SNPs associated with the genetic predisposition to develop therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemia after chemotherapy for breast cancer

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 8536-8536
Author(s):  
V. Guillem ◽  
M. Mata ◽  
A. Lluch ◽  
M. Gonzalez ◽  
J. Esteve ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Genetic Predisposition ◽  
Mthfr Gene ◽  
High Density ◽  
Chromosome 8 ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Acute Myelogenous ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

8536 Background: t-AML is a syndrome occurring after exposure to chemo or radiotherapy. Since for similar treatments only some patients ends developing a secondary leukemia, it has been proposed a genetic predisposition associated to this syndrome. Methods: To analyse single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on genes that could be involved on risk of developing t-AML by means of RFLP and SNP genome screening using high density microarrays .Two groups of individuals were genotyped: Group A, composed by patients that develop t-AML after chemotherapy for breast cancer (BC) and Group B (control), formed by chemotherapy treated BC patients that after a period of more than 10 years have not developed t-AML. We have studied 12 polymorphisms on genes from drug detoxification pathways (NOQ1, GSTP1), DNA repair (XPC[3 ], XRCC1[2 ], NBS1, ERCC5 and XRCC3) and DNA synthesis (MTHFR[2 ]), in which the nucleotide change implies a change in the protein sequence (nA=16, nB=18) . Alternatively, for each patient, more than 10.000 SNPs were genotyped by means of of high density microarrays (Affymetrix) (nA=12, nB=18). The alele frequencies for each SNP between two groups were compared. Results: In RFLP study, we observe two SNPs on MTHFR gene displaying remarkably different allele frequencies between BC patients (Table). In microarray study, we found 12 SNPs with differences of allele frequency higher that 45% between A and B groups, located 6 on chromosome 8. Conclusions: The results suggest that the MHFTR gene is a candidate for being studied by its possible relation with the genetic predisposition to develop t-AML after BC treatment although its functional implication with the disease must still be elucidated. Moreover, data from SNP arrays suggest that the genome regions marked by those 12 SNPs, specially those on chromosome 8, are candidate for being studied by its possible relation with the genetic predisposition to develop t-AML after BC treatment. Financed by FIS G03/008. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Searching Polymorphic Markers Associated with the Genetic Predisposition To Develop Therapy-Related Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia T-(MDS/AML) after Myeloablative Chemotherapy.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1446-1446
Author(s):  
Mar M. Tormo ◽  
Vicent V. Guillem ◽  
Manuel M. Mata ◽  
Marcos M. Gonzalez ◽  
Josep J. Nomdedeu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Predisposition ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
High Density ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Density Mapping ◽  
Myeloablative Chemotherapy ◽  
Acute Myelogenous ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Therapy-related MDS/AML constitutes the most frequent secondary neoplasia and his incidence is increasing in the last years. This incidence is especially high when myeloablative chemotherapy is used before autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Since for similar treatments only a percentage of the patients ends up by developing a secondary leukemia, it has been proposed the existence of some type of genetic predisposition associated to this syndrome. OBJETIVE: To search single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the genetic predisposition to develop a t-MDS/AML by means of SNP genome screening using high density microarrays. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two groups of individuals were genotyped: Group A, composed by 16 patients with t-MDS/AML post-ASCT (10 NHL, 4 HD, 2 multiple myeloma) and Group B (control), formed by 16 patients submitted to ASCT and that after a period of more than 10 years have not developed t-MDS/AML(14 NHL, 2 HD). For each individual more than 10.000 SNPs were genotyped by means of the use of microarrays of high density (Mapping 10K, Affymetrix®). Those SNPs are distributed along the whole genome and have a high average heterocigosity (0,37). The alele frequencies for each SNP between two groups were compared. RESULTS: We found a group of 4 SNPs located in the q23.3 band of the chromosome 5 in which the differences of alele frequency between the groups A and B were superior to 50 %. These SNPs are located in a region that comprises the only gene, CSS3 (chondroitin sulphate synthetase 3), being the difference of alele frequency of 57 % in the intronic SNP of this gene. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the CSS3 gene is a candidate for being studied by its possible relation with the genetic predisposition to develop LMAt/SMDt, although its putative functional implication with the disease must still be elucidated. There is known that a counterpart of CSS3, CSS1, plays a key role in the proliferation and apoptosis of myeloma cells. Thus, it is possible that CSS3 could be somehow related with the hematopoyesis pathways and implied in the development of t-MDS/AML. Financed by FIS G03/008.

scholarly journals Prospective study of hair recovery after (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy with scalp cooling in Japanese breast cancer patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shozo Ohsumi ◽  
Sachiko Kiyoto ◽  
Mina Takahashi ◽  
Seiki Takashima ◽  
Kenjiro Aogi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Scalp Cooling ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Chemotherapy Infusion ◽  
Group A ◽  
Neo Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Group B

Abstract Purpose Scalp cooling during chemotherapy infusion to mitigate alopecia for breast cancer patients is becoming widespread; however, studies regarding hair recovery after chemotherapy with scalp cooling are limited. We conducted a prospective study of hair recovery after chemotherapy with scalp cooling. Patients and methods One hundred and seventeen Japanese female breast cancer patients who completed planned (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy using the Paxman Scalp Cooling System for alopecia prevention were evaluated for alopecia prevention in our prospective study. We evaluated their hair recovery 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 months after chemotherapy. Primary outcomes were grades of alopecia judged by two investigators (objective grades) and patients’ answers to the questionnaire regarding the use of a wig or hat (subjective grades). Results Of 117 patients, 75 completed scalp cooling during the planned chemotherapy cycles (Group A), but 42 discontinued it mostly after the first cycle (Group B). Objective and subjective grades were significantly better in Group A than in Group B throughout 1 year, and at 4 and 7 months after chemotherapy. When we restricted patients to those with objective Grade 3 (hair loss of > 50%) at 1 month, Group A exhibited slightly faster hair recovery based on the objective grades than Group B. There was less persistent alopecia in Group A than in Group B. Conclusions Scalp cooling during chemotherapy infusion for Japanese breast cancer patients increased the rate of hair recovery and had preventive effects against persistent alopecia.

Totally Implantable Venous Access Port Systems: Implant Depth-based Complications in Breast Cancer Therapy - A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo Chen ◽  
Narasimha M. Beeraka ◽  
Yuanting Gu ◽  
Jingruo Li ◽  
Mikhail Sinelnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Venous Access ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Breast Cancer Therapy ◽  
Access Port ◽  
Group A ◽  
Venous Access Port ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Background: Totally implantable venous access port system (TIVAPS) is widely used in breast cancer therapy; TIVAPS has several associated complications depending on the depth of implantation in breast cancer (BC) patients during continuous infusional chemotherapy regimens. The purpose of this study is to find out the optimal depth of TIVAPS implantation to reduce the incidence of complications during infusional chemotherapy. Methods: This study reviewed the depth TIVAPS implantation in the internal jugular vein in 1282 breast cancer patients over a ten-year period (2009-2019), and associated complications. We segregated the patients as 5 groups: ‘Group A (depth < 4 mm), Group B (depth of 4-8 mm), Group C (depth of 8-12 mm), and Group D (depth of 12-16 mm), and Group E (depth of > 16 mm)’. Consequently, the ‘internal complications’ such as infection, venous thrombotic syndrome, catheter folding & migration, extravasation, whereas the ‘external complications’ viz., inflammation, local hematoma, local cutaneous reactions, and port exteriorization were significantly analyzed during TIVAPS implantation at different depths in BC patients. Results: Overall incidence of ‘internal complications’ such as infections, venous thrombotic syndrome, catheter folding & migration, and extravasation was comparatively lesser in Group C (8-12 mm) than Group A, Group B, Group D, and Group E, respectively. Mainly, the external complications such as inflammation Group C (8-12 mm) (p<0.01) were lesser (6.8%, 3/44 cases) than Group A, Group B, Group D, Group E. On a similar note, the local hematoma, and local cutaneous reaction, and port exteriorization were observed as ‘5% (1/20 cases), 4.2% (2/47 cases), and (3.2%, 1/31 cases)’ in Group C patients (p<0.01), which were comparatively lesser than the other groups. Conclusion: Subcutaneous implantation of TIVAPS at a depth of 8-12 mm could be preferred due to the lowest incidence of internal and external complications compared to the incidence of these complications in other groups; this depth could be referred to as the safe and convenient implantation depth for the effective delivery of chemotherapy regimen in BC patients without difficulty in transcutaneous access to the port.

Comprehensive Nursing can Relieve the Negative Emotions of Patients undergoing Breast Cancer Resection and Reduce Postoperative

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 4234-4243
Author(s):  
Xiaoxia Lv ◽  
Lihua Wang ◽  
Yan Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Quality Score ◽  
Cancer Resection ◽  
Upper Limb Function ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Nursing Quality

To explore the effect of comprehensive nursing on adverse emotions and postoperative complications of breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy. Altogether 180 patients who received treatment in our hospital from May 2017 to May 2019 were selected as the research participants and divided into group A and group B. Among them, 100 cases in group A received comprehensive nursing, 80 cases in group B received routine nursing. The surgical indications, upper limb function, serum NGF, TK1 and CA15-3 expression level, VAS score, SAS, SDS score, quality of life SF-36 score were detected, and the incidence rate of postoperative complications and nursing quality score were compared. Compared with group B, group A had less postoperative bed time, intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, better recovery of upper limb function, lower expression levels of serum NGF, TK1 and CA15-3, lower VAS score, SAS and SDS score, higher quality of life SF-36 score, lower incidence of postoperative complications and higher nursing quality score. Comprehensive nursing can relieve the negative emotions of patients undergoing breast cancer resection and reduce the incidence of postoperative complications.

Aesthetic outcome and patient’s quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy with or without immediate reconstruction.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e12587-e12587
Author(s):  
Sidra Afzal ◽  
Asad Parvaiz ◽  
Nida Javed
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Immediate Reconstruction ◽  
Patient’S Satisfaction ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

e12587 Background: : Although post mastectomy Immediate breast reconstruction has shown to improve physical and psychosocial well-being of breast cancer patients, this is not a usual procedure in Pakistan due to limited resources and lack of awareness. The aim of our study is to evaluate patient’s satisfaction/ aesthetic outcomes between the patients undergoing mastectomy alone (Group A) and the ones undergoing mastectomy followed by immediate reconstruction (Group B). Methods: This is a prospective study conducted at Shaukat Khanum Hospital Pakistan comparing aesthetic outcome, patient’s satisfaction and Quality of life between two groups using Breast Q module. All patients undergoing mastectomy with and without reconstruction between April 2017 to July 2019 are included. Sample size of 84 was calculated (42 in each group). Results: The mean Q score of satisfaction with the breast in group B is 82.64 and in group A is 35.82 (P = 0.001). The mean Q score of Psychosocial well-being in group B is 89 vs 44.95 in group A (P = 0.001). The mean Q score of Physical well-being in group B is 98.23 vs 90.41 in group A (P = 0.002). The mean Q score of sexual well-being in group B is 81.93 vs 43 in Group A (P = 0.001). [Mean difference in score of 5-10 - little change, 10-20 - moderate change, > 20 - significant change].The mean difference between two groups in satisfaction with breast , psychosocial well-being and sexual well-being is more than 20 with a statistically significant p-value, while in physical well-being the mean difference is 7.8 which falls in little change group. Conclusions: Our study shows that reconstruction helps breast cancer patients in providing comprehensive care in a manner that they achieve a higher satisfaction with their appearance, psychological and sexual well-being without compromising oncological safety and this should be practiced more in our country. Also patients education about these procedures should be raised to help them fighting against this disease

scholarly journals ARE CD44+/CD24– CELLS THE ASSUMED CANCER STEM CELLS IN BREAST CANCER

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
D E Ryspayeva ◽  
I I Smolanka ◽  
A S Dudnichenko ◽  
A A Lyashenko ◽  
Yu A Grinevich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Identification and characterization of the population of cancer stem cells (CSC) depends on several cellular markers, which combination is specific for the phenotype of CSC in the corresponding tumor. Several markers of CSC have already been identified in breast cancer (BC), but there are no universal indicators that could specifically identify the CSC in BC. Aims: To determine the validation of the CSC model for cell surface markers such as CD44 and CD24 and their clinical significance. Materials and Methods: Primary tumor samples of 45 patients with invasive BC without chemotherapy prior to surgery exposure were examined in paraffin blocks. CD44 and CD24 antigens expression was evaluated by the percentage of positive cells using different chromogens and the MultiVision detection system by immunohistochemical method. In this research the evaluation was determined by the following criteria: (-), negative — expression in < 10% of tumor cells; (+), positive — expression in ≥10% of cells. The same scoring system was applied for the expression of CD44+/CD24−. Results: 62.2% of investigated patients are patients older than 50 years and most of them with stage II of disease (71.0%) and luminal tumor subtypes (68.9%). We analysed the expression of CD44, CD24 and CD44+/CD24− for different patients with dividing them into two groups. The group A consists of patients with unfavorable prognosis (relapses and metastases have occurred in the first three years after diagnosis), and the group B — with a favourable prognosis (the development of metastases after three years). Median disease-free survival in the group A is 19 months, in the group B — 46 months. The difference between the overall survival (OS) curves in the groups A and B is statistically significant (p < 0.001), the risk of death was higher in the group A (hazard ratio (HR) 5.9; confidence interval (CI) 2.3–15.2). The content of CD44 cells did not differ statistically between groups A and B (p = 0.18), but there was a tendency for increasing in OS with the existence of CD44+ cells (p = 0.056). The distribution of the expression of CD24 marker did not differ between the groups (p = 0.36) as well as the OS curves (p = 0.59). Analysis of the expression of CD44+/CD24− which were considered as possible CSC, revealed a paradoxical increase (p = 0.03) of the frequency in patients of the group B (40.9%) compared to the group A (8.7%). Nevertheless, the comparison of the clinical outcomes did not reveal a statistically significant difference in the survival curves in the groups with existence and absence of CD44+/CD24– expression (p = 0.08). The analysis showed the increasing of the risk of worse clinical outcomes in the cases of expression absence of CD44+/CD24− (HR 2.8; CI 1.1–6.8). Conclusions: As a result of our research, the analysis of the quantity of assumed stem cells of the BC, which were identified by immunohistochemistry as CD44 and CD24 cells, failed to detect a statistically significant relation between groups of patients with different prognosis, and the identification of their expression is not enough for the characteristics of CSC. The obtained data demonstrating the worst clinical outcome in the cases of absence of CD44+/CD24− expression apparently require further investigations and the validation of the immunohistochemical method with the determination of the cut-off line in defining of CD44 and CD24 status.

scholarly journals Identification of breakpoints in t(8;21) acute myelogenous leukemia and isolation of a fusion transcript, AML1/ETO, with similarity to Drosophila segmentation gene, runt

Blood ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1825-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Erickson ◽  
J Gao ◽  
KS Chang ◽  
T Look ◽  
E Whisenant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Fusion Transcript ◽  
Chromosome 8 ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Chromosome 21 ◽  
Striking Similarity ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Segmentation Gene ◽  
Artificial Chromosomes ◽  
Acute Myelogenous

We have developed a restriction map of the chromosome 21 breakpoint region involved in t(8;21)(q22;q22.3) acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and have isolated a genomic junction clone containing chromosome 8 and 21 material. Using probes from these regions, rearrangements have been identified in each of nine cases of t(8;21) AML examined. In addition, we have isolated cDNA clones from a t(8;21) AML cDNA library that contain fused sequences from chromosome 8 and 21. The chromosome 8 component, referred to as ETO (for eight twenty-one), is encoded over a large genomic region, as suggested by the analysis of corresponding yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). The DNA sequence of the chromosome 21 portion of the fusion transcript is derived from the normal AML1 gene. A striking similarity (67% identity over 387 bp, with a corresponding 69% amino acid identity) was detected between AML1 and the Drosophila segmentation gene, runt. The critical consequence of the translocation is the juxtaposition of 5′ sequences of AML1 to 3′ sequences of ETO, oriented telomere to centromere on the der(8) chromosome.

scholarly journals Quantitative trait loci associated with susceptibility to therapy-related acute murine promyelocytic leukemia in hCG-PML/RARA transgenic mice

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1434-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan K. Funk ◽  
Taylor J. Maxwell ◽  
Masayo Izumi ◽  
Deepa Edwin ◽  
Friederike Kreisel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Spleen Weight ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Multiple Loci ◽  
Acute Myelogenous ◽  
Trait Locus

Abstract Therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemia (t-AML) is an important late adverse effect of alkylator chemotherapy. Susceptibility to t-AML has a genetic component, yet specific genetic variants that influence susceptibility are poorly understood. We analyzed an F2 intercross (n = 282 mice) between mouse strains resistant or susceptible to t-AML induced by the alkylator ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) to identify genes that regulate t-AML susceptibility. Each mouse carried the hCG-PML/RARA transgene, a well-characterized initiator of myeloid leukemia. In the absence of ENU treatment, transgenic F2 mice developed leukemia with higher incidence (79.4% vs 12.5%) and at earlier time points (108 days vs 234 days) than mice in the resistant background. ENU treatment of F2 mice further increased incidence (90.4%) and shortened median survival (171 vs 254 days). We genotyped F2 mice at 384 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms across the genome and performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Thirteen QTLs significantly associated with leukemia-free survival, spleen weight, or white blood cell count were identified on 8 chromosomes. These results suggest that susceptibility to ENU-induced leukemia in mice is a complex trait governed by genes at multiple loci. Improved understanding of genetic risk factors should lead to tailored treatment regimens that reduce risk for patients predisposed to t-AML.

Single-Port Endoscopic Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Combined with Indocyanine Green and Carbon Nanoparticles in Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Han Wang ◽  
Tian-Ran Gang ◽  
Shan-Shan Wu ◽  
Can Lu ◽  
Guo Xuan-Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Sentinel Lymph Node ◽  
Carbon Nanoparticles ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Single Port ◽  
Lymph Node Biopsy ◽  
Node Biopsy ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Abstract PurposeIndocyanine green (ICG) is an efficient tracer method used in sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). The application of single-port endoscopic-assisted technology in the field of breast cancer is widely accepted. In order to explore the surgical safety of single-port endoscopic-SLNB (SPE-SLNB) and the reliability of axillary staging, we combined it with ICG that was excited by near-infrared fluorescence endoscopy and carbon nanoparticles (CN) as a tracer and compared this method to conventional open SLNB (C-SLNB).MethodsSixty patients with early breast cancer were recruited and divided into three groups. Twenty patients who underwent SPE-SLNB combined with ICG and CNs were placed in group A. Twenty patients who underwent SPE-SLNB with CNs only were placed in group B. Twenty patients who underwent C-SLNB with ICG and CNs were placed in group C.ResultsThe detection rate of SLNs was 100% in group A, 100% in group B, and 95% in group C. In total, 97 SLNs were detected in group A, 65 SLNs were detected in group B, and 98 SLNs were detected in group C . ConclusionThe novel technique of combining ICG and CNs with SPE-SLNB and the utilization of the endoscopic fluorescence imaging system achieved the same detection rate and mean number of SLNs as C-SLNB. Therefore, for patients who meet the indications, SPE-SLNB is as safe and reliable as C-SLNB.

Radioimmunoguided surgery after primary treatment of locally advanced breast cancer.

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1599-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Percivale ◽  
S Bertoglio ◽  
P Meszaros ◽  
G Canavese ◽  
F Cafiero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Advanced Breast Cancer ◽  
Primary Tumor ◽  
Locally Advanced Breast Cancer ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Advanced Breast ◽  
Primary Chemotherapy ◽  
Radioimmunoguided Surgery ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

PURPOSE To assess the role of radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS) using a handheld intraoperative gamma-detecting probe (GDP) to identify neoplastic disease after primary chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) patients injected with iodine 125-labeled monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-one patients with histologically documented LABC were treated with a combined modality approach. After three courses of primary chemotherapy and before modified radical mastectomy, the 125I-radiolabeled MAbs B72.3 (anti-TAG72) and FO23C5 (anti-carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA]) were administered to 11 patients (group A) and 10 patients (group B), respectively. At surgery, a GDP was used to locate the primary tumor and to assess possible tumor multicentricity and the presence of ipsilateral axillary metastases. Routine pathologic examination was performed in neoplastic and normal tissue specimens of all 21 patients. In addition, immunohistochemical assay for TAG72 and CEA expression was performed. RESULTS In group A patients, RIGS identified primary tumor in seven of 11 patients (63.3%) and unpalpable multicentric tumor lesions were located in two of four (50%). Positive axillary lymph nodes were histologically documented in eight of 11 patients (72.7%) and RIGS identified three of eight (37.5%). In group B, RIGS located the primary tumor lesion in four of 10 patients (40%); in two cases, the tumor was not clinically evident. Multicentricity was observed in one of two patients and lymph node involvement in three of nine (33.3%). No false-positive results were observed in either group A or B. CONCLUSION RIGS appears to be a safe and reliable technique. However, the MAbs used in this study are not sufficiently specific. RIGS represents a technique for which the full potential for intraoperative assessment of breast cancer lesions can be reached when more specific antibodies become readily available.

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