The economical impact of subcutaneous amifostine in the Kaiser Permanente health care system

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 18526-18526
Author(s):  
R. Wang ◽  
J. Hastings ◽  
M. A. Tome
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Late Complications ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Cost

18526 Background: We have previously shown that Subcutaneous amifostine (SQ A) was safe and effective in decreasing the early and late complications of patients (PTS) treated with radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for head and neck cancer (HNC). We have further observed that the QOL is better for many PTS treated with SQ A compared with historical controls (HC). Although we believe we cannot put a price on QOL, we hypothesized that the use of SQ A could result in cost savings to our institution because of the observed decrease in treatment-related complications. Methods: From May 2001 to October 2004, we treated 52 consecutive HNC PTS with RT or CRT and daily SQ A. PTS treated in our SQ A protocol received 500 mg of SQ A at least 30 minutes prior to daily RT. In order to be included in our present study, SQ A PTS had to have completed at least 80% of the prescribed SQ A dose. These PTS were then matched with HC based on age, sex, stage, primary site, smoking status, co-morbidiites, and treatment (RT or CRT). Fourteen PTS treated with SQ A (SQ A Group) were successfully matched with HC (Control Group). The entire costs of these 28 PTS to our institution (including the cost of SQ A) was obtained using our Management Accounting and Analysis database. Cost data was obtained at 6 months and 12 months after the completion of treatment. The median follow-up is 18 months (range 12–31). The economical impact of SQ A on xerostomia and dental care were not addressed in this study. Results: Ten PTS received RT and 18 received CRT. At 6 months of follow-up, the total cost for the Control Group was $196,789 versus $211,711 for the SQ A Group (p= 0.59). At 12 months, the total cost in the Control Group and SQ A Group were $287,594 and $275,654 respectively (p = 0.51). Within the SQ A Group, the cost was lowest in PTS who had never smoked or had a remote (>5 years) smoking history (p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study primarily addresses one of SQ A’s cytoprotective properties, mucositis. Our analysis suggests that we were able to offset the cost of SQ A in most PTS because of fewer complications observed in this group. The cost benefit of SQ A appears to be greater at 12 months vs. 6 months after treatment, suggesting continued cytoprotection. QOL is better in the SQ A Group. We plan to continue to follow these PTS and accrue new ones in a prospective fashion. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals The Differences and Changes of Semi-Quantitative and Quantitative CT Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Patients With or Without Smoking History

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingzhi Xie ◽  
Zheng Zhong ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Shangjie Wu ◽  
Jun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Left Lung ◽  
Ground Glass Opacity ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Quantitative Ct ◽  
Smoking Group ◽  
Ct Features

Objective: To assess CT features of COVID-19 patients with different smoking status using quantitative and semi-quantitative technologies and to investigate changes of CT features in different disease states between the two groups.Methods: 30 COVID-19 patients with current smoking status (29 men, 1 woman) admitted in our database were enrolled as smoking group and 56 COVID-19 patients without smoking history (24 men, 32 women) admitted during the same period were enrolled as a control group. Twenty-seven smoking cases and 55 control cases reached recovery standard and were discharged. Initial and follow-up CT during hospitalization and follow-up CT after discharge were acquired. Thirty quantitative features, including the ratio of infection volume and visual-assessed interstitial changes score including total score, score of ground glass opacity, consolidation, septal thickening, reticulation and honeycombing sign, were analyzed.Results: Initial CT images of the smoking group showed higher scores of septal thickening [4.5 (0–5) vs. 0 (0–4), p = 0.001] and reticulation [0 (0–5.25) vs 0 (0–0), p = 0.001] as well as higher total score [7 (5–12.25) vs. 6 (5–7), p = 0.008] with statistical significance than in the control group. The score of reticulation was higher in the smoking group than in the control group when discharged [0.89 (0–0) vs. 0.09 (0–0), p = 0.02]. The score of septal thickening tended to be higher in the smoking group than the control group [4 (0–4) vs. 0 (0–4), p = 0.007] after being discharged. Quantitative CT features including infection ratio of whole lung and left lung as well as infection ratio within HU (−750, −300) and within HU (−300, 49) were higher in the control group of initial CT with statistical differences. The infection ratio of whole lung and left lung, infection ratio within HU (−750), and within HU (−750, −300) were higher in the control group with statistical differences when discharged. This trend turned adverse after discharge and the values of quantitative features were generally higher in the smoking group than in the control group without statistical differences.Conclusions: Patients with a history of smoking presented more severe interstitial manifestations and more residual lesion after being discharged. More support should be given for COVID-19 patients with a smoking history during hospitalization and after discharge.

FA03.06: THE COST BENEFIT OF A WATCH AND WAIT POLICY FOR COMPLETE CLINICAL RESPONDERS FOLLOWING NEO-ADJUVANT THERAPY IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
Asila Abdelatif ◽  
Thomas Walsh ◽  
Arielle Coomara
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Watch And Wait ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background Survival for esophageal cancer remains poor despite neo-adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy (nCRT) and surgical resection. The median survival for nCRT plus surgery in the CROSS trial was 48 months with a pathological complete response (pCR) rate of 29%. All pCR patients will have been clinical complete responders (cCR) and while surveillance and salvage surgery (S + SS) for cCR in rectal cancer is well investigated, it is unclear whether the outcomes are similar in esophageal cancer. As morbidity and mortality following esophagectomy is high, avoidance of surgery for predicted pCR would represent a clear advantage. Our unit offers a supported choice for cCR patients to opt for surgery or for surveillance. There is currently no literature on the cost benefit of a watch and wait policy for esophageal cancer patients with a complete clinical response. Methods We identified all cCR patients from a prospectively collected database of esophageal cancer patients offered curative treatment with nCRT from 1999 to 2017. We costed the S + SS group for whom accurate costing data was available and we matched these, according to time of follow up, to a control group of cCR who underwent surgery. Cost (from the National DRG cost manual) was calculated based on cost of surgery, ICU stay, admission length, and follow up radiological and endoscopic procedures. The data was analysed using a two-tailed, equal variance t-test. Results Of 237 patients who received nCRT, 86 had a cCR. Of these, 15 patients in the S + SS fulfilled the selection criteria with a mean follow up of 10.2 compared with 10.4 months in the control group (P = 0.925). The mean number of days in hospital was 19.2 vs. 43.2 days consecutively during the follow up period. The mean estimated cost to the HSE was €91,480 for S + SS compared with €301,280 for the controlled surgery group (P = 0.01). Conclusion This study identified a significant cost benefit for surveillance over surgery. Further studies are required to accurately identify those who cannot benefit from surgery and to assess quality of life years gained and cost per year of life are needed. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

scholarly journals High rates of relapse in adolescents crack users after inpatient clinic discharge

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
Rosemeri Siqueira Pedroso ◽  
Luciano Santos Pinto Guimarães ◽  
Luciana Bohrer Zanetello ◽  
Veralice Maria Gonçalves ◽  
Ronaldo Lopes-Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contingency Management ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Crack Use ◽  
Sociodemographic Profile ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Crack Users

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of the present study was to evaluate 88 adolescent crack users referred to hospitalization and to follow them up after discharge to investigate relapse and factors associated with treatment. Methods Cohort (30 and 90 days after discharge) from a psychiatric hospital and a rehab clinic for treatment for chemical dependency in Porto Alegre between 2011 and 2012. Instruments: Semi-structured interview, conducted to evaluate the sociodemographic profile of the sample and describe the pattern of psychoactive substance use; Crack Use Relapse Scale/CURS; Questionnaire Tracking Users to Crack/QTUC; K-SADS-PL. Results In the first follow-up period (30 days after discharge), 65.9% of participants had relapsed. In the second follow-up period (90 days after discharge), 86.4% of participants had relapsed. Conclusion This is one of the first studies that show the extremely high prevalence of early relapse in adolescent crack users after discharge, questioning the cost/benefit of inpatient treatment for this population. Moreover, these results corroborate studies which suggested, young psychostimulants users might need tailored intensive outpatient treatment with contingency management and other behavioral strategies, in order to increase compliance and reduce drug or crime relapse, but this specific therapeutic modality is still scarce and must be developed in Brazil.

scholarly journals Cost–effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis of oliceridine in the treatment of acute pain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kit N Simpson ◽  
Michael J Fossler ◽  
Linda Wase ◽  
Mark A Demitrack
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Protein Signaling ◽  
Opioid Receptor Agonist ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Μ Opioid Receptor ◽  
The Cost

Aim: Oliceridine, a new class of μ-opioid receptor agonist, is selective for G-protein signaling (analgesia) with limited recruitment of β-arrestin (associated with adverse outcomes) and may provide a cost-effective alternative versus conventional opioid morphine for postoperative pain. Patients & methods: Using a decision tree with a 24-h time horizon, we calculated costs for medication and management of three most common adverse events (AEs; oxygen saturation <90%, vomiting and somnolence) following postoperative oliceridine or morphine use. Results: Using oliceridine, the cost for managing AEs was US$528,424 versus $852,429 for morphine, with a net cost savings of $324,005. Conclusion: Oliceridine has a favorable overall impact on the total cost of postoperative care compared with the use of the conventional opioid morphine.

scholarly journals 992. Rethinking the 28-day HIV nPEP Dispensing Practice: A Pediatric ID Clinic Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S524-S525
Author(s):  
David Zhang ◽  
Julia Rosebush ◽  
Palak Bhagat ◽  
Allison Nelson ◽  
Veena Ramaiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The University ◽  
Lost To Follow Up

Abstract Background In July 2017, The University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital Emergency Department (ED) transitioned from a 5-day to a 28-day HIV nPEP (non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis) dispensation model in an effort to increase adherence. Anecdotal reports of patients lost to follow-up after ED discharge called into question the utility and cost-effectiveness of this practice. We analyzed HIV nPEP follow-up rates in our clinic, explored reasons for nonadherence, and performed basic cost-savings analyses to inform potential changes to our dispensation model. Methods A retrospective review of both electronic health and pharmacy records was conducted for patients prescribed 28-days of HIV nPEP in the ED and scheduled for outpatient follow-up in Pediatric ID clinic from July 2017-June 2019. Clinic provider documentation of nPEP adherence and reasons for nonadherence were examined. Patients were given an initial dose of nPEP regimen in the ED and provided all subsequent doses to complete at home. Using average wholesale price (AWP), we calculated the total cost of each regimen and potential savings if a shorter duration of HIV nPEP supply was dispensed. Results 50 patients received a 28-day supply of HIV nPEP. Please refer to Table 1 regarding baseline patient characteristics. Of these, only 19 (38%) patients had documented outpatient follow-up after nPEP initiation. Median time to follow-up was 6 days (IQR: 3.0-9.0 days). Of the 19 patients with follow-up, 3 admitted to medication non-adherence. Although side effects were elicited in a total of 9 patients (18%), only 1 cited medication intolerance as the reason for discontinuing their nPEP. Given the relatively short time to follow-up, a potential savings of $1720-2211/patient could be achieved if a 10-14 day supply was dispensed. Conclusion Outpatient follow-up after 28-day HIV nPEP dispensation in our ED was &lt; 40%, calling into question the cost-effectiveness of this dispensation model. While our current practice alleviates nPEP interruption due to potential insurance issues and pick-up delays, follow-up and adherence are not assured. The significant cost-savings with a shorter supply at the outset may encourage more robust follow-up and adherence. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Abstract WP382: The Cost of Ischemic Stroke: The Superiority of Marginal over Total Cost Estimation and Its Impact on National Cost Estimates

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie N Simpson ◽  
Charles Ellis ◽  
Abby S Kazley ◽  
Heather S Bonilha ◽  
James S Zoller
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
The Cost

Introduction Cost of illness for ischemic stroke has historically been reported as mean cost per case over a time period. Such cost include expenditures made for comorbid conditions, and may result in an over-estimation of the economic burden of stroke on the nation. Without accurate estimates, policymakers cannot plan appropriately for the ageing US population. Hypothesis The 1-year marginal cost of stroke is less than the 1-year total cost of stroke for South Carolina (SC) Medicare beneficiaries. Methods A cost of illness analysis was performed from the Medicare perspective. SC Medicare billing files for 2004 and 2005 were used to estimate the mean 12 month cost of stroke for 2,976 Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized for ischemic Stroke in 2004. Using nearest neighbor propensity score matching, a control group of 5,952 non-stroke beneficiaries were matched on age, race, gender and comorbid conditions. Results The total cost estimated for stroke patients for 1 year was $81.3 million. The cost for the matched comparison group without stroke, but with similar age, gender, race and comorbid conditions was significantly less at $54.4 million (p<0.0001). Thus, the 2004 marginal costs to Medicare due to ischemic stroke in SC are estimated to be $26.9 million. If this difference is inflated to 2012 dollars and projected to estimate the 2012 one year burden of ischemic stroke nationally, total annual stroke costs would be overestimated by $4.89 billion. Conclusions Accurate estimates of cost of care for conditions, such as stroke, that are common in older patients with a high rate of comorbid conditions require the use of a marginal costing approach. Overestimation of cost of care for stroke may lead to erroneous funding allocation and prediction of larger savings than realizable from stroke treatment and prevention programs. Given the trend of policies based on cost savings, overestimation poses a danger of limiting services that patients may receive. Thus, it is important to use marginal costing for stroke program estimates, especially with the increasing public focus on evidence-based economic decision making to be expected with health reform.

Evaluating the efficacy of topical vancomycin powder in the treatment of open lower extremity fractures

Trauma ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 146040862097814
Author(s):  
Justin Vaida ◽  
Alexander DB Conti ◽  
Justin J Ray ◽  
Daniel A Bravin ◽  
Michelle A Bramer
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Wound Complications ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Vancomycin Powder ◽  
Control Study

Introduction Optimal management of lower extremity fractures includes early antibiotics administration, thorough irrigation and debridement, consideration of soft tissue injury, and definitive skeletal management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical vancomycin powder in the treatment of open lower extremity fractures. Methods This was a retrospective case control study in which open lower extremity fractures at our institution were reviewed for development of infection (including species and sensitivity if present) and the development of unanticipated wound complications requiring intervention. Patients from 2010-2015 were treated with standard of care consistent with evidence-based literature (IV antibiotics with external fixator, intramedullary nail, etc.). Patients from 2016–18 were additionally treated with vancomycin powder applied directly to the wound before closure. All patients were monitored per the treating surgeon’s standard follow-up protocol and had follow-up of at least two months. Results This retrospective case control study comprised 434 patients. The historical control group (n = 388 patients) and treatment group (n = 46 patients) were similar for age, sex, BMI (body mass index), diabetes, smoking status, and Injury Severity Score (ISS). There were 36 infections (9.28%) in the control group compared to four infections (8.70%) in the vancomycin powder group (p = 0.901). No significant difference was seen after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, diabetes, smoking status, and ISS. The vancomycin powder group experienced significantly more wound complications (15.2%) compared to the control group (6.4%; p = 0.039), which remained significant when adjusting for multiple covariates. Conclusions Topical vancomycin powder did not reduce the infection rate when applied in the surgical site of open lower extremity fractures. Instead, the addition of topical vancomycin powder resulted in significantly more wound complications in patients with open lower extremity fractures.

Clinical and economic consequences of antibiotic-impregnated cerebrospinal fluid shunt catheters

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 444-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Eymann ◽  
Somar Chehab ◽  
Martin Strowitzki ◽  
Wolf-Ingo Steudel ◽  
Michael Kiefer
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Shunt Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Shunt Insertion ◽  
Shunt Procedure ◽  
Shunt Infection Rate ◽  
The Cost

Object The authors evaluated the safety and efficacy of antibiotic-impregnated shunt catheters (AISCs) and determined the cost–benefit ratio related to the fact that AISCs increase the implant costs of a shunt procedure by ~ $400 per patient. Methods The control group comprised 98 adults with chronic hydrocephalus and 22 children, who were treated without AISCs (non-AISCs). In the treatment group, AISCs (Bactiseal, Codman, Johnson & Johnson) were implanted in 171 adults and 26 children. The minimum follow-up period was 6 months. Results Important risk factors for shunt infections (such as age, comorbidity, cause of hydrocephalus, operating time, and duration of external cerebrospinal fluid drainage prior to shunt placement) did not differ between the study and control groups. In the pediatric AISC group, the frequency of premature, shunt-treated infants and the incidence of external ventricular drainage prior to shunt insertion were actually higher than those in the non-AISC group. When using AISCs, the shunt infection rate dropped from 4 to 0.6% and from 13.6 to 3.8% in the adult and the pediatric cohort, respectively. Overall the infection rate decreased from 5.8 to 1%, which was statistically significant (p = 0.0145). The average costs of a single shunt infection were $17,300 and $13,000 in children and adults, respectively. The cost–benefit calculation assumed to have saved shunt infection–related costs of ~ $50,000 in 197 AISC–treated patients due to the reduction in shunt infection rate in this group compared with costs in the control group. Despite the incremental implant costs associated with the use of AISCs, the overall reduction in infection-related costs made the use of AISCs cost beneficial in the authors' department. Conclusions From clinical and economic perspectives, AISCs are seemingly a valuable addition in hydrocephalus therapy.

Economic impact and cost savings of teledermatology units compared to conventional monitoring at hospitals in southern Spain

2020 ◽  
pp. 1357633X2094204
Author(s):  
Antonio Lopez-Villegas ◽  
Rafael Jesus Bautista-Mesa ◽  
Miguel Angel Baena-Lopez ◽  
Maria Luisa Alvarez-Moreno ◽  
Jesus E Montoro-Robles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Saving ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Cost Of Time ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost

Introduction Asynchronous teledermatology (TD) has undergone exponential growth in the past decade, allowing better diagnosis. Moreover, it saves both cost and time and reduces the number of visits involving travel and opportunity cost of time spent on visits to the hospital. The present study performed a cost-saving analysis of TD units and assessed whether they offered a cheaper alternative to conventional monitoring (CM) in hospitals from the perspective of public health-care systems (PHS) and patients. Methods This study was a retrospective assessment of 7030 patients. A cost-saving analysis comparing TD units to CM for patients at the Hospital de Poniente was performed over a period of one year. The TD network covered the Hospital de Poniente reference area (Spain) linked to 37 primary care (PC) centres that belonged to the Poniente Health District of Almeria. Results We observed a significant cost saving for TD units compared to participants in the conventional follow-up group. From the perspective of a PHS, there was a cost saving of 31.68% in the TD group (€18.59 TD vs. €27.20 CM) during the follow-up period. The number of CM visits to the hospital reduced by 38.14%. From the patients’ perspective, the costs were lower, and the cost saving was 73.53% (€5.45 TD vs. €20.58 CM). Discussion The cost-saving analysis showed that the TD units appeared to be significantly cheaper compared to CM.

scholarly journals Evaluating effectiveness of screening house eaves as a potential intervention for reducing indoor vector densities and malaria prevalence in Nyabondo, western Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Njoroge Ng’ang’a ◽  
Collins Okoyo ◽  
Charles Mbogo ◽  
Clifford Maina Mutero
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Study Results

Abstract Background Mosquito-proofing of houses using wire mesh screens is gaining greater recognition as a practical intervention for reducing exposure to malaria transmitting mosquitoes. Screening potentially protects all persons sleeping inside the house against transmission of mosquito-borne diseases indoors. The study assessed the effectiveness of house eaves screening in reducing indoor vector densities and malaria prevalence in Nyabondo, western Kenya. Methods 160 houses were selected for the study, with half of them randomly chosen for eaves screening with fibre-glass coated wire mesh (experimental group) and the other half left without screening (control group). Randomization was carried out by use of computer-generated list in permuted blocks of ten houses and 16 village blocks, with half of them allocated treatment in a ratio of 1:1. Cross-sectional baseline entomological and parasitological data were collected before eave screening. After baseline data collection, series of sampling of indoor adult mosquitoes were conducted once a month in each village using CDC light traps. Three cross-sectional malaria parasitological surveys were conducted at three month intervals after installation of the screens. The primary outcome measures were indoor Anopheles mosquito density and malaria parasite prevalence. Results A total of 15,286 mosquitoes were collected over the two year period using CDC light traps in 160 houses distributed over 16 study villages (mean mosquitoes = 4.35, SD = 11.48). Of all mosquitoes collected, 2,872 (18.8%) were anophelines (2,869 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, 1 Anopheles funestus and 2 other Anopheles spp). Overall, among An. gambiae collected, 92.6% were non-blood fed, 3.57% were blood fed and the remaining 0.47% were composed of gravid and half gravid females. More indoor adult mosquitoes were collected in the control than experimental arms of the study. Results from cross-sectional parasitological surveys showed that screened houses recorded relatively low malaria parasite prevalence rates compared to the control houses. Overall, malaria prevalence was 5.6% (95% CI: 4.2–7.5) n = 1,918, with baseline prevalence rate of 6.1% (95% CI: 3.9–9.4), n = 481 and 3rd follow-up survey prevalence of 3.6% (95% CI: 2.0–6.8) n = 494. At all the three parasitological follow-up survey points, house screening significantly reduced the malaria prevalence by 100% (p < 0.001), 63.6% (p = 0.026), and 100% (p < 0.001) in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd follow-up surveys respectively. Conclusions The study demonstrated that house eave screening has potential to reduce indoor vector densities and malaria prevalence in high transmission areas.

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