Non-Invasive Techniques in Brain Activity Measurement Using Light or Static Magnetic Fields Passing Through the Brain

Bioimaging ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 233-248
Author(s):  
Osamu Hiwaki
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Static Magnetic Fields ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Design of Brain Activity Measurement for Brain ECVT Data Acquisition System

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 630-634
Author(s):  
Rizki Edmi Edison ◽  
Rohmadi Rohmadi ◽  
Sra Harke Pratama ◽  
Muhammad Fathul Ihsan ◽  
Almusfi Saputra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Analysis ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Capacitance Sensor ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography ◽  
The Brain

Brain Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT) has been developing as an alternative non-invasive brain imaging method. In this study, brain ECVT consisting of two channels, namely a capacitance sensor, is investigated. As a comparison, EEG sensor is used to measure brain activity simultaneously with the brain ECVT. Brain activity measurements were carried out at the pre-frontal lobe of Fp1 and Fp2 locations. The resulting signal was processed by filtering method and Power Spectral Density (PSD). The result of signal analysis shows that the measurement between EEG and ECVT shows the same activity of the two modalities.

Applying Independent Component Analysis to the Artifact Detection Problem in Magnetoencephalogram Background Recordings

2008 ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Javier Escudero ◽  
Roberto Hornero ◽  
Daniel Abásolo ◽  
Jesús Poza ◽  
Alberto Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
External Noise ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Artifact Detection ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain

The analysis of the electromagnetic brain activity can provide important information to help in the diagnosis of several mental diseases. Both electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetoencephalogram (MEG) record the neural activity with high temporal resolution (Hämäläinen, Hari, Ilmoniemi, Knuutila, & Lounasmaa, 1993). Nevertheless, MEG offers some advantages over EEG. For example, in contrast to EEG, MEG does not depend on any reference point. Moreover, the magnetic fields are less distorted than the electric ones by the skull and the scalp (Hämäläinen et al., 1993). Despite these advantages, the use of MEG data involves some problems. One of the most important difficulties is that MEG recordings may be severely contaminated by additive external noise due to the intrinsic weakness of the brain magnetic fields. Hence, MEG must be recorded in magnetically shielded rooms with low-noise SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices) gradiometers (Hämäläinen et al., 1993).

scholarly journals Less Is Enough: Assessment of the Random Sampling Method for the Analysis of Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Cristina Campi ◽  
Annalisa Pascarella ◽  
Francesca Pitolli
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Regularization Techniques ◽  
Ill Posed ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) aims at reconstructing the unknown neuroelectric activity in the brain from non-invasive measurements of the magnetic field induced by neural sources. The solution of this ill-posed, ill-conditioned inverse problem is usually dealt with using regularization techniques that are often time-consuming, and computationally and memory storage demanding. In this paper we analyze how a slimmer procedure, random sampling, affects the estimation of the brain activity generated by both synthetic and real sources.

Potentiation of Immune Responsiveness in Aging by Static Magnetic Fields Applied to the Brain.

1994 ◽  
Vol 719 (1 The Aging Clo) ◽  
pp. 410-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRANISLAV D. JANKOVIĆ ◽  
PREDRAG NIKOLIĆ ◽  
VITOMIR ĆUPIĆ ◽  
KATARINA HLADNI
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Immune Responsiveness ◽  
Static Magnetic Fields ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals The hidden state-dependency of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian H. Kasten ◽  
Christoph S. Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Markov Models ◽  
Alternating Current ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
State Dependency ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation ◽  
Brain States ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNon-invasive techniques to electrically stimulate the brain such as transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation (tDCS/tACS) are increasingly used in human neuroscience and offer potential new avenues to treat brain disorders. However, their often weak and variable effects have also raised concerns in the scientific community. A possible factor influencing the efficacy of these methods is the dependence on brain-states. Here, we utilized Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to decompose concurrent tACS-magnetoencephalography data into transient brain-states with distinct spatial, spectral and connectivity profiles. We found that out of four spontaneous brain-states only one was susceptible to tACS. No or only marginal effects were found in the remaining states. TACS did not influence the time spent in each state. Our results suggest, that tACS effects may be mediated by a hidden, spontaneous state-dependency and provide novel insights to the changes in oscillatory activity underlying aftereffects of tACS.

scholarly journals Multi-disciplinary Approach for Drug and Gene Delivery Systems to the Brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nkafu Bechem Ndemazie ◽  
Andriana Inkoom ◽  
Ellis Fualefeh Morfaw ◽  
Taylor Smith ◽  
Monica Aghimien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Great Resistance ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Brain Drug Delivery ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Drug delivery into the brain has for long been a huge challenge as the blood–brain barrier (BBB) offers great resistance to entry of foreign substances (with drugs inclusive) into the brain. This barrier in healthy individuals is protective to the brain, disallowing noxious substances present in the blood to get to the brain while allowing for the exchange of small molecules into the brain by diffusion. However, BBB is disrupted under certain disease conditions, such as cerebrovascular diseases including acute ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, and neurodegenerative disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and cancers. This review aims to provide a broad overview of present-day strategies for brain drug delivery, emphasizing novel delivery systems. Hopefully, this review would inspire scientists and researchers in the field of drug delivery across BBB to uncover new techniques and strategies to optimize drug delivery to the brain. Considering the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiological functioning of the BBB in health and disease conditions, this review is focused on the controversies drawn from conclusions of recently published studies on issues such as the penetrability of nanoparticles into the brain, and whether active targeted drug delivery into the brain could be achieved with the use of nanoparticles. We also extended the review to cover novel non-nanoparticle strategies such as using viral and peptide vectors and other non-invasive techniques to enhance brain uptake of drugs. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Introduction to the identification of brain waves based on their frequency

2018 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 05012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzana Koudelková ◽  
Martin Strmiska
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Brain Wave ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Brain Waves ◽  
Analytical Reasoning ◽  
Brain Signals ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Research Type

A Brain Computer Interface (BCI) enables to get electrical signals from the brain. In this paper, the research type of BCI was non-invasive, which capture the brain signals using electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG senses the signals from the surface of the head, where one of the important criteria is the brain wave frequency. This paper provides the measurement of EEG using the Emotiv EPOC headset and applications developed by Emotiv System. Two types of the measurements were taken to describe brain waves by their frequency. The first type of the measurements was based on logical and analytical reasoning, which was captured during solving mathematical exercise. The second type was based on relax mind during listening three types of relaxing music. The results of the measurements were displayed as a visualization of a brain activity.

scholarly journals Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain--behaviour relationship by induction of ‘virtual lesions’

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1387) ◽  
pp. 1229-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Pascual-Leone
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Normal Humans ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provides a non-invasive method of induction of a focal current in the brain and transient modulation of the function of the targeted cortex. Despite limited understanding about focality and mechanisms of action, TMS provides a unique opportunity of studying brain-behaviour relations in normal humans. TMS can enhance the results of other neuroimaging techniques by establishing the causal link between brain activity and task performance, and by exploring functional brain connectivity.

scholarly journals A Robust Emotion Extraction System from EEG Signal Dataset using Machine Learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 319-330
Author(s):  
Muthulakshmi P ◽  
Gopika R
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Extraction System ◽  
Eeg Signal ◽  
Eeg Asymmetry ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Brain Signals ◽  
Human Stress ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
The Brain

The project entitled “A Robust Emotion Extraction System from EEG signal Dataset using Machine Learning” has been developed using MATLAB. The brain activity produces the different kinds of signals like electrical and magnetic signals. This activity can be recorded using different kind of approaches, which are normally classified as invasive and non-invasive. In invasive methods surgical intervention are made to implant certain device in the brain whereas in non-invasive methods no such intervention is made. Among the different non-invasive methods, Electroencephalography is one of the most commonly used methods to record the brain signals. EEG is regarded as direct and simple non-invasive method to record the brain electrical activity. Current flow in the neurons of the brain is represented as voltage fluctuation (EEG). EEG waves which can be represented as the signal over time are recorded by the electrodes places on scalp over the brain. EEG Asymmetry and Spectral Centroids techniques in extracting unique features for human stress. In our proposed work we have to classify the EEG signal whether that is stress or not. In our proposed work we will extract the features and optimizing Using Genetic Algorithm then we finally classify the EEG signal.

Psychiatric Neuroethics II

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Glannon
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Genetic Screening ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Intracranial Surgery ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
The Brain

I discuss ethical issues relating to interventions other than intracranial surgery and psychopharmacology for psychiatric disorders. I question the distinction between “invasive” and “non-invasive” techniques applying electrical stimulation to the brain, arguing that this should be replaced by a distinction between more and less invasive techniques. I discuss electroconvulsive therapy (ECT); it can be a relatively safe and effective treatment for some patients with depression. I consider transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial current stimulation (tCS); the classification of these techniques as non-invasive may lead to underestimation of their risks. I discuss how placebos can justifiably be prescribed non-deceptively and even deceptively in clinical settings. An analysis of neurofeedback as the neuromodulating technique most likely to promote autonomy/control for some conditions follows. Finally, I examine biomarkers identified through genetic screening and neuroimaging; they might contribute to more accurate prediction and diagnosis, more effective treatment, and possibly prevention of psychiatric disorders.

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