Incidence of multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota: 1978 through 1990, with a review of the trend since 1945.

PURPOSE Incidence rates of multiple myeloma appear to have increased in recent decades, but it is difficult to compare the incidence rates over time because of changes in laboratory procedures, differences in diagnostic criteria, and variations in indexing of medical records. However, Olmsted County, Minnesota, provides a rare opportunity to minimize these limitations, because the medical care has been provided mainly by the Mayo Clinic. PATIENTS AND METHODS Records of Olmsted County residents with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma from January 1, 1978 through December 31, 1990 were reviewed. Criteria for diagnosis and residency were the same as in previous Olmsted County studies. RESULTS The incidence rate per 100,000 age-adjusted to the 1950 United States white population was 5.4 for males and 2.8 for females; the overall rate was 4.1. The rates were age-adjusted to the 1950 United States population for comparison with earlier data from this population. The rates increased with age for both sexes. There was no significant change in incidence rates from 1945 through 1990. A comparison of the median age for Olmsted County patients with the age of those referred to the Mayo Clinic from elsewhere indicated that the local patients were appreciably older (74 v. 62 years, respectively). Thirty-two of 55 patients (58%) with multiple myeloma from 1978 through 1990 had a monoclonal plasma-cell proliferative process before the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. CONCLUSION The incidence rate of multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, has not changed significantly during the past 46 years. We believe that reports of increasing rates over time are mainly due to improved case ascertainment.

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Population-based incidence of conjunctival tumours in Olmsted County, Minnesota

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311530 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 102 (12) ◽

pp. 1728-1734 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Lauren A Dalvin ◽

Diva R Salomão ◽

Sanjay V Patel

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rate ◽

Population Based ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Medical Record Linkage ◽

Olmsted County ◽

Rochester Epidemiology Project ◽

Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽

Adjusted Incidence ◽

Over Time

AimTo determine population-based incidence of conjunctival tumours in Olmsted County, Minnesota.MethodsThe Rochester Epidemiology Project medical record linkage system was used to identify patients with conjunctival tumours in Olmsted County (1 January 1980 to 31 December 2015). Records were reviewed for demographics, types of tumours, histopathology, treatment and clinical course. Incidence rate of all tumours was calculated per 1 000 000 person-years. Poisson regression analysis was used to assess changes in incidence over time.ResultsThere were 504 patients with conjunctival tumours, giving an age-adjusted and sex-adjusted incidence rate of 125 per 1 000 000 (CI 113.5 to 135.5). Incidence increased over time (P<0.001). Most tumours (474, 94%) were benign. Of benign lesions, melanocytic lesions accounted for the majority (431, 86%), with adjusted incidence rates of 10.8 (CI 7.7 to 13.9) for complexion-associated melanosis, 49.7 (CI 42.9 to 56.6) for nevus and 44.1 (37.5–50.8) for primary acquired melanosis. Malignant lesions were rare (30, 6%) with 6 cases of melanoma, 21 cases of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN), 1 case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis and 2 cases of lymphoma. Adjusted incidence rates of conjunctival melanoma and OSSN were 1.5 (CI 0.3 to 2.8) and 6.1 (CI 3.5 to 8.7), respectively. Outcomes for melanoma (mean follow-up 14 years, range 0–34) and OSSN (mean follow-up 4 years, range 0–24) were favourable in 29 cases, with one fatality due to metastatic melanoma.ConclusionsIn a population-based setting, most conjunctival tumours are benign, and the majority of lesions are melanocytic. While it is important to remain vigilant for malignancies, most conjunctival lesions in a community-based practice are not life-threatening.

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40-Year Trends in Skin Cancer in British Columbia, Canada, 1973 to 2003

Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.2310/7750.2011.11001 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 83-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

David I. Mclean ◽

Norm Phillips ◽

Youwen Zhou ◽

Richard Gallagher ◽

Tim K. Lee

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Skin Cancer ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma ◽

Skin Cancers ◽

Canadian Population ◽

Novel Method ◽

Over Time

Background: Skin cancer is common in North America. Incidence rate trends are potentially important in the assessment of the effects of measures to increase sun awareness in the population as well as measures to reduce sun damage. Objective: To determine the incidence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) in a geographically defined Canadian population over a 40-year period. Methods: Data were obtained from the BC Cancer Registry for the calendar years 1973, 1983, 1993, and 2003. Results: Age-standardized incidence rates increased significantly from 1973 to 2003 for BCC, SCC, and CMM. Limitations: The ethnic makeup of British Columbia has changed over time, and a novel method of accounting for the effect of this on skin cancer rates is presented. Conclusion: The incidence rate for skin cancers continued to rise in British Columbia, but there appears to have been a decline in the incidence of CMM and BCC in the youngest cohorts.

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Has survival improved for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the United States?

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1016/j.otohns.2004.09.018 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 132 (2) ◽

pp. 303-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Jivianne T. Lee ◽

Clifford Y. Ko

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽

Survival Rates ◽

The United States ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

World Health ◽

Type Iii ◽

Favorable Histology ◽

Health Organization ◽

Over Time

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiologic patterns and survival rates for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma over the last three decades. METHODS: The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program tumor registries were used to identify patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the United States from 1973 to 1999. Incidence and survival rates for each decade were then determined according to age, gender, race, histological type, and stage using the SEER statistical program. RESULTS: From 1973 to 1999, 4680 cases of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the United States were sampled by the NCI/SEER database. Overall incidence rates for each decade essentially remained unchanged over time (0.7/100,000). Asians exhibited the highest incidence rates (3.0–4.2), followed by blacks (0.7–1.1) and then whites (0.4–0.7). In contrast, survival rates have gradually improved over time for all stages and histological types (35.7% 5-year survival in the 1970s vs. 44.1% in the 1980, and 51% in the 1990s). With respect to race, Asians demonstrated the best 5-year survival rate (62.9%) followed by whites (42.6%) and then blacks (36.2%). However, this may be due to histology, because Asians were also found to have a greater proportion of World Health Organization (WHO) type III cases (27.6%) in comparison to the other 2 groups (22.4% for blacks and 15% for whites). CONCLUSIONS: Although the incidence rates of nasopharyngeal carcinoma have remained essentially unchanged in the United States in the last 3 decades, survival rates for each stage and histological subtype have exhibited considerable improvement over time. The higher survival rates in Asians may be partially attributed to the more favorable histology (type III) often seen in this group. EBM rating: B-3.

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AIDS-related Burkitt lymphoma in the United States: what do age and CD4 lymphocyte patterns tell us about etiology and/or biology?

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2010-03-275917 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 116 (25) ◽

pp. 5600-5604 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Mercy Guech-Ongey ◽

Edgar P. Simard ◽

William F. Anderson ◽

Eric A. Engels ◽

Kishor Bhatia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Burkitt Lymphoma ◽

Rate Ratio ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Incidence Rate Ratio ◽

The United States ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Cd4 Lymphocyte ◽

Cd4 Lymphocytes

Abstract Trimodal or bimodal age-specific incidence rates for Burkitt lymphoma (BL) were observed in the United States general population, but the role of immunosuppression could not be excluded. Incidence rates, rate ratios, and 95% confidence intervals for BL and other non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), by age and CD4 lymphocyte count categories, were estimated using Poisson regression models using data from the United States HIV/AIDS Cancer Match study (1980-2005). BL incidence was 22 cases per 100 000 person-years and 586 for non-BL NHL. Adjusted BL incidence rate ratio among males was 1.6× that among females and among non-Hispanic blacks, 0.4× that among non-Hispanic whites, but unrelated to HIV-transmission category. Non-BL NHL incidence increased from childhood to adulthood; in contrast, 2 age-specific incidence peaks during the pediatric and adult/geriatric years were observed for BL. Non-BL NHL incidence rose steadily with decreasing CD4 lymphocyte counts; in contrast, BL incidence was lowest among people with ≤ 50 CD4 lymphocytes/μL versus those with ≥ 250 CD4 lymphocytes/μL (incidence rate ratio 0.3 [95% confidence interval = 0.2-0.6]). The bimodal peaks for BL, in contrast to non-BL NHL, suggest effects of noncumulative risk factors at different ages. Underascertainment or biological reasons may account for BL deficit at low CD4 lymphocyte counts.

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Newly incident cannabis use in the United States, 2002–2011: a regional and state level benchmark

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.3616 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. e3616 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jacob P. Leinweber ◽

Hui G. Cheng ◽

Catalina Lopez-Quintero ◽

James C. Anthony

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

State Level ◽

The United States ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Border Region ◽

Community Residents ◽

Mexico Border

BackgroundCannabis use and cannabis regulatory policies recently re-surfaced as noteworthy global research and social media topics, including claims that Mexicans have been sending cannabis and other drug supplies through a porous border into the United States. These circumstances prompted us to conduct an epidemiological test of whether the states bordering Mexico had exceptionally large cannabis incidence rates for 2002–2011. The resulting range of cannabis incidence rates disclosed here can serve as 2002–2011 benchmark values against which estimates from later years can be compared.MethodsThe population under study is 12-to-24-year-old non-institutionalized civilian community residents of the US, sampled and assessed with confidential audio computer-assisted self-interviews (ACASI) during National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2011 (aggregaten ∼ 420,000) for which public use datasets were available. We estimated state-specific cannabis incidence rates based on independent replication sample surveys across these years, and derived meta-analysis estimates for 10 pre-specified regions, including the Mexico border region.ResultsFrom meta-analysis, the estimated annual incidence rate for cannabis use in the Mexico Border Region is 5% (95% CI [4%–7%]), which is not an exceptional value relative to the overall US estimate of 6% (95% CI [5%–6%]). Geographically quite distant from Mexico and from states of the western US with liberalized cannabis policies, the North Atlantic Region population has the numerically largest incidence estimate at 7% (95% CI [6%–8%]), while the Gulf of Mexico Border Region population has the lowest incidence rate at 5% (95% CI [4%–6%]). Within the set of state-specific estimates, Vermont’s and Utah’s populations have the largest and smallest incidence rates, respectively (VT: 9%; 95% CI [8%–10%]; UT: 3%; 95% CI [3%–4%]).DiscussionBased on this study’s estimates, among 12-to-24-year-old US community residents, an estimated 6% start to use cannabis each year (roughly one in 16). Relatively minor variation in region-wise and state-level estimates is seen, although Vermont and Utah might be exceptional. As of 2011, proximity to Mexico, to Canada, and to the western states with liberalized policies apparently has induced little variation in cannabis incidence rates. Our primary intent was to create a set of benchmark estimates for state-specific and region-specific population incidence rates for cannabis use, using meta-analysis based on independent US survey replications. Public health officials and policy analysts now can use these benchmark estimates from 2002–2011 for planning, and in comparisons with newer estimates.

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Temporal Trends in Incidence and Case Fatality of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Tromsø Study 1995-2012

Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra ◽

10.1159/000447719 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 40-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Maria Carlsson ◽

Tom Wilsgaard ◽

Stein Harald Johnsen ◽

Anne Merete Vangen-Lønne ◽

Maja-Lisa Løchen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽

Adjusted Incidence ◽

Incident Cases ◽

Over Time ◽

Age And Sex

Background: The aim of this study was to explore temporal trends in incidence and case fatality rates of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) over the last two decades in a Norwegian municipality. Methods: Incident cases of primary ICH were registered in the period from 1995 through 2012 in 32,530 participants of the longitudinal population-based Tromsø Study. Poisson regression models were used to obtain incidence rates over time in age- and sex-adjusted and age- and sex-specific models. Case fatality rates were calculated and age- and sex-adjusted trends over time were estimated using logistic regression. Results: A total of 226 ICHs were registered. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate [95% confidence interval (CI)] in the overall population was 0.42 (0.37-0.48) per 1,000 person-years. Age-adjusted incidence rates were 0.53 (0.43-0.62) in men and 0.33 (0.26-0.39) in women. In individuals aged <75 years, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate was 0.27 (0.22-0.32) and in individuals aged ≥75 years, it was 2.42 (1.95-2.89) per 1,000 person-years. There was no significant change in incidence rates over time. The incidence rate ratio (95% CI) in the overall population was 0.73 (0.47-1.12) in 2012 compared with 1995. The overall 30-day case fatality (95% CI) was 23.9% (18.3-29.5) and did not change substantially over time [odds ratio in 2012 vs. 1995 = 0.83 (95% CI 0.27-2.52)]. Conclusion: No significant changes in incidence and case fatality rates of ICH were observed during the last two decades.

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Changes in Clinical Context for Kaposi's Sarcoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Among People With HIV Infection in the United States

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2016.67.6999 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (27) ◽

pp. 3276-3283 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Elizabeth L. Yanik ◽

Chad J. Achenbach ◽

Satish Gopal ◽

Anna E. Coghill ◽

Stephen R. Cole ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽

The United States ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Cd4 Counts ◽

Hiv Rna ◽

Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽

Art Initiation ◽

Over Time

Purpose The biology of HIV-associated cancers may differ depending on immunologic and virologic context during development. Therefore, an understanding of the burden of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) relative to antiretroviral therapy (ART), virologic suppression, and CD4 count is important. Patients and Methods KS and NHL diagnoses during 1996 to 2011 were identified among patients with HIV infection in eight clinical cohorts in the United States. Among patients in routine HIV clinical care, the proportion of cases in categories of ART use, HIV RNA, and CD4 count at diagnosis were described across calendar time. Person-time and incidence rates were calculated for each category. Results We identified 466 patients with KS and 258 with NHL. In recent years, KS was more frequently diagnosed after ART initiation (55% in 1996 to 2001 v 76% in 2007 to 2011; P-trend = .02). The proportion of patients with NHL who received ART was higher but stable over time (83% overall; P-trend = .81). An increasing proportion of KS and NHL occurred at higher CD4 counts (P < .05 for KS and NHL) and with undetectable HIV RNA (P < .05 for KS and NHL). In recent years, more person-time was contributed by patients who received ART, had high CD4 counts and had undetectable HIV RNA, whereas incidence rates in these same categories remained stable or declined. Conclusion Over time, KS and NHL occurred at higher CD4 counts and lower HIV RNA values, and KS occurred more frequently after ART initiation. These changes were driven by an increasing proportion of patients with HIV who received effective ART, had higher CD4 counts, and had suppressed HIV RNA and not by increases in cancer risk within these subgroups. An improved understanding of HIV-associated cancer pathogenesis and outcomes in the context of successful ART is therefore important.

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Incidence rates and contemporary trends in primary urethral cancer

Cancer Causes & Control ◽

10.1007/s10552-021-01416-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mike Wenzel ◽

Luigi Nocera ◽

Claudia Collà Ruvolo ◽

Christoph Würnschimmel ◽

Zhe Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Histological Subtype ◽

Annual Percent Change ◽

Male And Female ◽

Percent Change ◽

Log Linear ◽

Over Time

Abstract Purpose We assessed contemporary incidence rates and trends of primary urethral cancer. Methods We identified urethral cancer patients within Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry (SEER, 2004–2016). Age-standardized incidence rates per 1,000,000 (ASR) were calculated. Log linear regression analyses were used to compute average annual percent change (AAPC). Results From 2004 to 2016, 1907 patients with urethral cancer were diagnosed (ASR 1.69; AAPC: -0.98%, p = 0.3). ASR rates were higher in males than in females (2.70 vs. 0.55), respectively and did not change over the time (both p = 0.3). Highest incidence rates were recorded in respectively ≥75 (0.77), 55–74 (0.71) and ≤54 (0.19) years of age categories, in that order. African Americans exhibited highest incidence rate (3.33) followed by Caucasians (1.72), other race groups (1.57) and Hispanics (1.57), in that order. A significant decrease occurred over time in Hispanics, but not in other race groups. In African Americans, male and female sex-stratified incidence rates were higher than in any other race group. Urothelial histological subtype exhibited highest incidence rate (0.92), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (0.41), adenocarcinoma (0.29) and other histologies (0.20). In stage stratified analyses, T1N0M0 stage exhibited highest incidence rate. However, it decreased over time (−3.00%, p = 0.02) in favor of T1-4N1-2M0 stage (+ 2.11%, p = 0.02). Conclusion Urethral cancer is rare. Its incidence rates are highest in males, elderly patients, African Americans and in urothelial histological subtype. Most urethral cancer cases are T1N0M0, but over time, the incidence of T1N0M0 decreased in favor of T1-4N1-2M0.

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Factors associated with measles resurgence in the United States in the post-elimination era

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80214-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Christian Akem Dimala ◽

Benjamin Momo Kadia ◽

Miriam Aiwokeh Mbong Nji ◽

Ndemazie Nkafu Bechem

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

The United States ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Median Percentage ◽

The Us ◽

Imported Cases ◽

Over Time

AbstractThere have been growing concerns of a potential re-establishment of measles transmission in the United States (US) in the years to come. This study aims to explore potential factors underlying the resurgence of measles in the US by objectively assessing the associations between annual incidence rates (AIR), case importation, vaccination status and disease outbreaks. Data on measles transmission between January 1st, 2001 and December 31st, 2019 were obtained from the national centres for disease control and prevention (CDC) surveillance databases and other published reports. Changes in incidence rates over time were assessed by binomial regression models. Of the 3874 cases of measles in the US over the study period, 3506 (90.5%, 95% CI: 89.5–91.4) occurred in US residents. The AIR per million population in US residents over this period was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.59–0.61), with an overall significant increase over time (p = 0.011). The median percentage of imported and vaccinated cases were 36% [17.9–46.6] and 15% [12.1–23.2] respectively. There was a significant decrease in the percentage of imported cases (p < 0.001) but not of vaccinated cases (p = 0.159) over time. There was a moderate and weak negative correlation between the AIR and the percentage of imported and vaccinated cases respectively (r = –0.59 and r = –0.27 respectively). On multiple linear regression there was a significant linear association between the AIR and the number of outbreaks (p = 0.003) but not with the percentage of imported cases (p = 0.436) and vaccinated cases (p = 0.692), R2 = 0.73. Strong negative and positive correlations were seen between the number of outbreaks and the percentage of imported cases (r = –0.61) and the of number states affected (r = 0.88) respectively. Despite the overall reduction in the percentage of imported cases of measles over the past two decades, pockets of internal transmission of the disease following importation via increasing number of outbreaks in unvaccinated subpopulations, reinforced by vaccine hesitancy, account for the sustained increase in measles incidence rates in the US. Controlling indigenous transmission through efficient vaccination coverage in at-risk subpopulations and among international US travellers, improved disease surveillance and rapid outbreak containment are essential in curbing the measles resurgence.

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An early assessment of the epidemiological effects of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in Germany

10.1101/2021.02.16.21251803 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Timo Mitze ◽

Johannes Rode

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rate ◽

Population Level ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Early Assessment ◽

Novel Variants ◽

Epidemiological Effects ◽

German Cities ◽

Over Time

Growing evidence on higher transmissibility of novel variants of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is raising alarm in many countries. We provide an early assessment of population-level effects from confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) on 7-day incidence rates in 401 German cities and regions. Estimates reveal that the 204 cities and regions with at least one confirmed VOC case by February 4, 2021 have, on average, a 15% higher 7-day incidence rate after VOC emergence compared to cities and regions without confirmed cases. Effects are considerably larger (40% and more) for sub-sample estimates of regions with high VOC counts. Considering time heterogeneity in the estimations further shows that VOC effects on incidence rates grow over time.

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