Modern Biological Methods: The Role of Biotechnology

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-72
Author(s):  
Gary S. Sayler ◽  
James W. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Biological Methods

scholarly journals Classic Prescription, Kai-Xin-San, Ameliorates Alzheimer’s Disease as an Effective Multitarget Treatment: From Neurotransmitter to Protein Signaling Pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirui Guo ◽  
Jiahong Wang ◽  
Huarong Xu ◽  
Weiwei Rong ◽  
Cheng Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Pc12 Cells ◽  
Protein Signaling ◽  
Pi3k Inhibitor Ly294002 ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Cognition Impairment ◽  
First Time

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a widespread neurodegenerative disease caused by complicated disease-causing factors. Unsatisfactorily, curative effects of approved anti-AD drugs were not good enough due to their actions on single-target, which led to desperate requirements for more effective drug therapies involved in multiple pathomechanisms of AD. The anti-AD effect with multiple action targets of Kai-Xin-San (KXS), a classic prescription initially recorded in Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang and applied in the treatment of dementia for thousands of years, was deciphered with modern biological methods in our study. Aβ25-35 and D-gal-induced AD rats and Aβ25-35-induced PC12 cells were applied to establish AD models. KXS could significantly improve cognition impairment by decreasing neurotransmitter loss and enhancing the expression of PI3K/Akt. For the first time, KXS was confirmed to improve the expression of PI3K/Akt by neurotransmitter 5-HT. Thereinto, PI3K/Akt could further inhibit Tau hyperphosphorylation as well as the apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Moreover, all above-mentioned effects were verified and blocked by PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, in Aβ25-35-induced PC12 cells, suggesting the precise regulative role of KXS in the PI3K/Akt pathway. The utilization and mechanism elaboration of KXS have been proposed and dissected in the combination of animal, molecular, and protein strategies. Our results demonstrated that KXS could ameliorate AD by regulating neurotransmitter and PI3K/Akt signal pathway as an effective multitarget treatment so that the potential value of this classic prescription could be explored from a novel perspective.

Simulation about Bionic Push of Amphibious Vehicle

2011 ◽  
Vol 48-49 ◽  
pp. 1057-1060
Author(s):  
Zhi Sheng Jing ◽  
Yun Liu ◽  
Shan Chao Tu ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Guo Wei Qin
Keyword(s):  
Wing Disc ◽  
Travel Agency ◽  
Reciprocating Motion ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Propulsive Efficiency ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Design And Manufacture ◽  
Bionic Propulsion

The traditional method of propulsion of Amphibious vehicles in water has tracked the water, propeller and waterjet propulsion. But the propulsive efficiency is very low, the maximum not more than 30%. Biological methods used to promote, through the million years of evolution, its power utilization of the highest, the best way. Bionic propulsion system designed in this paper consists of two umbrella-shaped wing plate in the large travel agency travel back and forth, driven by a straight line, Carried out along the longitudinal reciprocating motion of vehicles in the water under the influence of backward movement of the wing disk automatically open, resulting in tension on the vehicle forward, Forward movement of the wing disc automatically shut down to reduce the flow resistance. In this way, amphibious vehicles, with the wing disc back and forth movement, has been the role of forward traction, so that forward movement of vehicle. In this paper, the same wing disc, wing disc at different angles, different velocity simulation of the situation. Come forward to promote strength and speed, angle of the curve. To promote the device provides the basis for the physical design and manufacture.

Use of microbiological and biological methods for monitoring the influence of diffuse pollution on reservoir's water quality

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 341-347
Author(s):  
Hana Mlejnková ◽  
Zdenka Žáková
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Diffuse Pollution ◽  
Morava River ◽  
Branch Office ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Water Supply Reservoirs ◽  
Morava River Basin

The research results of water supply reservoirs and their tributaries in the Morava River basin showed the important role of the biological and microbiological investigations by monitoring the influence of diffuse pollution on the reservoir's water quality. Our report brings the critical evaluation of the possibility to use some microbiological and biological methods by monitoring of diffuse pollution, it also includes some practical results received from monitoring the streams and reservoirs within the Morava River basin (in the frame of research projects of the T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, branch office Brno).

Preliminary investigation of an idiopathic muscle disease in farmed burbot Lota lota

2020 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
C Pietsch ◽  
F Tschudi ◽  
S Baumann ◽  
H Schmidt-Posthaus
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Lota Lota ◽  
Recirculating Aquaculture ◽  
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Biological Methods

The rearing of less established fish species in recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) is increasing, but may require adaptations of the rearing facilities if health impairments occur. We observed several health issues in burbot Lota lota reared for up to 2 yr in a RAS and used microbiological, histological and molecular-biological methods to identify the causative agents. Minor skin trauma led to the development of ulcers. In addition, several fillets of burbot showed pronounced granulomatous inflammation and calcification with signs of muscle fiber degeneration which resembled a condition called ‘sandy flesh disease’ in North American walleye. Several infectious agents were able to be excluded as a cause for the disease. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum was isolated in high numbers in some of the affected muscle tissue. However, the role of this bacterium or other causative agents or husbandry conditions remains to be elucidated.

scholarly journals Tetraspanin 8 is an interactor of the metalloprotease meprin β within tetraspanin-enriched microdomains

2016 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederike Schmidt ◽  
Miryam Müller ◽  
Johannes Prox ◽  
Philipp Arnold ◽  
Caroline Schönherr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Type I ◽  
Direct Binding ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Split Ubiquitin ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Two Hybrid

AbstractMeprin β is a dimeric type I transmembrane protein and acts as an ectodomain sheddase at the cell surface. It was shown that meprin β cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP), thereby releasing neurotoxic amyloid β peptides and implicating a role of meprin β in Alzheimer’s disease. In order to identify non-proteolytic regulators of meprin β, we performed a split ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid screen using a small intestinal cDNA library. In this screen we identified tetraspanin 8 (TSPAN8) as interaction partner for meprin β. Since several members of the tetraspanin family were described to interact with metalloproteases thereby affecting their localization and/or activity, we hypothesized similar functions of TSPAN8 in the regulation of meprin β. We employed cell biological methods to confirm direct binding of TSPAN8 to meprin β. Surprisingly, we did not observe an effect of TSPAN8 on the catalytic activity of meprin β nor on the specific cleavage of its substrate APP. However, both proteins were identified being present in tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. Therefore we hypothesize that TSPAN8 might be important for the orchestration of meprin β at the cell surface with impact on certain proteolytic processes that have to be further identified.

Bacterial composition of activated sludge - importance for floc and sludge properties

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.H. Nielsen ◽  
T.R. Thomsen ◽  
J.L. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sludge Flocs ◽  
Floc Structure ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
In Situ Methods ◽  
Sludge Properties ◽  
And Function ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Dominant Bacteria

Activated sludge flocs consist of numerous constituents which, together with other factors, are responsible for floc structure and floc properties. These properties largely determine the sludge properties such as flocculation, settling and dewaterability. In this paper we briefly review the present knowledge about the role of bacteria in relation to floc and sludge properties, and we present a new approach to investigate the identity and function of the bacteria in the activated sludge flocs. The approach includes identification of the important bacteria and a characterization of their physiological and functional properties. It is carried out by use of culture-independent molecular biological methods linked with other methods to study the physiology and function, maintaining a single cell resolution. Using this approach it was found that floc-forming properties differed among the various bacterial groups, e.g. that different microcolony-forming bacteria had very different sensitivities to shear and that some of them deflocculated under anaerobic conditions. In our opinion, the approach to combine identity with functional analysis of the dominant bacteria in activated sludge by in situ methods is a very promising way to investigate correlations between presence of specific bacteria, and floc and sludge properties that are of interest.

scholarly journals On the Rôle of Bacteria in the Biological Methods of Sewage Purification, with special reference to the Process of Denitrification

1908 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-653
Author(s):  
William Mair
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
Experimental Plant ◽  
Sewage Purification ◽  
Belfast Lough ◽  
Biological Methods

The investigations described in the present paper were carried out in connection with the experimental plant laid down by the Corporation of Belfast with a view to discover the most suitable method of dealing with the sewage of that city. The necessity of some form of sewage purification arises in Belfast in connection with what is known as the “foreshore nuisance” in Belfast Lough.

scholarly journals mTORC2 affects the maintenance of the muscle stem cell pool

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Rion ◽  
Perrine Castets ◽  
Shuo Lin ◽  
Leonie Enderle ◽  
Judith R. Reinhard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Adult Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Stem Cells ◽  
And Function ◽  
Muscle Homeostasis ◽  
Biological Methods

Abstract Background The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), containing the essential protein rictor, regulates cellular metabolism and cytoskeletal organization by phosphorylating protein kinases, such as PKB/Akt, PKC, and SGK. Inactivation of mTORC2 signaling in adult skeletal muscle affects its metabolism, but not muscle morphology and function. However, the role of mTORC2 in adult muscle stem cells (MuSCs) has not been investigated. Method Using histological, biochemical, and molecular biological methods, we characterized the muscle phenotype of mice depleted for rictor in the Myf5-lineage (RImyfKO) and of mice depleted for rictor in skeletal muscle fibers (RImKO). The proliferative and myogenic potential of MuSCs was analyzed upon cardiotoxin-induced injury in vivo and in isolated myofibers in vitro. Results Skeletal muscle of young and 14-month-old RImyfKO mice appeared normal in composition and function. MuSCs from young RImyfKO mice exhibited a similar capacity to proliferate, differentiate, and fuse as controls. In contrast, the number of MuSCs was lower in young RImyfKO mice than in controls after two consecutive rounds of cardiotoxin-induced muscle regeneration. Similarly, the number of MuSCs in RImyfKO mice decreased with age, which correlated with a decline in the regenerative capacity of mutant muscle. Interestingly, reduction in the number of MuSCs was also observed in 14-month-old RImKO muscle. Conclusions Our study shows that mTORC2 signaling is dispensable for myofiber formation, but contributes to the homeostasis of MuSCs. Loss of mTORC2 does not affect their myogenic function, but impairs the replenishment of MuSCs after repeated injuries and their maintenance during aging. These results point to an important role of mTORC2 signaling in MuSC for muscle homeostasis.

Bacteria and fungi as insecticides

1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Burges ◽  
R. A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Resistant Plant ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Methods Of Control

The harmful role of insects as vectors of disease and destroyers of crops needs no emphasis. They can be combatted in many ways—by crop management techniques and by development of resistant plant strains, for example—but over the past half century increasing emphasis has been laid on the use of synthetic insecticides. These remain of crucial importance, but in recent years increasing attention has been directed to biological methods of control. This article reviews the possibilities of bacteria and fungi for destroying insects in the field and the degree of commercial success so far attained. This is an important complement to other methods of vegetative propagation discussed elsewhere in this issue by Professor J. P. Hudson.

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