi adalah yang paling efektif pada gangguan mental emosional dengan OR 1,56 (P-value 0,00; 95% CI 1,49-1,65). Rentang risiko gangguan mental emosional dipengaruhi tidak hanya oleh faktor individu tetapi juga oleh faktor lain terutama faktor penentu sosial di mana individu berada.

Risk Assessment of Shunting Derailment Based on Coupling

Shunting operation is risky and complex because of the nonlinear coupling effect of personnel, equipment, environment and management, which reflects symmetry, can easily cause shunting derailment accidents. Traditional railway safety risk assessment techniques seldom consider the nonlinear coupling relationships of hazard factors in the shunting process. The Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Analytic Network Process (ANP), which are applicable to the coupling analysis of complex systems, have been used in many areas to overcome this shortcoming. Thus, this paper built a hybrid model, developed by integrating DEMATEL and ANP methodologies, to determine the multifarious interdependencies’ relative strengths among the hazard factors and to assess the relative importance of the hazard factors with Super Decision (SD) software. By constructing the "frequency-consequence-vulnerability" three-dimensional risk parameter model, the risk magnitude of shunting derailment could be obtained through risk aggregation process. Finally, the model was applied to the risk assessment of shunting derailment in Huangyangcheng station, the results revealed that this model was effective and efficient, which could yield more reliable and realistic solutions to the shunting safety.