Bacteria and fungi as insecticides

1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Burges ◽  
R. A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Resistant Plant ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Methods Of Control

The harmful role of insects as vectors of disease and destroyers of crops needs no emphasis. They can be combatted in many ways—by crop management techniques and by development of resistant plant strains, for example—but over the past half century increasing emphasis has been laid on the use of synthetic insecticides. These remain of crucial importance, but in recent years increasing attention has been directed to biological methods of control. This article reviews the possibilities of bacteria and fungi for destroying insects in the field and the degree of commercial success so far attained. This is an important complement to other methods of vegetative propagation discussed elsewhere in this issue by Professor J. P. Hudson.

scholarly journals Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Davies ◽  
Dorothy Davies
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Novel Antibiotics

SUMMARY Antibiotics have always been considered one of the wonder discoveries of the 20th century. This is true, but the real wonder is the rise of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, communities, and the environment concomitant with their use. The extraordinary genetic capacities of microbes have benefitted from man's overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes and every means of horizontal gene transmission to develop multiple mechanisms of resistance for each and every antibiotic introduced into practice clinically, agriculturally, or otherwise. This review presents the salient aspects of antibiotic resistance development over the past half-century, with the oft-restated conclusion that it is time to act. To achieve complete restitution of therapeutic applications of antibiotics, there is a need for more information on the role of environmental microbiomes in the rise of antibiotic resistance. In particular, creative approaches to the discovery of novel antibiotics and their expedited and controlled introduction to therapy are obligatory.

Fifty Years of Migration, Fifty Years of Waiting: Turkey, Germany and the European Union

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Mandel
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Large Population ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Motivating Factor ◽  
Past Half

This article describes and analyzes the complex relationship between Turkey, Germany, and the European Union over the past half-century. It asks why numerous other countries have jumped the queue and managed to gain entry, whereas Turkey has been left knocking at the door, presented with increasing obstacles through which it must pass. The role of Islam is examined as a motivating factor in the exclusion of Turkey. Also, the historical memory of the Ottoman Empire's relationship with Europe is discussed. The mixed reception and perceived problems of integration of the large population of people from Turkey and their descendants who arrived in the 1960s as "guestworkers" is put forth as a key obstacle to Turkey's admission to the European Union. Contradictions in policies and perceptions are highlighted as further impediments to accession.

scholarly journals Earth 2020: Science, society, and sustainability in the Anthropocene

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (16) ◽  
pp. 8683-8691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe D. Tortell
Keyword(s):  
Sustainability Science ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The Face ◽  
Earth Day ◽  
Economics And Politics ◽  
Past Half

April 22, 2020, marks the 50th anniversary of Earth Day and the birth of the modern environmental movement. As we look back over the past half century, we can gain significant insights into the evolving human imprint on Earth’s biophysical systems, and the role of science and scientists in driving societal transitions toward greater sustainability. Science is a foundation for such transitions, but it is not enough. Rather, it is through wide collaborations across fields, including law, economics, and politics, and through direct engagement with civil society, that science can illuminate a better path forward. This is illustrated through a number of case studies highlighting the role of scientists in leading positive societal change, often in the face of strong oppositional forces. The past five decades reveal significant triumphs of environmental protection, but also notable failures, which have led to the continuing deterioration of Earth’s natural systems. Today, more than ever, these historical lessons loom large as we face increasingly complex and pernicious environmental problems.

Labor Factor of Production: Prolegomenato the Analysis of Quality Changes in the XXI Century

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Г. Родина ◽  
G. Rodina
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Qualitative Changes

The article is devoted to the identification of qualitative changes in the labor factor of production in the conditions of the formation of the information society. Based on the analysis of changes in the economy over the past half century, the modification of the nature of labor towards its intellectualization and informationization has been considered.The new role of the labor factor of production and the formation of human capital are justified. The latter is treated as the capitalized value of labor force, as a socio-economic form of the human factor.

scholarly journals THE VIRTUOUS EMOTIONS OF EURIPIDES’ MEDEA

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
William Allan
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Ethical Evaluation ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Metaphysics Of Morals ◽  
Past Half

The topic of ‘virtuous emotions’ might not seem the most obvious choice for a play featuring an unfaithful husband and a child-killing mother. Nonetheless, what I intend to consider here is how the emotional responses of various characters in the Medea shape our view of their moral character. The moral role of the emotions was clear to the ancient Greeks and, after a long interlude largely dominated by the idea that, as Kant claimed in The Metaphysics of Morals, ‘no moral principle is based…on any feeling whatsoever’, moral philosophy of the past half-century or so has returned to seeing the emotions as a central part of human experience and ethical evaluation.

Government and Private Enterprise in European Recovery

1950 ◽  
Vol 10 (S1) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Rostow
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Private Enterprise ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half

I take it as a truism that for at least the past half century the relations between government and private enterprise in Europe have irregularly evolved in such a manner as to expand the role of government policy and action. Leaving aside the European countries which now have Communist governments and almost wholly socialized economies, this trend has been, in only small part, a matter of conscious or ideological development. Primarily, it has been the consequence of piecemeal adaptation of societies to the specific pressures and problems with which they have been confronted, latterly the problems of world depression, of war, and now of postwar adjustment.

Accounting Information in Corporate Governance: Implications for Standard Setting

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-361
Author(s):  
S. P. Kothari
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disclosure Requirements ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Governance Challenges ◽  
High Level ◽  
Past Half

ABSTRACT Accounting standards are crucially relevant in the context of the use of accounting information in corporate governance. Notwithstanding highly liquid capital markets, large and small shareholders, many activist shareholders, sophisticated analysts, vigilant press reporters, and a vibrant litigious environment, corporate governance challenges continue to make media headlines, and they seem to occur with a great degree of regularity. The essay offers a high-level description of the objectives of accounting standards, a quick run through the evolution of accounting research over the past half-century, and, finally, offers three examples of standards and disclosure requirements that might be worthwhile to reexamine in light of the governance role of accounting information.

EDITORIAL: Migration and competitiveness: Japan and the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Philip L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Key Sectors ◽  
Past Half

Japan and the United States, the world’s largest economies for most of the past half century, have very different immigration policies. Japan is the G7 economy most closed to immigrants, while the United States is the large economy most open to immigrants. Both Japan and the United States are debating how immigrants are and can con-tribute to the competitiveness of their economies in the 21st centuries. The papers in this special issue review the employment of and impacts of immigrants in some of the key sectors of the Japanese and US economies, including agriculture, health care, science and engineering, and construction and manufacturing. For example, in Japanese agriculture migrant trainees are a fixed cost to farmers during the three years they are in Japan, while US farmers who hire mostly unauthorized migrants hire and lay off workers as needed, making labour a variable cost.

Reframing the Sciences of the Long Eighteenth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Giuliano Pancaldi
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Science Policy ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
Past Half

Here I survey a sample of the essays and reviews on the sciences of the long eighteenth century published in this journal since it was founded in 1969. The connecting thread is some historiographic reflections on the role that disciplines—in both the sciences we study and the fields we practice—have played in the development of the history of science over the past half century. I argue that, as far as disciplines are concerned, we now find ourselves a bit closer to a situation described in our studies of the long eighteenth century than we were fifty years ago. This should both favor our understanding of that period and, hopefully, make the historical studies that explore it more relevant to present-day developments and science policy. This essay is part of a special issue entitled “Looking Backward, Looking Forward: HSNS at 50,” edited by Erika Lorraine Milam.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document