Urine Volume, Density or Specific Gravity, and Osmolality

2018 ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Alfred H. Free ◽  
Helen M. Free
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Volume Density

scholarly journals The psychophysiological effects of a three day dry fast: A self-experimentation case study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Fluid Restriction ◽  
Urine Colour

Background: A commonly held belief is that humans cannot survive more than a few days without fluid intake. The source of this is unclear, but does not accord with the few controlled studies that have been conducted to investigate the effects of fluid abstention, nor the few extreme cases of fluid restriction. Methods: This was a self-experimentation, with one day pre-load of fluid and salt (DAY 0), three days complete fluid abstention (< 45 g/d water from food only) (DAYS 1-3), and 24 h rehydration (DAY 4). Days ran from 1500 h to 1500 h. The following measures were taken across various time points across each day: body mass; urine volume; urine colour; urine specific gravity; finger-prick blood glucose concentration; blood pressure; pulse; body temperature; dietary intake; and visual analogue scales (VAS) of food-appetites (satiety and desires), thirst-appetites, mood, wakefulness, and sleep quality. Results: By the end of DAY 3, body water (excluding estimated lean/adipose loss from negative energy balance) decreased by ~1.8 % from 1500 h on DAY 0, or ~4.0 % from 1500 h on DAY 1 (after a fluid preload). With this reduction in body mass came expected reductions in urine volume and increased in urine colour, though trends in urine specific gravity were less pronounced. Blood pressure trended towards being lower during DAYS 1-3 and increased during DAY 4. Whole blood glucose concentrations also tended towards being lower during DAYS 1-3 compared to DAY 4, particularly postprandially. Hunger tended to be reduced during DAYS 1-3, but increased again during DAY 4. Wanting to eat appeared to be a separate construct to hunger/fullness. True-thirst was higher during DAYS 1-3 relative to DAY 4, and this synchronised well with true-xerostomia and ratings of dryness of lips. However, sensational-xerostomia was the dominant thirst experienced during DAY 1-3. Sadness was moderately inversely correlated with body mass loss (r = 0.57) and tiredness was strongly positively correlated (r = 0.94). Sleep quality was unrelated to hydration status. Conclusion: Overall, the expected changes occurred in terms of hydration physiology, but with some unexpected findings in terms of gluco-regulation, blood pressure, and thirst appetites.

Diurnal and daily changes in the excretion of urinary silica by Merino sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Nottle
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urinary Calculus ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Silica Concentration ◽  
Calculus Formation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Changes

Urine collected at 2-hr intervals over a 24-hr period from a group of five sheep fed on the same diet in five different ways showed considerable fluctuations in volume, pH, and silica concentration. pH values ranged from 7.8 to 4.8, and silica concentration from 830 to 110 µg/ml. The latter appeared to be inversely related to urine volume, which reached a maximum c. 12 hr after feeding. Urine collected at 24-hr intervals for 10 consecutive days from eight sheep showed marked variations in silica concentration and specific gravity. These variations appeared to be inversely related to urine volume, and silica concentration seemed to be influenced also by daily variations in total silica excretion. Considerable differences were found in the mean values for different sheep. The significance of these results are discussed in relation to siliceous urinary calculus formation.

Reproductive biology of captive southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons). Part 1: oestrous cycle characterisation

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyce M. Swinbourne ◽  
Stephen D. Johnston ◽  
Tina Janssen ◽  
Alan Lisle ◽  
Tamara Keeley
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

Southern hairy-nosed wombats (SHNWs: Lasiorhinus latifrons) do not breed well in captivity. To better understand their reproduction, daily urine samples were collected from nine captive females and analysed for volume (mL), specific gravity and a qualitative index of the number of epithelial cells, then stored at −20°C until samples could be analysed for progesterone metabolites (P4M). The mean oestrous cycle length was 35.1 ± 2.4 days; however, individual cycle length ranged from 23 to 47 days. The mean luteal phase length was 20.8 ± 1.3 days (range: 12 to 33 days). Urinary P4M was divided into four oestrous cycle stages: (1) early follicular phase, (2) late follicular phase, (3) early luteal phase, (4) late luteal phase, and analysed against urinary characteristics. During the late follicular phase, urine volume decreased (P = 0.002) while urine specific gravity (P = 0.001) and concentration of epithelial cells (P = 0.004) both increased. The level of variability in oestrous cycle length suggests that some captive females may exhibit abnormal cycles; however, the changes in the urinary characteristics associated with the different stages of the oestrous cycle appear to offer a possible non-invasive means of monitoring the reproductive status of captive SHNWs.

scholarly journals OR-055 Effect of whey protein on rehydration after exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lantian Zhang ◽  
Chenge Dang ◽  
Chunyan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Exercise Induced

Objective The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of a rehydration solution containing whey protein on fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration.The ACSM Sports Guide recommends that healthy adults exercise moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for 30 minutes a day.This type of exercise can dehydrate the body by about 1%.Dehydration 1% affects exercise capacity and performance.The purpose of this study was to exercise-induced dehydration of sports drinks containing whey protein. Methods Twelve college students ( 20 ± 2 years, 169.9 ± 8.1 cm, 63.3 ± 13 kg) participated. Participants reduced body mass by (0.67±0.33) after intermittent exercise and re-hydrated with a volume of drink in liter equivalent to 1.5 times their body mass loss in kilograms of a solution of 4 kinds of drinks：Distilled water(trial C), carbohydrate-electrolyte(trail D), carbohydrate-electrolyte-low whey protein(trial LWP) and carbohydrate-electrolyte-high whey protein(trail HWP). Solutions were matched for carbohydrate and electrolyte content in trail D、LWP and HWP. Trials were administered in a random, counterbalanced, crossover design, with subjects blinded as to which drink they consumed during each trial.  Each participant completed 4 experimental trials, which were separated by at least one week. Urine samples were collected before and after exercise (immediately, 40、80、120、160minutes later). Urine volume, drink retention, urine osmolality and urine specific gravity were tested. Drink retention was calculated as difference between the volume of drink ingested and urine produced. Results 1.Total cumulative urine output after exercise was not different between each of the four groups(C:1002 ±102mL;D:;LWP: ;HWP:，p>0.5 )； 2. During the study, drink retention of trail LWP is the highest(80.3±11.2%), but there was not different between each of the four groups(C: 70.5±20.6%;D:70.7±17.9% ;HWP: 75.0±12.4%， p>0.5). 3. At the 40th minute after exercise, the urine specific gravity of the D was significantly lower than that of the LWP(1.020±0.006 vs 1.028±0.003, p=0.020), and the urine specific gravity of the LWP at 120 minutes after exercise significantly higher than the D (1.018 ± 0.003 vs 1.021 ± 0.007, p = 0.006). Conclusions When the amount of dehydration after exercise is 1%-2%, each kind of the drinks in the study is useful for rehydration， and the addition of whey protein does not increase rehydration.

scholarly journals Fluctuation of Water Intake and of Hydration Indices during the Day in a Sample of Healthy Greek Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelais Athanasatou ◽  
Aikaterini Kandyliari ◽  
Olga Malisova ◽  
Maria Kapsokefalou
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
Food And Drink

Mild dehydration may occur during specific periods of the day because of poor hydration habits and/or limited access to a variety of beverages or foods, for example, in work environments. Measurement of hydration indices in spot or in 24 h urine samples may mask mild dehydration in specific periods of the day. Healthy subjects (n = 164; 74 females; age 38 ± 12 years) living in Athens, Greece were enrolled in the study. Subjects recorded their solid food and drink intakes and recorded and collected all urinations for three consecutive days. Water intake was analyzed in 24 h and 6 h periods from wake-up time and scored for variety. Urine hydration indices (osmolality, volume, color, specific gravity) were analyzed in 24 h samples, in morning urine samples and in samples collected in 6 h periods from wake-up time. Fluctuations during the day were significant for the intake of drinking water, hot beverages, milk, fruit and vegetable juices, and alcoholic drinks and for urine osmolality, volume, color, and specific gravity. The urine volume of the first 6 h period after wake-up time (557 ± 231 mL/day) reflects by 76% the 24 h urine collection (1331 ± 144 mL/day). Water intake from all beverages, with the exception of alcoholic beverages, was greater in the first 6h period (morning period) and decreased throughout the day. Hydration indices changed accordingly. The 6 h timed urine sample collected reflects indices in samples collected over 24 h better than any spot urine sample.

scholarly journals Hydroxyethyl starch impairs renal water reabsorption in patients with cardiac shock

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydroxyethyl Starch ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Water Reabsorption ◽  
Ventricular Ejection Fraction ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cardiac Shock

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) has been shown to be correlated with increased risk of renal dysfunction. While almost all articles focus on the side effect of HES on glomerular filtration function, it is barely known to us about the effect of HES on renal water reabsorption. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of HES on renal water reabsorption in patients with cardiac shock. In a retrospective cohort-study, 162 patients admitted to the department of cardiology and diagnosed as cardiac shock were randomized into four groups, depending on different treatments of NaCl (NaCl group), HES (HES group), HES and dopamine (HES + DOP group), HES and norepinephrine (HES + NE group). Data collected included age, sex, blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular ejection fraction, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urine specific gravity, urine volume, oxygen saturation serum, drug dosage, and so on. Indices related to renal function were recorded before and after the anti-shock treatments. The comparison was performed among four groups at day 0 or at day 3, and indices of the same group were compared between day 0 and day 3. We found that HES and norepinephrine reduced the urine specific gravity in HES group (day 0 vs day 3, 1.019± 0.006 vs 1.012 ± 0.005, p < 0.001) and in HES + NE group (day 0 vs day 3, 1.019 ± 0.006 vs 1.011 ± 0.004, p < 0.001). Dopamine increased the urine volume of HES-treated patients at day 3 (p < 0.001), and in the meantime dopamine preserved urine specific gravity during anti-shock treatment at day 3 (p = 0.13). In conclusion, hydroxyethyl starch caused injured function of renal water reabsorption, and dopamine protected renal water reabsorption in HES-treated patients via increased renal blood.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary water intake on urinary output, specific gravity and relative supersaturation for calcium oxalate and struvite in the cat

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (S1) ◽  
pp. S128-S130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. F. Buckley ◽  
Amanda Hawthorne ◽  
Alison Colyer ◽  
Abigail E. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Total Fluid Intake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
Total Fluid

It has been reported that daily fluid intake influences urinary dilution, and consequently the risk of urolithiasis in human subjects and dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of dietary moisture on urinary parameters in healthy adult cats by comparing nutritionally standardised diets, varying only in moisture content. A total of six cats were fed a complete dry food (6·3 % moisture) hydrated to 25·4, 53·2 and 73·3 % moisture for 3 weeks in a randomised block cross-over design. Urinary specific gravity (SG), urine volume, water drunk and total fluid intake were measured daily; relative supersaturation (RSS) for calcium oxalate (CaOx) and struvite was calculated using the SUPERSAT computer program. Cats fed the 73·3 % moisture diet produced urine with a significantly lower SG (P < 0·001) compared with diets containing 53·2 % moisture or lower. Mean RSS for CaOx was approaching the undersaturated zone (1·14 (sem 0·21); P = 0·001) for cats fed the diet with 73·3 % moisture and significantly lower than the 6·3 % moisture diet (CaOx RSS 2·29 (sem 0·21)). The effect of diet on struvite RSS was less clear, with no significant difference between treatment groups. Total fluid intake was significantly increased (P < 0·001) in the 73·3 % moisture diet (144·7 (sem 5·2) ml, or 30 ml/kg body weight per d) compared with the 6·3 % (103·4 (sem 5·3) ml), 25·4 % (98·6 (sem 5·3) ml) and 53·3 % (104·7 (sem 5·3) ml) moisture diets, despite voluntary water intake decreasing as dietary moisture intake increased. Cats fed the 73·3 % moisture diet had a higher total daily fluid intake resulting in a more dilute urine with a lower risk of CaOx when compared with the lower-moisture diets.

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