Clinical outcomes from a retrospective registry of patients with locally advanced/metastatic synovial sarcoma and myxoid round cell liposarcoma.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e22520-e22520
Author(s):  
Steven Attia ◽  
Seth Pollack ◽  
Brian Andrew Van Tine ◽  
Sant P. Chawla ◽  
Mihaela Druta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Synovial Sarcoma ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Distant Metastasis ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Round Cell ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Line Chemotherapy

e22520 Background: Outcomes of patients (pts) with advanced synovial sarcoma (SS) and myxoid/round cell sarcoma (MRCL) is lacking. Current data is limited to single institution studies or post hoc analyses of clinical trials. To understand the natural history of these subtypes of soft tissue sarcoma we performed a systematic analysis of SS and MRCL patients from large medical institutions. Methods: Data was abstracted at 7 U.S. centers for pts treated from 2005 to 2015. Advanced SS or MRCL were eligible if they had received chemotherapy and were 18 years or older. The primary endpoint was overall survival, and secondary endpoints were progression free survival, time to next treatment, time to new distant metastasis. Results: 350 pts with locally advanced (LA), unresectable and/or or metastatic (Met) SS (n = 249) and MRCL (n = 101) were analyzed. The median age at diagnosis was 40 years for SS pts (58.2% male). The median age of MRCL pts was 50 years (67.3% male). 249 SS pts all had ≥ 1line of therapy, 74.7% had ≥2 lines of treatment. All MRCL pts received ≥1 line of treatment, 72.3% had ≥2 lines. The clinical outcomes (median overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS), time to next treatment (TTNT) and time to distant metastasis (TTDM)) from start of first-line chemotherapy are: The OS and PFS from second line chemotherapy decreased for all evaluable pts (n = 259) was 17.9 months (mos) [95% confidence interval (CI) (15.0, 22.3)]; 3.9 mos (3.4, 4.8), respectively. A similar trend toward shortened OS and PFS were seen with each subsequent line of chemotherapy. Conclusions: This registry analyzing real-world clinical outcomes among advanced SS and MRCL pts is the most comprehensive performed to date. It provides data on clinical outcomes depending on line of therapy and can provide the backbone for better patient management and design of future clinical trials.[Table: see text]

637 Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) may indicate a favorable prognosis in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A672-A673
Author(s):  
Dylan Martini ◽  
Sean Evans ◽  
Subir Goyal ◽  
Yuan Liu ◽  
T Anders Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Emory University

BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have become an increasingly utilized treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Although they have a favorable toxicity profile, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can have a significant impact on patients‘ quality of life. It is not well understood whether irAEs are associated with improved clinical outcomes. We investigated the relationship between irAEs and clinical outcomes in mRCC patients treated with ICI.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study of 200 patients with mRCC who received ICI at Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University from 2015–2020. Clinical outcomes were measured by overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and clinical benefit (CB). OS and PFS were calculated from ICI-initiation to date of death and radiographic or clinical progression, respectively. CB was defined as a best radiographic response of complete response (CR), partial response (PR), or stable disease (SD) for >6 months per response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) version 1.1. Toxicity data was collected from clinic notes and laboratory values. The association with OS and PFS was modeled by Cox proportional hazards model. Kaplan-Meier curves were created for survival estimates.ResultsMost patients were males (71%), and 78% had clear-cell RCC (ccRCC). Most patients (58%) received anti-PD-1 monotherapy. The majority were international mRCC database consortium (IMDC) intermediate (57%) or poor-risk (26%). Anti-PD-1 monotherapy was the most common (58%) treatment regimen and most patients received ICI as first (38%) or second-line (42%) treatment. One-third of patients (33%) experienced an irAE, with the most common being endocrine (13%), gastrointestinal (11%), and dermatologic (10%). Patients who experienced irAEs had significantly longer OS (HR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32–0.87, p=0.013), higher chance of CB (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.11–4.00, p=0.023) and showed a trend towards longer PFS (HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.49–1.02, p=0.065) in MVA (table 1). Patients who had thyroid irAEs had significantly longer OS, PFS, and higher chance of CB in MVA (table 1). The objective response rate was higher for patients who experienced irAEs (34% vs. 18%). Patients who experienced irAEs had significantly longer median OS (44.5 vs. 18.2 months, p=0.005) and PFS (7.5 vs 3.6 months, p=0.0028) compared to patients who did not (figure 1).Abstract 637 Table 1MVA* of association between irAEs and clinical outcomesAbstract 637 Figure 1Kaplan-Meier curves of association between immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and overall survival (OS, top panel) and progression-free survival (PFS, bottom panel)ConclusionsWe showed that mRCC patients who experienced irAEs, particularly thyroid irAEs, had improved clinical outcomes. This suggests that irAEs may be prognostic of favorable outcomes in mRCC patients treated with ICI. Larger, prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.AcknowledgementsResearch reported in this publication was supported in part by the Breen Foundation and the Biostatistics Shared Resource of Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University and NIH/NCI under award number P30CA138292. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.Trial RegistrationNot applicableEthics ApprovalThis retrospective study was approved by the Emory University Institutional Review Board.ConsentNot applicableReferencesNot applicable

scholarly journals Clinical outcome and side effects of concomitant chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced inoperable non-small cell lung cancer: Our experiences

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-38
Author(s):  
Bojan Radojicic ◽  
Marija Radojicic ◽  
Miroslav Misovic ◽  
Dejan Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Concomitant Chemoradiotherapy ◽  
Free Survival

Background/Aim. About 1.8 million new lung cancer cases are diagnosed in the world every year, and about 1.6 million cases are with fatal outcome. Despite improvements in treatment in previous decades, the survival of patients with lung cancer is still poor. The five-year survival rate is about 50% for patients with localized disease, 20% for patients with regionally advanced disease, 2% for patients with metastatic disease, and about 14% for all stages. The median survival of patients with untreated NSCLC in the advanced stage is four to five months and the annual survival rate is only 10%. The main goal of the research is to obtain and analyze the results of treatment with concomitant chemotherapy in terms of its efficacy and toxicity in selected patients with locally advanced inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Methods. The study included data analysis of 31 patients of both sexes who were diagnosed and pathohistologically verified with NSCLC in inoperable stage III and were referred by the Council for Malignant Lung Diseases to the Radiotherapy Department of the Military Medical Academy for concomitant chemoradiotherapy treatment. Upon expiry of the three-month period from the performed radiation treatment, the tumor resonance was assessed on the basis of MSCT examination of the chest and upper abdomen according to RECIST 1.1 criteria (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors). According to the same criteria, progression-free survival (PFS) was also assessed every three months during the first two years, then every 6 months or until the onset of disease symptoms, as well as overall survival (OS). Result. The median progression-free survival is 13 months, and the median overall survival is 20 months. During and immediately after RT, 9 (29%) patients had a grade 2 or higher adverse event. Conclusion. The use of concomitant chemoradiotherapy in patients in the third stage of locally advanced inoperable non-small cell lung cancer provides a good opportunity for a favorable therapeutic outcome, with an acceptable degree of acute and late toxicity, and represents the standard therapeutic approach for selected patients in this stage of the disease.

scholarly journals Improved Overall Survival and Decreased Metastasis With Adjuvant 5-Fluorouracil and Platinum Chemotherapy After Definitive Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for N3 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: A Registry-Based Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mu-Hung Tsai ◽  
Shang-Yin Wu ◽  
Tsung Yu ◽  
Sen-Tien Tsai ◽  
Yuan-Hua Wu
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Distant Metastasis ◽  
Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Cancer ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Risk Of Death

Abstract Background and purpose Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the established treatment for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, there is no evidence supporting routine adjuvant chemotherapy. We aimed to demonstrate the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on survival and distant metastasis in high-risk N3 NPC patients. Materials and methods We linked the Taiwan Cancer Registry and Cause of Death database to obtain data. Clinical N3 NPC patients were divided as those receiving definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) with adjuvant 5-fluorouracil and platinum (PF) chemotherapy and those receiving no chemotherapy after CCRT. Patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. We compared overall survival, disease-free survival, local control, and distant metastasis in both groups using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results We included 431 patients (152 and 279 patients in the adjuvant PF and observation groups, respectively). Median follow-up was 4.3 years. The 5-year overall survival were 69.1% and 57.4% in the adjuvant PF chemotherapy and observation groups, respectively (p = 0.02). Adjuvant PF chemotherapy was associated with a lower risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.43–0.84; p = 0.003), even after adjusting for baseline prognostic factors (HR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.43–0.86; p = 0.005). Distant metastasis-free survival at 12 months was higher in the adjuvant PF chemotherapy group than in the observation group (98% vs 84.8%; p < 0.001). After adjusting for baseline prognostic factors, adjuvant PF chemotherapy was associated with freedom from distant metastasis (HR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02–0.46; p = 0.003). Conclusion Prospective evaluation of adjuvant PF chemotherapy in N3 NPC patients treated with definitive CCRT is warranted because adjuvant PF chemotherapy was associated with improved overall survival and decreased risk of distant metastasis.

Phase III Trial of Epirubicin Plus Paclitaxel Compared With Epirubicin Plus Cyclophosphamide As First-Line Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer: United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute Trial AB01

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (33) ◽  
pp. 8322-8330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth E. Langley ◽  
James Carmichael ◽  
Alison L. Jones ◽  
David A. Cameron ◽  
Wendi Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Metastatic Breast Cancer ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
First Line ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Line Chemotherapy

Purpose To compare the effectiveness and tolerability of epirubicin and paclitaxel (EP) with epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (EC) as first-line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Patients and Methods Patients previously untreated with chemotherapy (except for adjuvant therapy) were randomly assigned to receive either EP (epirubicin 75 mg/m2 and paclitaxel 200 mg/m2) or EC (epirubicin 75 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2) administered intravenously every 3 weeks for a maximum of six cycles. The primary outcome was progression-free survival; secondary outcome measures were overall survival, response rates, and toxicity. Results Between 1996 and 1999, 705 patients (353 EP patients and 352 EC patients) underwent random assignment. Patient characteristics were well matched between the two groups, and 71% of patients received six cycles of treatment. Objective response rates were 65% for the EP group and 55% for the EC group (P = .015). At the time of analysis, 641 patients (91%) had died. Median progression-free survival time was 7.0 months for the EP group and 7.1 months for the EC group (hazard ratio = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.24; P = .41), and median overall survival time was 13 months for the EP group and 14 months for the EC group (hazard ratio = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.19; P = .8). EP patients, compared with EC patients, had more grade 3 and 4 mucositis (6% v 2%, respectively; P = .0006) and grade 3 and 4 neurotoxicity (5% v 1%, respectively; P < .0001). Conclusion In terms of progression-free survival and overall survival, there was no evidence of a difference between EP and EC. The data demonstrate no additional advantage to using EP instead of EC as first-line chemotherapy for MBC in taxane-naïve patients.

Efficacy of bevacizumab and temozolomide therapy in locally advanced, recurrent, and metastatic malignant solitary fibrous tumour: A population-based analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1301-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário L de Lemos ◽  
Isabell Kang ◽  
Kimberly Schaff
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Overall Response Rate ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Solitary Fibrous Tumour ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Overall Response

Background Patients with locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic solitary fibrous tumour are often treated with bevacizumab and temozolomide based on the clinical efficacy reported in a case series of 14 patients. Given the rarity of solitary fibrous tumour, large trials are not feasible. We report the efficacy of this regimen based on a population-based analysis. Methods This was a population-based retrospective, multi-centre analysis using patient data from a provincial cancer registry and treatment database. Cases from June 2006 through October 2016 were identified for patients receiving bevacizumab and temozolomide for locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic solitary fibrous tumour or hemangiopericytoma, which is sometimes used to describe tumours arising from the meninges. The primary outcome was overall response rate. Secondary outcomes included time to response, progression free survival and overall survival estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results Fourteen patients were identified: median age 59 (range 44–70), male 78.6%. Diagnoses were solitary fibrous tumour in 10 (71.4%) and hemangiopericytoma in four (28.6%), with metastatic disease in 10 (72.7%) patients. The most common primary sites were meninges in four (28.6%) and pelvis in three (21.4%) patients. The median follow-up was 15.5 months, with median treatment of four months. Overall response rate was 21.4% (no complete response, 3 partial response), with median time to response of four months. Median progression free survival, six-month progression free survival and overall survival were 17 months, 65.0%, and 45 months, respectively. Conclusions Efficacy of bevacizumab and temozolomide in solitary fibrous tumour appeared to be similar to that previously reported. Our findings confirmed that bevacizumab and temozolomide is an effective and tolerated treatment for this patient population.

Patterns of Care and Treatment Pathways for Non-Surgically Managed Early and Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients at Ain Shams University Clinical Oncology Department: a Retrospective and Descriptive Analysis

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr/Khaled Abdel Karim ◽  
Dr/Khaled Nagib ◽  
Dr/Ahmed Hassan Abd El Aziz ◽  
Christina Gamil Garas
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Clinical Oncology ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Patterns Of Care ◽  
P Value ◽  
Treatment Pathways ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Care And Treatment ◽  
Nsclc Patients

Abstract Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, but little is known about how patients with this disease are managed. Aim of the Work We aim to study patterns of care and treatment pathways of non- surgically managed early and locally advanced NSCLC patients from January 2015 to December 2018 in Ain Shams University Clinical Oncology Department. Patients and Methods In this retrospective analysis we included patients the met the following criteria; age &gt;18, histologically confirmed NSCLC patients whom didn’t undergo surgical resection with at least 6 months of follow up data. We collected data from Clinical Oncology department archive in Ain Shams university hospital. Our primary objective is to identify the patterns of care and treatment pathway for non surgically managed NSCLC patients in ASUCOD from January 2015 to December 2018. Results 86 patients finally met our inclusion criteria. Median age at diagnosis of 61 years with a range of (38-85), 95.3% were male. Most of the patients were stage III; 40.7% were stage IIIA, 41.9% were stage IIIB, and 9.3% were stage IIIC. 41 were treated radically, 37 received palliative treatment and only 8 patients received supportive care. Overall median progression free survival in our patients was 9.23 (7.4-13.5) and overall survival duration was13.4 (9.5-18.0). In radically treated patients, 68.3% received sequential chemoradiotherapy (sCRT), 29.2% received concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) or 2.4% received definitive radiotherapy alone (RT). In palliative treated patients, 73% received chemotherapy alone (CTX), 8.1% received palliative RT and 18.9% received both chemotherapy and palliative dose of radiotherapy (CRT). All treatment modalities were similar regarding median progression free survival and overall survival durations, 17.5 (3.6–19.6) and 20.6 (3.6–31.6) in cCRT, 17.5 (3.6–19.6) and 23.3 (17.7–31.2) in sCRT, 12.9 and 13.4 RT group, P value=0.57 and 0.16 receptively. Similarly, progression free survival and overall survival durations were 8.8 (3.0–15.8) and 16.2 (3.6–18.7) in CRT, 5.3 (0.4–7.6) and 8.6 (6.2–10.2) in CTX, 8.5 (0.4–8.5) and 8.5 (0.4–8.5) in palliative RT group, P value=0.64 and 0.15 receptively. In our study, first-line chemotherapy were Gemcitabine plus Cisplatin (41.9%) or Carboplatin (35.1%).The Second -line chemotherapy were Docetaxel (63.1%) or Paclitaxel plus Carboplatin (26.3%). Paclitaxel plus Carboplatin were the most regimen given with RT. Most of the patients received radiation dose of 60Gy/30Fr (73.2%). Regarding the incidence of toxicity, there were significant high rates of esophagitis in cCRT in grade 3 or more compared to sCRT. Conclusion We have found that less than half of this study population were treated radically while the other half received palliative treatment. And only few patients received best supportive care. Radically treated patients had higher progression free survival and overall survival durations compared to palliative and supportive treatment.

Once-a-Week Versus Once-Every-3-Weeks Cisplatin Chemoradiation for Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer: A Phase III Randomized Noninferiority Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1064-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanita Noronha ◽  
Amit Joshi ◽  
Vijay Maruti Patil ◽  
Jaiprakash Agarwal ◽  
Sarbani Ghosh-Laskar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Comparable Efficacy ◽  
Advanced Head ◽  
Adjuvant Setting ◽  
Free Survival

Purpose Chemoradiation with cisplatin 100 mg/m2 given once every 3 weeks is the standard of care in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer (LAHNSCC). Increasingly, low-dose once-a-week cisplatin is substituted because of perceived lower toxicity and convenience. However, there is no level 1 evidence of comparable efficacy to cisplatin once every 3 weeks. Patients and Methods In this phase III randomized trial, we assessed the noninferiority of cisplatin 30 mg/m2 given once a week compared with cisplatin 100 mg/m2 given once every 3 weeks, both administered concurrently with curative intent radiotherapy in patients with LAHNSCC. The primary end point was locoregional control (LRC); secondary end points included toxicity, compliance, response, progression-free survival, and overall survival. Results Between 2013 and 2017, we randomly assigned 300 patients, 150 to each arm. Two hundred seventy-nine patients (93%) received chemoradiotherapy in the adjuvant setting. At a median follow-up of 22 months, the estimated cumulative 2-year LRC rate was 58.5% in the once-a-week arm and 73.1% in the once-every-3-weeks arm, leading to an absolute difference of 14.6% (95% CI, 5.7% to 23.5%); P = .014; hazard ratio (HR), 1.76 (95% CI, 1.11 to 2.79). Acute toxicities of grade 3 or higher occurred in 71.6% of patients in the once-a-week arm and in 84.6% of patients in the once-every-3-weeks arm ( P = .006). Estimated median progression-free survival in the once-a-week arm was 17.7 months (95% CI, 0.42 to 35.05 months) and in the once-every-3-weeks arm, 28.6 months (95% CI, 15.90 to 41.30 months); HR, 1.24 (95% CI, 0.89 to 1.73); P = .21. Estimated median overall survival in the once-a-week arm was 39.5 months and was not reached in the once-every-3-weeks arm (HR, 1.14 [95% CI, 0.79 to 1.65]; P = .48). Conclusion Once-every-3-weeks cisplatin at 100 mg/m2 resulted in superior LRC, albeit with more toxicity, than did once-a-week cisplatin at 30 mg/m2, and should remain the preferred chemoradiotherapy regimen for LAHNSCC in the adjuvant setting.

Therapeutic efficacy of specific immunotherapy for glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hanaei ◽  
Khashayar Afshari ◽  
Armin Hirbod-Mobarakeh ◽  
Bahram Mohajer ◽  
Delara Amir Dastmalchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Specific Immunotherapy ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Median Difference

Abstract Although different immunotherapeutic approaches have been developed for the treatment of glioma, there is a discrepancy between clinical trials limiting their approval as common treatment. So, the current systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess survival and clinical response of specific immunotherapy in patients with glioma. Generally, seven databases were searched to find eligible studies. Controlled clinical trials investigating the efficacy of specific immunotherapy in glioma were found eligible. After data extraction and risk of bias assessment, the data were analyzed based on the level of heterogeneity. Overall, 25 articles with 2964 patients were included. Generally, mean overall survival did not statistically improve in immunotherapy [median difference=1.51; 95% confidence interval (CI)=−0.16–3.17; p=0.08]; however, it was 11.16 months higher in passive immunotherapy (95% CI=5.69–16.64; p<0.0001). One-year overall survival was significantly higher in immunotherapy groups [hazard ratio (HR)=0.69; 95% CI=0.52–0.92; p=0.01]. As the hazard rate in the immunotherapy approach was 0.83 of the control group, 2-year overall survival was significantly higher in immunotherapy (HR=0.83; 95% CI=0.69–0.99; p=0.04). Three-year overall survival was significantly higher in immunotherapy as well (HR=0.67; 95% CI=0.48–0.92; p=0.01). Overall, median progression-free survival was significantly higher in immunotherapy (standard median difference=0.323; 95% CI=0.110–0.536; p=0.003). However, 1-year progression-free survival was not remarkably different between immunotherapy and control groups (HR=0.94; 95% CI=0.74–1.18; p=0.59). Specific immunotherapy demonstrated remarkable improvement in survival of patients with glioma and could be a considerable choice of treatment in the future. Despite the current promising results, further high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to approve immunotherapeutic approaches as the standard of care and the front-line treatment for glioma.

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