scholarly journals Attributable Causes of Cancer in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-204
Author(s):  
Thuy Phuong Nguyen ◽  
Hung N. Luu ◽  
Mai Vu Tuyet Nguyen ◽  
Mo Thi Tran ◽  
Thuy Thi Van Tuong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Alcohol Drinking ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Cancer Burden ◽  
Fundamental Research

PURPOSE Vietnam is undergoing rapid socio-economic transition with an increasing cancer burden. The contribution of modifiable risk factors to cancers in Vietnam has not been studied. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the attributable causes of cancer in Vietnam. METHODS We reviewed the data on burden of cancer in Vietnam from 2 cancer registries in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City between 1995 and 2012. Next, we calculated the fractions of cancers occurring in 2018 attributable to established modifiable risk factors whose impact could be quantified. Data on exposure prevalence were obtained for the period from 2000 to 2010 from national sources wherever possible. RESULTS Cancer incidence in Vietnam has decreased slightly in both sexes. Cancer related to infectious agents decreased sharply, whereas cancer related to nutrition and metabolism has increased. In 2018, established carcinogens included in the analysis explained 47.0% of cancer burden in Vietnam. Chronic infections accounted for 29.1% of cancers (34.7% in men and 22.1% in women), tobacco smoking for 13.5% (23.9% in men and 0.8% in women), and alcohol drinking for 10.3%. Passive smoking was responsible for 8.8% of cancers in women. Other risk factors, including overweight or obesity, nulliparity, and low vegetable and fruit intake, accounted for < 1% of all cancers each. CONCLUSION Cancer incidence is slowly decreasing in Vietnam, and the causes of more than half of cancers remain unexplained. This result underlines the need for further epidemiologic and fundamental research. Our findings confirm the notion that controlling oncogenic infections and decreasing tobacco smoking are the most effective approaches to reduce the burden of cancer in Vietnam, but other risk factors, including alcohol drinking and diet, should not be neglected.

scholarly journals Implementation strategies to improve preconception and antenatal care for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and weight management: a systematic review protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Doherty ◽  
Melanie Kingsland ◽  
Luke Wolfenden ◽  
John Wiggers ◽  
Julia Dray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Implementation Strategy ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Cochrane Central Register

Abstract Background Despite existing best practice care recommendations for addressing tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and weight management in preconception and antenatal care, such recommendations are often not implemented into routine practice. Effective strategies that target known barriers to implementation are key to reducing this evidence to practice gap. The aim of this review is to synthesise the evidence on the effectiveness of implementation strategies in improving the provision of preconception and antenatal care for these modifiable risk factors. Methods Randomised and non-randomised study designs will be eligible for inclusion if they have a parallel control group. We will include studies that either compare an implementation strategy to usual practice or compare two or more strategies. Participants may include any health service providing preconception or antenatal care to women and/or the health professionals working within such a service. The primary outcome will be any measure of the effectiveness of implementation strategies to improve preconception and/or antenatal care for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and/or weight management (including care to improve nutrition and/or physical activity). Secondary outcomes will include the effect of the implementation strategy on women’s modifiable risk factors, estimates of absolute costs or cost-effectiveness and any reported unintentional consequences. Eligible studies will be identified via searching Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Maternity and Infant Care, CINAHL, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses and other sources (e.g. contacting experts in the field). Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias will be assessed independently by two review authors and differences resolved by a third reviewer. If data permits, we will conduct fixed-effects or random-effects meta-analysis where appropriate. If studies do not report the same outcome or there is significant heterogeneity, results will be summarised narratively. Discussion This review will identify which implementation strategies are effective in improving the routine provision of preconception and antenatal care for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and weight management. Such a review will be of interest to service providers, policy makers and implementation researchers seeking to improve women’s modifiable risk factors in preconception and antenatal care settings. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42019131691

scholarly journals Cancer types with high numbers of driver events are largely preventable

PeerJ ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. e12672
Author(s):  
Aleksey V. Belikov ◽  
Sergey V. Leonov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Extrinsic Risk ◽  
Rate Limiting

There is a long-standing debate on whether cancer is predominantly driven by extrinsic risk factors such as smoking, or by intrinsic processes such as errors in DNA replication. We have previously shown that the number of rate-limiting driver events per tumor can be estimated from the age distribution of cancer incidence using the gamma/Erlang probability distribution. Here, we show that this number strongly correlates with the proportion of cancer cases attributable to modifiable risk factors for all cancer types except the ones inducible by infection or ultraviolet radiation. The correlation was confirmed for three countries, three corresponding incidence databases and risk estimation studies, as well as for both sexes: USA, males (r = 0.80, P = 0.002), females (r = 0.81, P = 0.0003); England, males (r = 0.90, P < 0.0001), females (r = 0.67, P = 0.002); Australia, males (r = 0.90, P = 0.0004), females (r = 0.68, P = 0.01). Hence, this study suggests that the more driver events a cancer type requires, the more of its cases are due to preventable anthropogenic risk factors.

The global cancer burden and human development: A review

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda M. Fidler ◽  
Freddie Bray ◽  
Isabelle Soerjomataram
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Cancer Burden ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Very High

Aims: This review examines the links between human development and cancer overall and for specific types of cancer, as well as cancer-related risk-factors and outcomes, such as disability and life expectancy. Methods: To assess human development, the Human Development Index was utilized continuously and according to four levels (low, medium, high, very high), where the low and very high categories include the least and most developed countries, respectively. All studies that assessed aspects of the global cancer burden using this measure were reviewed. Results: Although the present cancer incidence burden is greater in higher Human Development Index countries, a greater proportion of the global mortality burden is observed in less developed countries, with a higher mean fatality rate in the latter countries. Further, the future cancer burden is expected to disproportionally affect less developed regions; in particular, it has been estimated that low and medium Human Development Index countries will experience a 100% and 81% increase in cancer incidence from 2008 to 2030, respectively. Disparities were also observed in risk factors and average health outcomes, such as a greater number of years of life lost prematurely and fewer cancer-related gains in life expectancy observed in lower versus higher Human Development Index settings. Conclusions: From a global perspective, there remain clear disparities in the cancer burden according to national Human Development Index scores. International efforts are needed to aid countries in social and economic transition in order to efficiently plan, implement and evaluate cancer control initiatives as a means to reduce the widening gap in cancer occurrence and survival worldwide.

scholarly journals Head and neck cancer risk factors in the French West Indies

BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aviane Auguste ◽  
Clarisse Joachim ◽  
Jacqueline Deloumeaux ◽  
Stanie Gaete ◽  
Léah Michineau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Alcohol Drinking ◽  
West Indies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Bmi ◽  
High Risk Hpv

Abstract Objectives The incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in the French West Indies (FWI) is relatively high, despite a low prevalence of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking. Little is known about other risk factors in the FWI. We assessed associations between several factors and HNSCC risk, their population attributable fractions (PAF) in the FWI, and compared these PAFs by subsite, sex and age. Materials and methods We conducted a population-based case-control study (145 cases and 405 controls). We used logistic regression models to estimate adjusted odds-ratios (OR), PAFs and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, high-risk HPV, family history of HNC, low BMI and several occupations and industries were significantly associated to the occurrence of HNSCC. The majority of HNSCC cases were attributable to tobacco smoking (65.7%) and alcohol (44.3%). The PAF for the combined consumption of tobacco and/or alcohol was 78.2% and was considerably larger in men (85%) than in women (33%). The PAFs for the remaining risk factors were 9% for family history of HNSCC, 9% for low BMI, 15% for high-risk HPV, and 25% for occupations. The overall PAF for all risk factors combined was 89.0% (95% CI = 82.0–93.2). The combined PAFs by sex were significantly greater in men (93.4%, 95% CI = 87.5–96.5) than in women (56.4%, 95% CI = 18.7–76.6). Conclusion Tobacco and alcohol appeared to have the greatest impact on HNSCC incidence among the studied risk factors, especially among men. Prevention programs for HNSCC in the FWI should target tobacco and alcohol cessation, particularly in men. Future research should emphasise on the role of occupational factors to better understand this disease.

scholarly journals Burden of cancers attributable to modifiable risk factors in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Teh ◽  
Y. L. Woon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Population Attributable Fraction ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract Background This is a systematic assessment of the burden of cancers in Malaysia in 2018 using epidemiologic approach. The purpose of this study was to identify the proportion of cancers in Malaysia that were attributable to the modifiable risk factors of excess weight, alcohol intake, physical inactivity, tobacco smoking and to estimate the number of cancer cases that could be prevented if the exposure to the modifiable risk factor was reduced. Methods We estimated the Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) of the modifiable risk factors to cancers incidences in Malaysia. The two parameters used for the estimation were exposure prevalence from national representative surveys and the relative risk of getting the cancers from worldwide literature review. Results Among 38,426 cancer incidences in 2018 from Globocan data, we estimated that 22.2% (95% confidence interval (CI):14.9 to 29.6%) of the cancer incidences included in this study were attributable to the investigated modifiable risk factors. 39.1% (95% CI:27.2 to 49.7%) and 10.5% (95% CI:5.8 to 15.7%) of cancers in male and female respectively, were attributable to the studied modifiable risk factors. The top main cancers attributed by the risk factors were lung cancer (65.1%; 95% CI:56.4 to 72.9%), laryngeal cancer (63.6%; 95% CI:39.9 to 80.5%), and oesophageal cancer (51.5%; 95% CI:39.9 to 62.0%). For each risk factor studied across genders, tobacco smoking contributed the most (14.3%; 95% CI:9.9 to 17.3%), followed by excess weight (7.0%; 95% CI:4.1 to 10.2%), physical inactivity (1.0%; 95% CI:0.4 to 1.7%) and alcohol intake (0.6%; 95% CI:0.2 to 1.0%). Conclusion Findings from this study suggests that tobacco smoking and excess weight are the two predominant factors out of the four studied risk factors for cancer cases in Malaysia. Nationwide public health prevention campaigns tailored to these risk factors are recommended. However, the other risk factors such as physical inactivity and alcohol intake shall not be neglected. PAFs are estimated based on the best available data that we have currently. Regular collection of other risk factor exposure prevalence data is vital for future analyses.

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